2024 Doctoral Capstone Projects

The Kiski Area School District has faced persistent challenges with low achievement on state standardized mathematics tests, particularly in grades five (5) and six (6). During the 2021-2022 academic year, 5th-grade math scores exhibited the most significant decline within the 3rd through 8th-grade band, showing a 37% decrease in proficiency from 4th to 5th grade. This trend was also observed statewide among participants in the Pennsylvania System of School Assessment (PSSA) exams, which saw a 6.9% decrease in proficiency from 4th to 5th grade for the 2022 testing period. Despite substantial efforts over the past five years to improve mid-level mathematics achievement, the district's results have remained minimal. This study aimed to identify effective strategies employed by high-achieving schools to enhance mathematics proficiency among 5th graders, especially those with learning disabilities and from economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Utilizing quantitative data from the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE), three high-performing schools with at least a 60% proficiency rate on the 5th-grade mathematics PSSAs and a minimum of 20% economically disadvantaged students were selected. Qualitative data was then gathered through semi-structured interviews with school leaders to uncover the methods and processes that contribute to their success. The interviews revealed three key themes critical to improving student achievement in mid-level mathematics: the implementation of a guaranteed and viable curriculum aligned with state standards, a comprehensive assessment system that allows for early identification and remediation of learning deficiencies, and effective communication strategies to engage families in supporting their child's academic progress. These findings suggest that a strategic focus on curriculum alignment, assessment, and family involvement can have a significant impact on mathematical achievement.

This study evaluates the effectiveness of block scheduling in mathematics at Palmerton Area Junior High School (PJHS). Implemented in 2018-2019 to address poor student performance, the modified Block Schedule provides students with 90 minutes of daily mathematics instruction. Despite this significant change, no formal evaluation has been conducted until now.
The study aims to answer the following questions: How did the Block Schedule affect student grades during marking periods and at the end of the year? Did it influence the number of students scoring Advanced or Proficient on the Mathematics PSSA? How did math grades compare to other subjects taught traditionally? What was the impact on student discipline and attendance?
Data from PJHS’s student information system, including grades, PSSA scores, attendance, and discipline records, were analyzed. The comparison covers three years of the Traditional Schedule and four years of the Block Schedule, using statistical methods to evaluate the data.
Results indicated improvements in mathematics achievement under the Block Schedule, with higher marking period and year-end grades, and an increased number of students scoring Advanced or Proficient on the Mathematics PSSA. However, no significant changes were observed in discipline referrals or attendance rates.
The study provides insights into the academic benefits of block scheduling in mathematics and offers recommendations for further research.

This mixed-methods study of action research examines the teacher attrition rates in one district aligned to national measures and theories. The purpose of this study is to determine the satisfaction of teachers in their current positions, the reasons that cause them to remain or leave a district and how certain factors including the pandemic, finances and burn-out impact their perception of staying. The main questions that guide this research include what are the factors that have led to faculty leaving the district in the past three years? How do teachers view the way the district supports its staff? And what factors do teachers perceive would be helpful in retaining faculty members? Data collection consisted of surveys and interviews to current and former teachers of the district of study. These surveys and interviews provided insight to the rationale and factors leading to higher than historical average teacher attrition rates. This collection and analysis of quantitative data woven together with qualitative interviews provided a depth of understanding that can guide a district’s future steps in lowering attrition rates. The research concludes that while consideration of leaving a district is ultimately burn-out in the profession, most teachers only choose to leave based on location and family which are outside of the district’s control. However, to alleviate consideration and potential attrition of teachers due to burn-out in the profession, recommendations are included to guide district improvement in teacher support.

This research investigates the main sources of professional development and support for K-12 principals and assistant principals in Pennsylvania, encompassing various areas of training, including but not limited to SEL and building equitable school communities. The study explores whether school leaders receive specific professional development related to these areas and examines if the training goes beyond defining concepts and developing general awareness.
Using a mixed-methods approach, the research gathered data through a survey and structured interviews. The survey employed Likert scales and multiple-choice questions to collect quantitative data, while interviews provided qualitative insights. Findings reveal significant gaps in several training areas, including SEL and equity, highlighting that current programs often lack depth and practical application.
The study identifies a need for more comprehensive, ongoing, and accessible professional development opportunities. Recommendations include addressing barriers to equitable training, developing sustained training sessions, and implementing practical support systems. By addressing these gaps, school districts can better equip their leaders to meet the diverse needs of their school communities and promote continuous improvement.
This research enhances the understanding of the professional development needs of K-12 principals and assistant principals in Pennsylvania and offers actionable recommendations for improving the effectiveness and equity of professional development opportunities.

School districts today are facing an increased need for mental health support for students. This mixed-methods study analyzed the perceptions of the school climate by both students and teachers in the fifth and sixth grades at Penns Valley Elementary and Intermediate School, using two trauma-informed interventions: therapy dogs and mentoring. The purpose of this study was to determine if therapy dogs and mentoring could positively affect school climate, thereby providing resources for mental health support. Four research questions guided the study. The first two questions focused on the relationship between mentoring and therapy dog interventions and student perceptions of school climate while the third and fourth research questions focused on teacher perceptions of school climate when therapy dog and mentoring interventions were implemented in the classroom. Attendance, threat assessment, risk assessment, office discipline referral, and student survey data were collected to analyze student perceptions of school climate through qualitative and quantitative measures. A survey of teachers participating in the mentoring or therapy dog intervention was used to collect qualitative data on teacher perceptions of school climate. The research study analysis showed a positive relationship between student and teacher perceptions of school climate when the trauma-informed interventions of mentoring and therapy dog were implemented.

With an ever-increasing mental health concerns and social-emotional needs of adolescents, it is more important than ever for schools to go beyond academics, and therefore, it is imperative to provide a universal social-emotional curriculum for students. Despite limited resources and the logistical challenges of scheduling additional content during the academic day, school districts must prioritize social-emotional learning in the same manner as core content as ELA and mathematics. Using a mixed-methods approach, this research study honed in on middle school teachers’ perception of SEL and its impact on student behavior. Qualitative data was collected from self-reflection pre- and post-surveys so that the researcher could better comprehend the depth of teacher’s understanding of SEL and its purpose. Quantitative data was gathered from the surveys to show to identify how effective staff felt an SEL curriculum is for students and to what degree they would be willing to implement an SEL curriculum during the instructional day. Additionally, student behavioral data, in the form of state reportable offenses, was collected before and after the implementation of the School-Connect SEL curriculum and then analyzed and compared to see if there was a causal relationship. Although there was no clear correlation between the SEL curriculum and a decrease in student behavior, there was, however, a positive change in teacher perception of SEL. At the inception of the SEL, general optimism existed as staff expressed a willingness to facilitate SEL lessons and saw value in the curriculum. The post-survey results saw that optimism evolve into enthusiasm to continue with the School-Connect SEL platform, as staff perceived SEL to be effective and were far more willing to facilitate the social-emotional learning lessons with their students. However, the research did not come without limitations, and therefore, further studies are recommended to better understand the impact of SEL on student behavior, and ultimately, student achievement.

Renaissance Academy Charter School in Phoenixville, PA, has implemented a Multi-Tiered System of Supports (MTSS) to provide comprehensive academic, behavioral, and social-emotional support to its students. The school emphasizes early identification and intervention through regular progress monitoring and data-driven decision-making to foster academic success and overall student well-being. A key focus of improvement for Renaissance Academy's MTSS framework is enhancing its behavioral support system. While the academic MTSS structure is well-defined and supported by ongoing professional development and curriculum alignment with state standards, the behavioral MTSS procedures need clearer guidelines and implementation strategies. The focus of the research project was how to improve the current MTSS system at Renaissance Academy Charter School. By identifying the areas of growth in the school’s current system and using other schools as models, Renaissance Academy can strengthen its MTSS framework and improve outcomes for all students.

The Wyoming Valley West School District has identified regular attendance as a priority issue. Absenteeism has been an issue for many school districts over the years, but there seems to be a decrease in the regular attendance of students' post-pandemic. Dana Elementary showed that 30.2% of students being identified as being chronically absent and State Street Elementary showed 49.5% of students being chronically absent in the 2021-2022 school year, as reported through the PA Future Ready Index. Literature defines school climate as one of the contributing factors to absenteeism. This research is needed to know and understand if creating a positive school climate through PBIS will positively affect regular student attendance. Through a mixed-methods approach, the researcher aimed to understand the impact of PBIS programs on student attendance, school, climate, and disciplinary incidents. The goal is to provide insights that can inform school administrators and policymakers on how to utilize PBIS strategies to improve attendance, create a positive school climate, and reduce disciplinary referrals leading to out-of-school suspensions.

With teacher attrition and retention issues causing a nation-wide crisis of instructional vacancies in our public schools, research was conducted in a large, urban, high-need middle school in Pennsylvania to determine if a peer-led classroom management support system was effective for teachers already considering resignation. A mixed-methods, embedded design model that included a quantitative survey and a qualitative structured interview was used to determine how targeted booster professional development, peer observations, and observational feedback of professional practice impacted teachers’ retention perceptions. The intervention system focused on the evidence-based practices of Restorative Practices and Positive Behavior Intervention Supports, and it was purposefully designed to meet the professional development requirements of the federal Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA): sustained, intensive, collaborative, job-embedded, data-driven, and classroom-focused. The designated master teachers who led the intervention system protocols were required to meet rigorous selection criteria. Results indicated that the intervention system had positive impacts due to its peer-led nature and perceived increase in skillset, support, and connectedness. The results also indicated that the classroom management support system was effective in changing most of the study participants’ retention perceptions, particularly for those who identified as female and within their first three years of teaching.