admin
Tue, 02/10/2026 - 20:27
Edited Text
March 2014
In the following report, Hanover Research assesses the market for a new
postsecondary program in casino gaming at Clarion University of Pennsylvania by
examining degree completions data, labor market projections, and existing
programs in the region.
Executive Summary and Key Findings .....................................................................................3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3
Key Findings................................................................................................................................. 3
Section I: Student Demand Analysis ........................................................................................5
Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 5
National Data .............................................................................................................................. 9
Regional Data ............................................................................................................................ 10
State Data .................................................................................................................................. 11
Section II: Labor Market Analysis .......................................................................................... 13
Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 13
National Outlook ....................................................................................................................... 15
Regional Outlook ....................................................................................................................... 16
State Outlook ............................................................................................................................ 17
Analysis of Pennsylvania Gaming Industry ................................................................................ 18
Overview of Development .................................................................................................... 18
Revenue and Employment Levels ......................................................................................... 20
Current Job Vacancies ........................................................................................................... 22
Section III: Competitor Profiles ............................................................................................. 25
Northampton Community College ............................................................................................ 25
Casino Training Programs ..................................................................................................... 25
Associate’s Degree Program ................................................................................................. 27
Degree Completions.............................................................................................................. 29
Central Michigan University ...................................................................................................... 30
Bachelor’s Degree Program .................................................................................................. 30
Degree Completions.............................................................................................................. 32
Drexel University ....................................................................................................................... 32
Graduate Certificate Program ............................................................................................... 32
Master’s Degree Program ..................................................................................................... 34
Degree Completions.............................................................................................................. 35
INTRODUCTION
In this report, Hanover Research assesses the market for a new training program in casino
gaming at Clarion University of Pennsylvania. Drawing on historical degree conferral data
and long-term labor market projections, we evaluate trends in student and employer
demand for programs designed to prepare individuals for a career in Pennsylvania’s
emergent casino gaming industry. This report comprises three main sections:
Section I: Student Demand Analysis evaluates potential student demand for a
training program in casino gaming by examining recent associate’s degree,
bachelor’s degree, and master’s degree conferrals. This section examines degree
conferral trends nationwide, as well as trends in Pennsylvania and bordering states.
Section II: Labor Market Analysis considers the employment outlook for various
occupations in the casino gaming industry. As with degree conferrals, this section
examines trends nationwide, as well as trends in Pennsylvania and bordering states.
This section also presents an overview of Pennsylvania’s gaming industry and
reviews job vacancies at local casinos.
Section III: Competitor Profiles identifies potential competitors by examining
institutions that currently offer casino gaming training programs. This section
examines an occupational training program and an associate’s degree program at
Northampton Community College, a bachelor’s degree program at Central Michigan
University, and a graduate certificate and a master’s degree program at Drexel
University.
KEY FINDINGS
Twelve large casinos have opened in Pennsylvania since gambling was legalized in
2004, creating over 16,000 new jobs and generating over $6 billion in tax revenue.
Over the previous 10 years, Pennsylvania’s casino gaming tax revenue has become
the largest of any state in the nation, outpacing historical leaders Nevada and New
Jersey. The 2004 Gaming Act authorized 14 gaming licenses, and two have yet to be
approved. One is reserved for Philadelphia, and the other is being planned for
western Pennsylvania.
A new casino is being developed 66 miles from Clarion University in New Castle,
Pennsylvania. However, the Lawrence Downs Casino and Racing Resort must still be
approved by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board prior to opening. Some
analysts are skeptical of the project, and a crucial component of the approval
process is a public hearing scheduled for May 2014. The casino developers indicated
that, if approved, the resort would create between 1,180 and 2,700 new jobs.
Including those in bordering states, 12 casinos are currently open within 150 miles
of Clarion University, but Lawrence Downs would be the closest.
Pennsylvania employment projections forecast robust growth for casino gaming
jobs through 2020. From 2010 to 2020, the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and
Industry projects that casino gaming occupations will increase by nearly 50 percent.
This is much greater than the projected rate of 6.4 percent for overall employment
in the state.
Current job vacancies at nearby casinos are concentrated in food and beverage;
finance and operations; and horse racing occupations. The casino gaming industry
offers extremely diverse career possibilities, including culinary arts, accounting,
hospitality management, security, and marketing. However, Bureau of Labor
Statistics data and a scan of local job opportunities suggest that nearly all jobs in the
casino gaming industry do not require a college degree.
Historical completions data suggest increasing student demand for academic
programs related to the casino gaming industry. From 2008 to 2012, nationwide
associate’s degree conferrals in related fields increased by 5.3 percent, bachelor’s
degree conferrals increased by 4.1 percent, and master’s degree conferrals
increased by 10.9 percent. During this time in Pennsylvania, degree conferrals in
Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) decreased at the associate’s
degree level, slightly increased at the bachelor’s degree level, and substantially
increased at the master’s degree level.
Academic programs focused on the casino gaming industry are typically offered as
a concentration within a hospitality management program. While associate’s,
bachelor’s, and master’s degree programs in hospitality administration and
management are common, programs at these award levels with a specific focus on
the casino gaming industry appear to be relatively uncommon. In 2012, only one
institution in the county – Central Michigan University – reported degree conferrals
at any award level under Casino Management (CIP 52.0908).
Hospitality programs with casino-focused concentrations typically include courses
in resort management, finance, gaming regulations, and casino operations.
Additional courses may include hotel management, customer relations, gaming
technology, and sociology or psychology. The bachelor’s and master’s degree
programs reviewed in this report also require students to complete an independent
research project.
Pennsylvania community colleges have formed partnerships with casinos to
provide occupational training programs. For instance, Northampton Community
College launched a table games dealer training program in 2010, one year after
Sands Casino opened in the city. The program has expanded to include floor
supervision training, casino surveillance training, English language instruction for ESL
employees, and a fully functioning mock casino on campus. However, this
arrangement may be risky, as some casinos have terminated partnerships in order
to deliver their own training to employees.
In this section, Hanover estimates potential student demand for an academic program in
casino gaming by analyzing degree completions data obtained from the National Center for
Education Statistics (NCES).
METHODOLOGY
To estimate student demand for a program in casino gaming, we use recent degree
completions data published by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). NCES
employs a taxonomic system of numeric codes to classify postsecondary academic
programs, known as the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) system. Institutions of
higher education nationwide submit degree completion data, classified by CIP code, to the
NCES’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).1
While IPEDS presents the most comprehensive conferral data available, a degree of caution
is warranted when interpreting the aggregated data, as there are certain considerations
that must be taken into account. First, slight modifications were made in 2010 to the NCES’s
classification of programs from the 2000 version of the CIP taxonomy. Therefore, the
number of program classifications has increased from the old 2000 CIP system to the new
2010 CIP. For instance, Casino Management (CIP 52.0908) was added in 2010. Second,
institutions classify their programs independently, meaning that two programs that are
identical in all respects could hypothetically be classified under different CIP codes. In
addition, for any given institution, it cannot always be assumed that IPEDS completions data
for an individual CIP classification always correspond directly to an individual program.
Nonetheless, examining degree completion trends over recent years allows for an estimate
of potential student demand for a program in casino gaming. If degree conferrals have
increased over time within a certain geographical area, it is reasonable to infer that demand
for such a degree is trending upward within the region. Correspondingly, if completions
have decreased, then it is likely that demand is also decreasing. Accordingly, this report
gauges student demand for credentials in casino gaming based on completions data
collected over the previous five years. In addition to raw data, we provide the compound
annual growth rate (CAGR), which provides a smoothed measurement of annual growth,
disregarding year-to-year fluctuations in the data.
To inform our selection of relevant CIP codes, Hanover first conducted a scan of current job
openings listed by casinos near Clarion University. Section II presents a complete analysis of
these occupations, and Appendix B documents the entire list of openings reviewed for this
report. This scan suggested that most openings in the industry are concentrated in several
occupational categories, including food and beverage, finance, hospitality management, and
1
“Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.” National Center for Education Statistics.
http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/datacenter/
marketing. Accordingly, this analysis of potential student demand focuses on the following
four-digit CIP categories:
12.05: Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03: Accounting and Related Services
52.09: Hospitality Administration/Management
52.19: Specialized Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations
Each of these four-digit categories includes several, increasingly detailed six-digit CIP codes.
Figure 1.1 presents the complete list of CIP codes and definitions that are examined in this
report. Due to the large number of relevant academic fields, data in this section are
presented at the four-digit level. Appendix A at the conclusion of this report provides
detailed completions data at the six-digit level.
Figure 1.1: CIP Codes
CIP
12.0500: Cooking and
Related Culinary Arts,
General
12.0501: Baking and
Pastry Arts/Baker/Pastry
Chef
12.0502:
Bartending/Bartender
12.0503: Culinary
Arts/Chef Training
12.0504: Restaurant,
Culinary, and Catering
Management/ Manager
DEFINITION
12.05: Culinary Arts and Related Services
A program that focuses on the general study of the cooking and related
culinary arts, and that may prepare individuals for a variety of jobs within the
food service industry. Includes instruction in food preparation, cooking
techniques, equipment operation and maintenance, sanitation and safety,
communication skills, applicable regulations, and principles of food service
management.
A program that prepares individuals to serve as professional bakers and pastry
specialists in restaurants or other commercial baking establishments. Includes
instruction in bread and pastry making, bread and pastry handling and storage,
cake and pastry decorating, baking industry operations, product packaging and
marketing operations, and counter display and service.
A program that prepares individuals to professionally prepare mixed alcoholic
and non-alcoholic beverages and related products and manage bars, lounges,
and beverage service operations in the hospitality industry. Includes
instruction in mixology, oenology, accounting and cash management,
inventory and cellar management, bar and lounge management, applicable
laws and regulations, customer service, and labor/employment regulations.
A program that prepares individuals to provide professional chef and related
cooking services in restaurants and other commercial food establishments.
Includes instruction in recipe and menu planning, preparing and cooking of
foods, supervising and training kitchen assistants, the management of food
supplies and kitchen resources, aesthetics of food presentation, and familiarity
or mastery of a wide variety of cuisines and culinary techniques.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, supervise, and manage food and
beverage preparation and service operations, restaurant facilities, and catering
services. Includes instruction in food/beverage industry operations, cost
control, purchasing and storage, business administration, logistics, personnel
management, culinary arts, restaurant and menu planning, executive chef
functions, event planning and management, health and safety, insurance, and
applicable law and regulations.
CIP
12.0505: Food
Preparation/Professional
Cooking/ Kitchen
Assistant
12.0507: Food Service,
Waiter/ Waitress, and
Dining Room
Management/ Manager
52.0301: Accounting
52.0302: Accounting
Technology/Technician
and Bookkeeping
52.0303: Auditing
52.0901: Hospitality
Administration/
Management, General
DEFINITION
A program that prepares individuals to serve under the supervision of chefs
and other food service professionals as kitchen support staff and commercial
food preparation workers. Includes instruction in kitchen organization and
operations, sanitation and quality control, basic food preparation and cooking
skills, kitchen and kitchen equipment maintenance, and quantity food
measurement and monitoring.
A program that prepares individuals to serve food to customers in formal or
informal settings. Includes instruction in the nutritional, sensory, and
functional properties of food and its ingredients; food services principles; table
and counter services; dining room operations and procedures; service
personnel supervision and management; communication skills; business math;
safety; and sanitation.
52.03: Accounting and Related Services
A program that prepares individuals to practice the profession of accounting
and to perform related business functions. Includes instruction in accounting
principles and theory, financial accounting, managerial accounting, cost
accounting, budget control, tax accounting, legal aspects of accounting,
auditing, reporting procedures, statement analysis, planning and consulting,
business information systems, accounting research methods, professional
standards and ethics, and applications to specific for-profit, public, and nonprofit organizations.
A program that prepares individuals to provide technical administrative
support to professional accountants and other financial management
personnel. Includes instruction in posting transactions to accounts, recordkeeping systems, accounting software operation, and general accounting
principles and practices.
A program that prepares individuals, including certified accountants, to
perform independent internal and external appraisals to evaluate
organizational financial and operational activities, ensure compliance with laws
and policies, safeguard assets, and promote effective planning and resource
allocation. Includes instruction in advanced accounting, audit tools and
techniques, sampling, risk and control, audit planning, audit function
management, law and regulations, environmental auditing, information
technology applications, professional standards and ethics, and specific
industry and service sector problems.
52.09: Hospitality Administration/Management
A program that prepares individuals to serve as general managers and
directors of hospitality operations on a system-wide basis, including both
travel arrangements and promotion and the provision of traveler facilities.
Includes instruction in principles of operations in the travel and tourism, hotel
and lodging facilities, food services, and recreation facilities industries;
hospitality marketing strategies; hospitality planning; management and
coordination of franchise and unit operations; business management;
accounting and financial management; hospitality transportation and logistics;
and hospitality industry policies and regulations.
CIP
52.0903: Tourism and
Travel Services
Management
52.0904: Hotel/Motel
Administration/Manage
ment
52.0905:
Restaurant/Food Services
Management
52.0906: Resort
Management
52.0907: Meeting and
Event Planning
52.0908: Casino
Management
52.0909: Hotel, Motel,
and Restaurant
Management
52.0999: Hospitality
Administration/
Management, Other
DEFINITION
A program that prepares individuals to manage travel-related enterprises and
related convention and/or tour services. Includes instruction in travel agency
management, tour arranging and planning, convention and event planning,
travel industry operations and procedures, tourism marketing and promotion
strategies, travel counseling, travel industry law, international and domestic
operations, and travel and tourism policy.
A program that prepares individuals to manage operations and facilities that
provide lodging services to the traveling public. Includes instruction in
hospitality industry principles; supplies purchasing, storage and control; hotel
facilities design and planning; hospitality industry law; personnel management
and labor relations; financial management; marketing and sales promotion;
convention and event management; front desk operations; and applications to
specific types of hotels and motel operations.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, manage, and market restaurants,
food services in hospitality establishments, food service chains and franchise
networks, and restaurant supply operations. Includes instruction in hospitality
administration, food services management, wholesale logistics and
distribution, franchise operations, business networking, personnel
management, culinary arts, business planning and capitalization, food industry
operations, marketing and retailing, business law and regulations, finance, and
professional standards and ethics.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, manage, and market
comprehensive vacation facilities and services and related products. Includes
instruction in hospitality administration, hotel/motel management, restaurant
and food services management, facilities planning, leisure studies, recreation
administration, marketing, recreation equipment and grounds operations and
maintenance, business finance, insurance and taxation, event management
and guest services, personnel management, travel and logistics management,
safety and health services, professional standards and ethics, and applications
to specific vacation types and locations.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, budget, and implement
conferences, meetings, and other special events in the public or private
sectors. Includes instruction in principles of meeting and event planning;
special event management; budgets and finance; site selection; contracts,
vendors, and negotiations; marketing and promotions; food and beverage
management; audio-visual basics and meeting technology; and hospitality law.
A program that prepares individuals to manage casinos and gaming
establishments. Includes instruction in casino operations, casino security and
surveillance, principles of the gaming industry, ethics, and gaming law.
An instructional program that prepares individuals to manage operations and
facilities that provide food and/or lodging services to the traveling public.
Includes instruction in hospitality industry principles; supplies purchasing,
storage, and control; hotel and restaurant facilities design and planning;
hospitality industry law; personnel management and labor relations; financial
management; facilities management; marketing and sale promotion strategies;
convention and event management; front desk operations; and applications to
specific types of hotel, motel, and/or restaurant operations.
Any instructional program in hospitality service management not listed above.
CIP
DEFINITION
52.19: Specialized Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations
A program that prepares individuals to provide direct retail services to hotel
52.1905: Tourism and
and motel clients and customers in a variety of settings. Includes instruction in
Travel Services Marketing the principles of hotel/motel operations, customer sales and assistance
Operations
operations and techniques, telephone operations, and basic office
management.
A program that prepares individuals to perform marketing and sales
operations connected with the promotion of tourism in public and private
52.1906: Tourism
sector settings. Includes instruction in principles of marketing research and
Promotion Operations
advertising, promotional campaign organization, media relations, and
applicable technical and administrative skills.
A program that prepares individuals to provide marketing services in the
52.1910: Hospitality and hospitality and leisure fields. Includes instruction in hospitality operations,
Recreation Marketing
customer sales and assistance operations and techniques, telephone
Operations
operations, basic office management, retail sports, recreation equipment, food
and beverage.
Source: IPEDS
NATIONAL DATA
Nationwide conferral data suggest increasing student demand for academic programs
related to the casino gaming industry. Over the previous five years, associate’s, bachelor’s
and master’s degree conferrals increased by 5.4 percent annually (Figure 1.2). In particular,
master’s degree completions increased at an annual rate of 10.9 percent, more rapidly than
other award levels. Growth at the master’s degree level was concentrated in Accounting
and Related Services (CIP 52.03) and Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09),
whereas exceptionally few master’s degree completions were reported in Culinary Arts and
Related Services (CIP 12.05) and Specialized Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations
(CIP 52.19). However, data for accounting related fields should be interpreted with caution,
as the majority of students completing these degrees will pursue other industries.
In fact, degree conferrals in Accounting and Related Services (CIP 52.03) and Hospitality
Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased at every award level from 2008 to 2012.
Degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased by 4.6
percent annually at the associate’s award level, 7.1 percent annually at the bachelor’s
degree level, and 6.9 percent annually at the master’s degree level. Similarly, degree
conferrals in Accounting and Related Services (CIP 52.03) increased by 5.4 percent annually
at the associate’s award level, 3.4 percent annually at the bachelor’s degree level, and 11.1
percent annually at the master’s degree level.
While degree completions rose across all CIP categories, degree completions in Specialized
Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations (CIP 52.19) actually decreased at each
award level over the previous five years. Associate’s degree conferrals decreased by 14.7
percent annually and bachelor’s degree conferrals decreased by 7.0 percent annually.
Figure 1.2: Nationwide Completions in Casino Gaming-related Fields, 2008-2012
FIELD
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Associate's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Bachelor's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Master's Degrees Total
Total
2008
2009
2010
Associate's Degrees
14,488
14,247
14,161
15,461
16,119
17,051
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
15,794
19,301
18,132
19,085
76,822
87,017
5.8%
5.4%
3,127
3,281
3,227
3,442
3,740
16,817
4.6%
387
412
347
186
205
1,537
-14.7%
33,463
34,059
34,786
Bachelor's Degrees
736
820
749
46,230
47,324
53,183
38,723
41,162
182,193
5.3%
1,016
51,663
1,137
52,877
4,458
251,277
11.5%
3.4%
9,210
10,156
10,698
11,340
12,096
53,500
7.1%
215
221
189
206
161
992
-7.0%
64,225
66,271
310,227
4.1%
-16,243
-16,807
7
69,779
-11.1%
56,391
58,521
64,819
Master's Degrees
7
--11,019
11,692
14,018
641
678
722
792
837
3,670
6.9%
11
21
--
--
--
32
--
11,678
101,532
12,391
104,971
14,740
114,345
17,035
119,983
17,644
125,077
73,488
565,908
10.9%
5.4%
Source: IPEDS
REGIONAL DATA
Figure 1.3 presents regional degree conferral data. This comprises data from Pennsylvania
and all bordering states, including Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and
West Virginia.
Similar to nationwide data, regional data suggest increasing student demand for
associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees in casino gaming-related fields (Figure 1.3).
Growth in relevant master’s degree programs was most pronounced relative to associate’s
and bachelor’s degree programs. However, much of this growth is attributable to increasing
degree completions in Accounting and Related Services (CIP 52.03), which encompasses a
wide range of programs that do not necessarily focus on casino gaming.
Regional degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased
at each award level over the previous five years. Associate’s degree awards in these fields
grew by 6.2 percent annually, bachelor’s degrees grew by 4.9 percent annually, and
master’s degrees grew by 5.4 percent annually.
Figure 1.3: Regional Completions in Casino Gaming-related Fields, 2008-2012
FIELD
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Associate's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Bachelor's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Master's Degrees Total
Total
2008
2009
2010
Associate's Degrees
2,841
2,920
2,788
3,640
3,550
3,741
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
2,887
4,040
2,968
3,911
14,404
18,882
1.1%
1.8%
958
991
989
1,103
1,217
5,258
6.2%
209
221
209
112
130
881
-11.2%
7,648
7,682
7,727
Bachelor's Degrees
121
122
131
11,098
12,294
12,235
8,142
8,226
39,425
1.8%
167
13,391
139
13,427
680
62,445
3.5%
4.9%
2,139
2,283
2,351
2,417
2,587
11,777
4.9%
98
109
79
76
104
466
1.5%
16,051
16,257
75,368
4.8%
-2,805
-3,209
7
10,974
-22.4%
13,456
14,808
14,796
Master's Degrees
7
--1,428
1,697
1,835
205
241
238
241
253
1,178
5.4%
11
21
--
--
--
32
--
1,651
22,755
1,959
24,449
2,073
24,596
3,046
27,239
3,462
27,945
12,191
126,984
20.3%
5.3%
Source: IPEDS
STATE DATA
Pennsylvania data indicate that degree conferrals in fields related to the casino gaming
industry increased modestly over the previous five years at a rate of 0.8 percent annually
(Figure 1.4). Similar to nationwide and regional data, degree conferral growth was
concentrated in master’s degree programs, rather than bachelor’s and associate’s degree
programs. In fact, associate’s degree conferrals in each CIP category actually decreased from
2008 to 2012. It should be noted, however, that the majority of master’s degree
completions were in Accounting and Related Services, which must be interpreted with
caution given the wide range of jobs and industries these students will consider.
Master’s degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased
by 16.1 percent since 2008. However, master’s degrees in this field remain relatively
uncommon and just 49 awards were reported in 2012. Bachelor’s degree conferrals in
Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased slightly at an average annual
rate of 1.7 percent, while associate’s degrees decreased by 4.2 percent.
Figure 1.4: Pennsylvania Completions in Casino Gaming-related Fields, 2008-2012
FIELD
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Associate's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Bachelor's Degrees Total
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
Master's Degrees Total
Total
Source: IPEDS
2008
2009
2010
Associate's Degrees
924
865
746
577
530
529
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
765
540
721
495
4,021
2,671
-6.0%
-3.8%
271
205
172
165
228
1,041
-4.2%
75
64
47
37
26
249
-23.3%
1,507
1,470
7,982
-5.5%
136
2,832
113
2,753
526
13,572
4.7%
2.6%
1,847
1,664
1,494
Bachelor's Degrees
94
83
100
2,488
2,640
2,859
583
562
567
601
624
2,937
1.7%
--
--
--
--
2
2
--
3,569
3,492
17,037
2.5%
274
334
1,067
22.8%
3,165
3,285
3,526
Master's Degrees
147
170
142
27
41
42
41
49
200
16.1%
174
5,186
211
5,160
184
5,204
315
5,391
383
5,345
1,267
26,286
21.8%
0.8%
This section considers the employment outlook for the occupations most commonly
associated with the casino gaming industry. We examine national employment projection
data, as well as data for Pennsylvania and the surrounding region gathered from state labor
departments. This section also analyzes the Pennsylvania gaming industry by examining the
regulatory environment, employment levels at state casinos, and current job openings at
casinos near Clarion University.
METHODOLOGY
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) uses a coding system to classify job types and track
employment figures. These occupational codes, known as the ‘Standard Occupational
Classification’ (SOC) codes, are the most widely used system of employment classification
and are used by most state and local statistical agencies.2
While selecting SOC codes to include in this report, Hanover took a more narrow approach
than the approach used with CIP codes in Section I. It is important to note that the American
Gaming Association (AGA) describes the casino gaming industry as a “multi-faceted
corporate environment with extremely diverse career possibilities ranging from
architecture and accounting to hotel management, computer science, and information
technology.”3 However, in order to more accurately assess the casino labor market, this
report only examines occupations that directly correspond with the casino gaming industry.
Figure 2.1 presents the complete list of SOC codes examined in this report, as well as the
typical educational attainment required for entry, work experience required for entry, and
nature of on-the-job training. The BLS indicates that all of the SOC occupations directly
linked to the casino gaming industry typically require a high school diploma or equivalent
for entry, suggesting casino jobs do not typically require postsecondary credentials.
Additionally, BLS data suggest that casino occupations typically require no prior work
experience or less than five years of related work experience (Figure 2.1).
2
3
“Standard Occupational Classification.” Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/soc/
“Casino Employment.” American Gaming Association. http://www.americangaming.org/industryresources/research/fact-sheets/casino-employment
Figure 2.1: Gaming service Occupations
SOC TITLE
DEFINITION
11-9071: Gaming
Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate gaming operations in a
casino. May formulate house rules.
33-9031: Gaming
Surveillance
Officers and
Gaming
Investigators
39-1011: Gaming
Supervisors
39-1012: Slot
Supervisors
39-3011: Gaming
Dealers
39-3012: Gaming
and Sports Book
Writers and
Runners
Act as oversight and security agent for management
and customers. Observe casino or casino hotel
operation for irregular activities such as cheating or
theft by either employees or patrons. May use one-way
mirrors above the casino floor, cashier's cage, and front
desk. Use of audio/video equipment is also common to
observe operation of the business. Usually required to
provide verbal and written reports of all violations and
suspicious behavior to supervisor.
Supervise and coordinate activities of workers in
assigned gaming areas. Circulate among tables and
observe operations. Ensure that stations and games are
covered for each shift. May explain and interpret
operating rules of house to patrons. May plan and
organize activities and services for guests in
hotels/casinos. May address service complaints.
Supervise and coordinate activities of slot department
workers to provide service to patrons. Handle and
settle complaints of players. Verify and pay off jackpots.
Reset slot machines after payoffs. Make repairs or
adjustments to slot machines or recommend removal
of slot machines for repair. Report hazards and enforce
safety rules.
Operate table games. Stand or sit behind table and
operate games of chance by dispensing the appropriate
number of cards or blocks to players, or operating
other gaming equipment. Distribute winnings or collect
players' money or chips. May compare the house's
hand against players' hands.
Post information enabling patrons to wager on various
races and sporting events. Assist in the operation of
games such as keno and bingo. May operate random
number generating equipment and announce the
numbers for patrons. Receive, verify, and record
patrons' wagers. Scan and process winning tickets
presented by patrons and payout winnings for those
wagers.
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT
High school
diploma or
equivalent
WORK
ON-THE-JOB
EXPERIENCE
TRAINING
Less than 5
years
None
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
High school
diploma or
equivalent
Less than 5
years
None
High school
diploma or
equivalent
Less than 5
years
None
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
39-3019: Gaming
Service Workers, All
Other
All gaming service workers not listed separately.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
41-2012: Gaming
Change Persons and
Booth Cashiers
Exchange coins, tokens and chips for patrons' money.
May issue payoffs and obtain customer's signature on
receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area
and furnish change persons with money bank at the
start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
SOC TITLE
DEFINITION
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT
43-3041: Gaming
Cage Workers
In a gaming establishment, conduct financial
transactions for patrons. May reconcile daily
summaries of transactions to balance books. Accept
patron's credit application and verify credit references
to provide check-cashing authorization or to establish
house credit accounts. May sell gambling chips, tokens,
or tickets to patrons, or to other workers for resale to
patrons. May convert gaming chips, tokens, or tickets
to currency upon patron's request. May use a cash
register or computer to record transaction.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
WORK
ON-THE-JOB
EXPERIENCE
TRAINING
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
Source: BLS
NATIONAL OUTLOOK
Nationally, BLS predicts average growth for casino gaming-related occupations through
2022. Casino jobs are expected to grow by 8.6 percent, which is slightly less than the
national growth rate of 10.8 percent for all occupations (Figure 2.2). From 2012 to 2022, the
casino gaming workforce is projected to add 20,000 jobs, increasing from 232,200
employees to 252,200.
Of these nine occupations examined, Gaming Dealers (SOC 39-3011) are projected to grow
most rapidly and add the largest number of jobs. BLS also expects Gaming Supervisors (SOC
39-1011) to experience strong growth in the coming years and to add over 3,000 jobs from
2012 to 2022. In contrast, Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers (SOC 41-2012) are
expected to remain completely stagnant, neither losing nor adding jobs over the 10 year
period (Figure 2.2).
Figure 2.2: National Employment Projections for Gaming-related Occupations, 2012-2022
2012
2022
NUMBER
PERCENT
4,800
5,200
400
7.5%
AVERAGE
ANNUAL JOB
OPENINGS*
140
9,300
10,000
600
7.0%
210
38,500
10,700
100,300
14,700
13,200
22,300
18,400
232,200
41,600
11,400
111,700
15,800
14,400
22,300
19,800
252,200
3,100
600
11,400
1,100
1,200
0
1,300
20,000
8.2%
5.8%
11.4%
7.8%
9.4%
0.1%
7.3%
8.6%
1,100
280
2,870
370
350
970
490
6,780
EMPLOYMENT
SOC
OCCUPATION
11-9071
Gaming Managers
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming
Investigators
Gaming Supervisors
Slot Supervisors
Gaming Dealers
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners
Gaming Service Workers, All Other
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
Gaming Cage Workers
Total
33-9031
39-1011
39-1012
39-3011
39-3012
39-3019
41-2012
43-3041
Source: BLS
*Annual job openings calculated by dividing decadal job openings by 10
CHANGE, 2012-2022
REGIONAL OUTLOOK
Figure 2.3 presents occupational projections for Pennsylvania and bordering states, which
include Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia. It must be
noted that these data were gathered from state labor departments, and each state does not
necessarily use every SOC code. For instance, only two states – Pennsylvania and New
Jersey – provide projections for Gaming Managers (SOC 11-9071). Nonetheless, the
aggregated data provides insight into regional employment trends.
Regional employment projections suggest moderate growth for casino gaming professions
through 2020. Across the seven-state area, casino jobs are expected to increase by 10.7
percent, which is a slightly higher rate than nationwide. Particularly strong growth is
projected for Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners (SOC 39-3012), which are
expected to increase by 46.0 percent from 2010 to 2020. Gaming Managers (SOC 11-9071),
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators (SOC 33-9031), Gaming Dealers (SOC
39-3011), and Gaming Service Workers, All Other (SOC 39-3019) are all expected to increase
by 12 percent or more during this time.
Figure 2.3: Regional Employment Projections for Gaming-related Occupations, 2010-2020
2010
2020
NUMBER
PERCENT
300
340
40
13.3%
AVERAGE
ANNUAL JOB
OPENINGS*
6
1,207
1,354
147
12.2%
34
4,347
828
9,150
858
490
4,214
1,010
22,404
4,516
847
10,615
1,253
620
4,195
1,060
24,800
169
19
1,465
395
130
-14
50
2,401
3.9%
2.3%
16.0%
46.0%
26.5%
-0.3%
5.0%
10.7%
106
17
537
74
34
204
25
1,036
EMPLOYMENT
SOC
OCCUPATION
11-9071
Gaming Managers
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming
Investigators
Gaming Supervisors
Slot Supervisors
Gaming Dealers
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners
Gaming Service Workers, All Other
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
Gaming Cage Workers
Total
33-9031
39-1011
39-1012
39-3011
39-3012
39-3019
41-2012
43-3041
CHANGE, 2010-2020
4
Source: State Labor Departments
*Annual job openings calculated by dividing decadal job openings by 10
4
[1] “Occupation and Industry Projections.” Delaware Department of Labor.
http://www.delawareworks.com/oolmi/Information/LMIData/Projections.aspx
[2] “Maryland Occupational Projections - 2010-2020.” Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation.
http://www.dllr.state.md.us/lmi/iandoproj/
[3] “Ohio Job Outlook.” Ohio Department of Job and Family Services. http://ohiolmi.com/proj/OhioJobOutlook.htm
[4] “Industry and Occupational Employment Projections.” New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce
Development. http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/employ/indoccpj/indoccpj_index.html
[5] “Employment Projections.” New York Department of Labor. http://labor.ny.gov/stats/lsproj.shtm
[6] “Long-Term Occupational Employment Projections.” Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry.
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=814813&mode=2
[7] “Occupational Data.” Workforce West Virginia. http://workforcewv.org/lmi/OCCUDATA.HTM
STATE OUTLOOK
The Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry (PDLI) forecasts robust growth for
casino-related occupations in the coming years. Casino jobs are expected to grow by 48.4
percent from 2010 to 2020, which is much higher than the average rate of 6.4 percent for all
occupations. PDLI projects that Pennsylvania will add 2,250 casino jobs during this time.
As with national and regional projections, state projections suggest a particularly bright
outlook for Gaming Dealers (SOC 39-3011), which are expected to increase by 70.8 percent
from 2010 to 2020. Pennsylvania is expected to add 1,360 Gaming Dealers (SOC 39-3011)
during this time. The PDLI forecasts strong growth for each of the nine casino occupations
examined in this report, each of which is expected to increase by 16 percent or more
through 2020 (Figure 2.4).
As will be described in the following sub-section, this strong projected growth is likely due
to 2004 legislation that legalized gambling in the state. It should also be noted that the
totals presented in Figure 2.4 do not capture the entire casino gaming market, as casinos
employ a variety of occupations in addition to the SOC codes examined herein. In its most
recent Annual Report, the Pennsylvania Gambling Control Board indicated that
Pennsylvania’s 12 casinos employed 16,644 individuals as of June 2013.5
Figure 2.4: State Employment Projections for Gaming-related Occupations, 2010-2020
2010
2020
NUMBER
PERCENT
100
140
40
40.0%
AVERAGE
ANNUAL JOB
OPENINGS*
6
220
310
90
40.9%
12
600
300
1,920
340
240
530
400
4,650
820
350
3,280
490
370
660
480
6,900
220
50
1,360
150
130
130
80
2,250
36.7%
16.7%
70.8%
44.1%
54.2%
24.5%
20.0%
48.4%
33
11
219
29
24
37
15
386
EMPLOYMENT
SOC
OCCUPATION
11-9071
Gaming Managers
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming
Investigators
Gaming Supervisors
Slot Supervisors
Gaming Dealers
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners
Gaming Service Workers, All Other
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
Gaming Cage Workers
Total
33-9031
39-1011
39-1012
39-3011
39-3012
39-3019
41-2012
43-3041
CHANGE, 2010-2020
6
Source: Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry
*Annual job openings calculated by dividing decadal job openings by 10
5
“2012-2013 Annual Report.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, 2012-2013, p. 18.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/files/communications/2012-2013_PGCB_Annual_Report.pdf
6
“Long-Term Occupational Employment Projections,” Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Op. cit.
ANALYSIS OF PENNSYLVANIA GAMING INDUSTRY
This sub-section investigates the Pennsylvania casino gaming industry. After providing an
overview of the legislative background and other recent developments, this section
examines employment and revenue levels at Pennsylvania casinos and summarizes findings
from a scan of current job openings at local casinos.
OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT
Pennsylvania lawmakers passed the Gaming Act in 2004, which legalized casino gambling.
The stated purpose of the Gaming Act is “to protect the public through the regulation and
policing of all activities involving gaming, [p]rovide a significant source of new revenue to
support property tax relief, wage tax reduction, [and] economic development opportunities,
[and] [e]nhance the further development of the tourism market.”7 The Gaming Act created
the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, (PGCB) authorized the issuance of gaming licenses,
and legalized three types of slot machine casinos: harness race track and casinos,
thoroughbred race track and casinos, and standalone casinos.8
The Gaming Act allows for 14 casino gaming licenses in the state.9 Pennsylvania’s first two
casinos opened in 2006,10 and 12 are currently open throughout the state (Figure 2.5).11 The
final two casinos are in various stages of development. One of the final casinos will be in
Philadelphia, as the Gaming Act designated two licenses for Philadelphia. The city’s first,
SugarHouse Casino, opened in 201012 and PGCB is currently considering five applicants for
the second.13
The state’s thirteenth casino is currently being developed in New Castle, Pennsylvania,
which is 66 miles from Clarion University. 14 Penn National Gaming, the developer,
submitted its proposal for the Lawrence Downs Casino and Racing Resort to PGCB in May
2013,15 and broke ground the same month.16 However, PCGB must still approve the
application prior to opening, suggesting the opening of the casino is not imminent. 17 A key
component of the application process, which typically requires nine to 12 months, will be a
7
Gubernick, I. C. and Vrabel, B. F. “Pennsylvania Racehorse Development and Gaming Act.” Klehr, Harrison, Harvey,
and Branzburg LLP, January 2010, p. 5. http://www.klehr.com/C7756B/assets/files/lawarticles/gubernick2.pdf
8
Ibid., p. 6.
9
“PA Casinos, Racinos, and Resorts.” Visit PA Casinos. http://www.visitpacasinos.com/
10
“2006 Annual Report.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, 2006, p. 2.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/files/reports/2006_PGCB_Annual_Report.pdf
11
“PA Casinos, Racinos, and Resorts,” Op. cit.
12
“About.” SugarHouse Casino. http://www.sugarhousecasino.com/about/
13
“Second License To Be Awarded Philadelphia, PA.” Visit PA Casinos. http://www.visitpacasinos.com/PhiladelphiaPA-Casino-In-Philadelphia-PA-Casinos-Pennsylvania-Casinos.html
14
“Lawrence Downs Casino and Racing Resort New Castle, PA.” Visit PA Casinos.
http://www.visitpacasinos.com/Lawrence-Downs-Casino-And-Racing-Resort-In-New-Castle-PA-Casino-PACasinos-Pennsylvania-Casinos.html
15
Ibid.
16
Lowry, N. “Public Hearing for Casino Could be in Spring.” New Castle News, March 2, 2014.
http://www.ncnewsonline.com/local/x1783694957/Public-hearing-for-casino-could-be-in-spring
17
Ibid.
Public Input Hearing held on May 8, 2014.18 PCGB recently began accepting requests for oral
and written testimony from citizens, public officials, and community groups.19
On the application, Penn National Gaming indicated the casino would create between 1,180
and 2,700 new jobs.20 Lawrence Downs would include approximately “1,250 slot machines,
40 table games, [ten] poker tables and a 200-seat restaurant.”21 However, industry analysts
assert that the development is risky. Penn National Gaming’s $225 million proposal included
a caveat that Lawrence County contributes $50 million to the project. Experts indicate that
the developers’ unwillingness to fund the entire project “is a sign that the project is too
risky [and that] prospects are not lucrative enough for the private investors to participate
using 100 [percent] of their own money.”22 Skeptics contend that nearby casinos may
provide steep competition.
Indeed, western Pennsylvania is currently home to four casinos (Figure 2.5).
Figure 2.5: Map of Pennsylvania Casinos
Source: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
18
23
“Public And Government Officials Invited To Address Gaming Control Board At May 8th Public Hearing Concerning
Lawrence Downs Casino And Racing Resort Gaming License Application.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board,
March 11, 2014. http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/?pr=563
19
Ibid.
20
Cato, J. “Analysts: Lawrence County Casino Deal Risky.” TribLive, September 21, 2013.
http://triblive.com/state/pennsylvania/4655729-74/county-casino-million#axzz2wtbNyuOn
21
Ibid.
22
Ibid.
23
“Map of PA Casinos.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board. http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/?p=180
Residents may also travel to neighboring states such as Ohio, West Virginia, and New York.
The online World Casino Directory lists eight casinos in bordering states within 150 miles of
Clarion University:
Mountaineer Racetrack & Gaming Resort (Chester, West Virginia)24
Wheeling Island Racetrack and Gaming Center (Wheeling, WV)25
Seneca Allegany Casino (Salamanca, New York)26
The Village Casino (Bemus Point, New York)27
Seneca Gaming and Entertainment (Irving, New York)28
Northfield Park Racetrack and Microbrewery (Northfield, Ohio)29
Horseshoe Casino Cleveland (Cleveland, Ohio)30
Thistledown (Cleveland, Ohio)31
Additionally, Penn National Gaming is currently developing a casino and race track in
Youngstown, Ohio, just 80 miles west of Clarion University. 32 Hollywood Gaming at
Mahoning Valley is currently under construction and scheduled to open in mid-2014. It will
offer up to 1,500 video lottery terminals, a one mile thoroughbred racetrack, and multiple
dining options.33
REVENUE AND EMPLOYMENT LEVELS
Pennsylvania’s gambling industry has grown rapidly since it was legalized in 2004, and it
now generates the largest tax revenue of any state in the nation.34 Nevada is the only state
with a larger overall gaming market.35 However, due to Pennsylvania’s tax structure, the
government collects a much higher proportion of revenue. For every dollar spent on slot
machines, Pennsylvania government entities collects 55 cents.36 PGCB indicates that “more
than 16,00037 new living wage jobs have been created along with more than $6 billion of tax
24
Mountaineer Casino. http://www.moreatmountaineer.com/
“Driving Directions.” http://www.wheelingisland.com/Driving-Directions.aspx
26
“Directions.” Seneca Allegany Casino. http://www.senecaalleganycasino.com/directions
27
The Village Casino. http://www.bemuspointcasino.com/#!
28
Seneca Gaming and Entertainment. http://www.senecagames.com/irving.html
29
“Directions.” Northfield Park Racetrack and Microbrewery.
http://www.northfieldpark.com/page.aspx?PageID=/general/directions
30
Horseshoe Casino Cleveland. http://www.horseshoecleveland.com/
31
Thistledown. http://www.thistledown.com/
32
“About.” Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley. http://www.hollywoodmahoningvalley.com/About
33
“Locations: Coming Soon.” Penn National Gaming, Inc. https://www.pngaming.com/Locations/Coming%20Soon
34
“PA Gambling Tax Revenue Highest in the Country.” Pennsylvania Independent, June 1, 2012.
http://paindependent.com/2012/06/pa-gambling-tax-revenue-highest-in-the-country/
35
“State Information.” American Gaming Association. http://www.americangaming.org/industry-resources/stateinformation
36
“PA Gambling Tax Revenue Highest in the Country,” Op. cit.
37
Note that this figure (16,000) does not align with employment levels presented in the “State Outlook” sub-section
because casinos employ a variety of occupations in addition to those SOC codes examined in this report
25
revenue.”38 Tax revenue is directed at property tax relief, and homeowners statewide now
receive an average annual tax reduction of $200.39
Parx Casino and Sands Casino, which are both in eastern Pennsylvania, are the largest
casinos in the state in terms of gaming revenue and employees (Figure 2.6 and 2.7). Each of
these casinos generated over $450 million in gaming revenue in fiscal year 2012-2013, and
employed over 1,800 individuals as of June 2013. In western Pennsylvania, The Rivers
Casino in Pittsburgh is the largest casino in western Pennsylvania and is the third largest in
the state in terms of revenue and employees. The Rivers Casino generated $352.6 million
and employed 1,782 individuals in 2013 (Figure 2.6 and 2.7).
Figure 2.6: Pennsylvania Casino Gaming Revenue, FY 2012-2013
Slots Games Revenue
Table Games Revenue
Parx Casino/Philadelphia Park Racetrack
$486.7
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem
$456.3
The Rivers Casino
$352.6
Harrah's Philadelphia Casino & Racetrack
$329.9
The Meadows Racetrack & Casino
$276.8
Hollywood Casino at Penn National
$276.0
SugarHouse Casino
$269.6
Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs
$267.2
Mount Airy Casino Resort
$185.8
Presque Isle Downs Casino
$153.4
Valley Forge Casino Resort
$87.5
$0
Source: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
38
$100
$200
40
“Gaming Benefits for Pennsylvanians.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/?p=52
39
Ibid.
40
“2012-2013 Annual Report,” Op. cit., pp. 18-23.
$300
$400
$500
$600
Figure 2.7: Pennsylvania Casino Employment, June 1, 2013
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem
2,117
Parx Casino/Philadelphia Park Racetrack
1,825
The Rivers Casino
1,782
Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs
1,732
Harrah's Philadelphia Casino & Racetrack
1,672
Mount Airy Casino Resort
1,320
The Meadows Racetrack & Casino
1,260
Hollywood Casino at Penn National
1,252
Valley Forge Casino Resort
1,180
SugarHouse Casino
1,085
Presque Isle Downs Casino
916
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
41
Source: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
CURRENT JOB VACANCIES
This sub-section analyzes current job vacancies posted by casinos near Clarion University,
including:
The Rivers Casino (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
Presque Isle Downs (Erie, Pennsylvania)
Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley (Youngstown, Ohio)
As previously mentioned, Hollywood Gaming is scheduled to open summer 2014. Once
completed, these three casinos will all be within 100 miles of Clarion. Appendix B at the
conclusion of this report presents the entire list of openings examined, while the figures on
the following pages summarize the key features of such openings. A total of 79 job postings
were reviewed for this report (Figure B.1).
41
Ibid.
It appears that approximately 75 percent of vacant casino jobs in the region do not
require any postsecondary education (Figure 2.8). A majority (53 percent) of listings
indicated that the applicant should possess a high school diploma or equivalent.
Additionally, 23 percent of listings did not indicate any type of educational requirement,
suggesting about three quarters of current openings do not require any postsecondary
education. Thirteen percent of openings indicated that that the applicant should hold a
bachelor’s degree (Figure 2.8).
Figure 2.8: Desired Educational Attainment of Jobs Listed
High school diploma or equivalent
53%
Some college
13%
Bachelor's degree
13%
Not indicated
22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Source: Casino Websites
A strong majority of open positions are in horse racing; food and beverage; or finance and
operations (Figure 2.10). About 20 percent of openings were categorized as “Food &
Beverage” and 20 percent were categorized as “Finance & Operations.” Nearly 40 percent
of open positions deal directly with horse racing, such as stable laborers and racetrack
officials. This high proportion of racing occupations may be partially because job vacancies
were reviewed in March, just weeks prior to the beginning of horse racing season. Indeed,
most racing positions were listed as “seasonal” (Figure B.1).
Figure 2.10: Department of Jobs Listed
Racing
39%
Food & Beverage
22%
Finance & Operations
20%
Security & Surveillance
9%
Facilities & Maintenance
6%
Sales & Marketing
3%
Human Resources
1%
0%
Source: Casino Websites
5%
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Over half of open positions were considered seasonal or part-time jobs (Figure 2.9). Nearly
20 percent of vacancies were for part-time jobs and 35 percent were for seasonal jobs. As
mentioned, seasonal jobs were highly correlated with racing jobs. Thirty-seven percent of
openings were full-time jobs (Figure 2.9).
Figure 2.9: Commitment of Jobs Listed
Full-time
37%
Seasonal
35%
Part-time
19%
Full-/part-time
5%
Internship
4%
0%
Source: Casino Websites
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
This section profiles three institutions that offer training programs in casino operations and
management. This section examines an occupational training program and an associate’s
degree program at Northampton Community College, a bachelor’s degree program at
Central Michigan University, and a graduate certificate and a master’s degree program at
Drexel University. For each institution, we present degree conferral data in all relevant fields
for the previous five years.
NORTHAMPTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Northampton Community College (NCC) in Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania offers a
variety of courses and programs focused on casino management and operations. In addition
to offering an associate’s degree program in hospitality management, NCC offers
customized training to suit the needs of local casinos. NCC has formed a partnership with
Sands Casino, which is located in the same city of Bethlehem.
CASINO TRAINING PROGRAMS
NCC “provides comprehensive training programs to help individuals enter the exciting
gaming industry and to ensure casinos maintain their competitive advantage.”42 NCC offers
programs focused on table games dealing, floor supervision, casino surveillance, and casinospecific ESL training (Figure 3.1).
NCC began offering table games dealer training in March 2010, less than one year after
Sands Casino opened in May 2009.43 The program, which was designed specifically to meet
the needs of Sands Casino, initially had capacity for 400 students. Sands Casino is listed as
“Verified Casino Dealer School” by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board (PGCB), which
indicates that Sands Casino’s training program is administered by NCC.44 Also in 2010, NCC
launched a similar table games dealer program at its Monroe County campus “to
accommodate the needs of Mount Airy Casino Resort,” although this is not listed by PGCB.45
A 2013 report indicated that five community colleges in Pennsylvania have offered dealer
training at some point, but the number has shrunk to three: Northampton Community
42
“Casino Training Programs.” Northampton Community College. http://www.northampton.edu/center-for-businessand-industry/hospitality-careers/casino-training-programs.htm
43
[1] Friess, S. “A Casino Rises in the Place of a Fallen Steel Giant.” New York Times, May 22, 2009.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/us/23casino.html?_r=0
[2] Olanoff, L. Northampton Community College Starts Table Games Classes for Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem on
Monday.” Lehigh Valley News.
44
“Dealer School Information.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, January 27, 2014, p. 1.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/files/licensure/Dealer_School_Information.pdf
45
Olanoff, Op. cit.
College, Community College of Beaver County, and Luzerne County Community College.46
Bucks County Community College and Montgomery County Community College no longer
offer training programs for table games dealing. A spokesperson for Bucks County
Community College indicated that the institution ceased its training program in 2011
because local casinos in the Philadelphia area “wanted to start training their own dealers.”47
Contrarily, Montgomery County Community College entered its partnership with Valley
Forge Casino Resort with the understanding that the program would be a one-time offering
in 2012. A spokesperson for Montgomery County Community College indicated that “[o]nce
the casino opened, it no longer required us to provide a formal training program” and that
the program “was more of a workforce training partnership than a regular program.”48
Bob DeSalvio, President of Sands Casino, indicated in 2011 that over 60 percent of the
casino’s dealers were trained by NCC.49 While the experiences of defunct training programs
suggest casino partnerships may be insecure, NCC’s early success led to the expansion of its
program. In 2011, NCC began offering casino surveillance training.50 NCC has installed a
mock casino on campus to deliver industry training, and program flyers suggest that the
institution is interested in pursuing partnerships with additional casinos. The surveillance
program flyer indicates that:
[NCC]’s comprehensive training programs ensure casinos maintain their competitive
advantage. As your training partner, we can provide customized programs delivered
on your property or at our mock casino, featuring a fully equipped surveillance
lab.51
The program’s website also includes a testimonial from the Sands Casino Director of
Surveillance: “Together, we identified the emergent needs of the casino environment and
created a program that provides the specific skills required to enter [the] field.”52
Figure 3.1 summarizes the types of casino training offered by NCC. The Table Games Dealer
training program, which is designed for beginners, requires 12 weeks and is offered during
the day, at night, and on weekends. Once dealers have earned six months of experience,
they are eligible to participate in the Experienced Dealer Training program. NCC also offers a
Fundamentals of Floor Supervision program, which is “[i]deal for dealers who are serious
about a casino career” (Figure 3.1). The Casino Surveillance Training program requires 64
hours of training delivered over eight weeks. NCC does not advertise the price of most
46
Sadowski, M. “Hollywood Casino All-in on Dealer Training.” Central Penn Business Journal, September 27, 2013.
http://www.cpbj.com/article/20130927/CPBJ01/309279998/Hollywood-Casino-all-in-on-dealer-training
47
Ibid.
48
Ibid.
49
Butler, H. “Casino Training Programs to Expand.” Northampton Community College.
https://northampton.edu/northampton-now/casino-training-programs-to-expand.htm
50
Ibid.
51
“Comprehensive Training for Casino Resorts.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/Documents/Business/CBICasinoTraining.pdf
52
“Testimonial: David Terry, Director of Surveillance, Sands Casino Resort.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/Documents/Business/Testimonials/cbi_testimonial_Terry.pdf
programs, but indicates that the surveillance training course is $600.53 Lastly, NCC offers a
21 hour English language training course designed for ESL employees.
Figure 3.1: Types of Casino Training offered by Northampton Community College
TYPE OF TRAINING
Table Games Dealer
Training
Experienced Dealer
Training
Fundamentals of Floor
Supervision
Casino Surveillance
Training
ESL Basic Spoken English
for the Casino Industry
DESCRIPTION
12 week training program
Offered during the day, evening, and weekends
Taught by facilitators with extensive casino experience
Participants must have six months of dealing experience
Classes delivered at NCC’s mock casino
Courses are available in Baccarat, Roulette, Craps, Pai Gow Poker, Pai
Gow Tiles, and Poker
Ideal for dealers who are serious about a casino career and have at least
six months of table games experience
Courses include:
o “My Section is the Place Everyone Wants to Be!” focuses on
customer satisfaction, motivating dealers, and handling conflicts
o “Ready for Responsibility” focuses on key responsibilities of floor
supervisors and managing table games
8 week, 64 hour training program
Taught by instructor with over 20 years of industry experience
Focuses on how surveillance is used to protect the casino and patrons,
how to identify patterns of suspicious, how to interrogate
21 hour course
Addresses participants’ ability to understand and confidently interact with
guests and casino management
Source: Northampton Community College
54
ASSOCIATE’S DEGREE PROGRAM
In addition to tailor-made casino training, Northampton Community College offers an
Associate in Applied Science in Hospitality Management.55 The program prepares individuals
“to gain entry-level management positions in restaurants, hotels, and several hundred other
hospitality related careers.” Candidates choose from three tracks: Restaurants, Hotel, or
Meeting and Event Planning.56 While each of the three tracks is relevant to the casino
industry, NCC suggests the hotel concentration may be most suitable.57
Students pursuing the associate’s degree in Hospitality Management “will be prepared for a
career in the hospitality industry by classroom learning supplemented with field trips, guest
speakers and industry certifications.” 58 Students complete a 225 hour management
53
“Casino Surveillance Program.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/Documents/Business/NCC_CasinoSurveillanceSpr14.pdf
54
“Casino Training Programs,” Op. cit.
55
“Hospitality Management - A.A.S. Degree.” Northampton Community College.
http://catalog.northampton.edu/Programs-and-Majors/Hospitality-Management.htm
56
Ibid.
57
[1] Ibid.
[2] Butler, Op. cit.
58
“Hospitality Management - A.A.S. Degree,” Op. cit.
practicum that includes a culminating internship. NCC indicates that students will attain
learning outcomes related to industry knowledge, technical skills, and leadership skills:
Acquire and correctly use general industry information, technical skills, and
certifications for employment in the hospitality industry.
Listen and effectively communicate in a positive, professional, and ethical manner
with customers and colleagues of diverse backgrounds.
Display a professional image, positive attitude, strong work ethic, and recognize
your role in the success of the organization where you are employed.
Read and accurately interpret standard indicators of the organization's financial
health.
Use appropriate technology for written communication, information gathering, and
data analysis to facilitate smooth operation of a hospitality organization.
Demonstrate leadership and supervisory skills, and an appreciation of diversity to
support the organization and its goals.
Use organization and flexibility, as a team, to complete tasks, make decisions, and
problem solve in a timely manner.
Utilize research and problem-solving techniques to employ "out of the box" critical
thinking skills in a variety of hospitality situations.59
Students must complete between 66 and 69 credits to earn the associate’s degree. The
curriculum includes five or six classes per semester and includes courses in communication,
customer service, accounting, law, human resources, and leadership (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2: Northampton Community College Hospitality Management Curriculum
CURRICULUM (CREDITS)
Semester One (15-16)
Speech Communication (3)
Enhancing Guest Service (3)
English I (3)
Mathematics OR Science Elective (3-4)
Introduction to the Hospitality Industry (3)
Semester Two (18-19)
Accounting for Non-Accountants OR Financial
Food and Beverage Management (3)
Accounting I (3)
Rooms Division Management (3)
English II (Report Writing) (3)
Program Elective (3-4)
Hospitality Sales and Marketing (3)
Semester Three (15-16)
Human Resources Management for the Hospitality
Hospitality Law (3)
Industry (3)
Program Elective (3-4)
Hospitality Financial Reporting (3)
General Education Elective (3)
Semester Four (18)
Convention Services & Catering Management (3)
Introduction to Psychology (3)
Strategic Leadership in Hospitality (3)
General Education Elective (3)
Hospitality Management Practicum (3)
Program Elective (3)
Source: Northampton Community College
59
Taken verbatim from: Ibid.
60
Although the core requirements do not include casino courses, students may choose
electives best suited for the gaming industry. For instance, NCC offers a three-credit course
titled “Introduction to the Gaming Industry” that focuses on industry trends, the history of
gaming, and casino operations:
This course provides an overview of casino management with an emphasis on the
analysis of the gaming industry and its trends, a casino's interface with the hotel,
organizational structure and terminology. Students will learn the history of gaming,
various types of games, daily casino operations, casino marketing and financing,
government regulations of gambling and the future development of the industry.61
NCC charges a flat semester rate for students enrolled in 12 to 18 credits and charges
different rates depending on residency. Including mandatory fees, the flat rate for the 20142015 school year is $1,920 for Northampton County residents, $3,180 for Monroe County
Residents, $4,200 for residents of other Pennsylvania counties, and $6,210 for out-of-state
residents.62
DEGREE COMPLETIONS
IPEDS data indicate that degree completions in NCC’s hospitality management associate’s
degree programs have remained steady over the previous five years. NCC awarded 18
associate’s degrees in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) in 2008 and 17
degrees in 2012, suggesting student demand has neither increased nor decreased (Figure
3.3). Note that completions data for NCC’s casino training programs are not available and
thus not included in Figure 3.3.
Completions data indicate that NCC also offers programs in Culinary Arts/Chef Training (CIP
12.0503) and Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping (CIP 52.0302) that are
relevant to the casino gaming industry. Indeed, reports indicate that Sands Casino has hired
graduates of NCC’s culinary training programs. 63 Degree conferrals in Accounting
Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping (CIP 52.0302) increased substantially at the prebaccalaureate certificate and associate’s degree level over the previous five years, while
degree conferrals in Culinary Arts/Chef Training (CIP 12.0503) decreased at both award
levels during the same time (Figure 3.3).
60
Ibid.
“Northampton Community College Catalog 2013-2014: Hotel Management (HOTL).” Northampton Community
College. http://catalog.northampton.edu/Course-Descriptions/Hotel-Management-(HOTL).htm
62
“Tuition and Fees: Summer 2014 - Spring 2015.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/student-resources/bursar/tuition-and-fees/tuition-and-fees/summer-2014-spring2015.htm
63
Butler, Op. cit.
61
Figure 3.3: Northampton Community College Completions, 2008-2012
FIELD
2008
2009
2010
Pre-baccalaureate certificate
12.0503 Culinary Arts/Chef Training
22
25
15
52.0302 Accounting
6
3
11
Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping
52.0901 Hospitality
---Administration/Management, General
52.0906 Resort Management
---Pre-baccalaureate Certificate Total
28
28
26
Associate's degree
12.0503 Culinary Arts/Chef Training
21
15
21
52.0302 Accounting
23
19
31
Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping
52.0904 Hotel/Motel
9
5
8
Administration/Management
52.0905 Restaurant/Food Services
9
7
5
Management
52.1906 Tourism Promotion Operations
2
--Associate's Degree Total
64
46
65
Total
92
74
91
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
24
20
106
-2.4%
18
16
54
27.8%
--
1
1
--
-42
2
39
2
163
-8.6%
20
18
95
-3.8%
32
32
137
8.6%
9
8
39
-2.9%
8
9
38
0.0%
-69
111
-67
106
2
311
474
-1.2%
3.6%
Source: IPEDS
CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY
Central Michigan University (CMU) is located in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, in the same city
as the largest casino in the state, the Soaring Eagle Casino and Resort.64 CMU offers a
bachelor’s degree in Hospitality Services Administration with a concentration in Gaming and
Entertainment Management.65 CMU’s program was identified by Hanover Research because
it is the only institution in the nation that has reported degree completions to IPEDS under
Casino Management (CIP 52.0908) since the program classification was introduced in
2010.66
BACHELOR’S DEGREE PROGRAM
CMU’s hospitality services administration program “offers a sound business background and
a specific orientation toward the management of lodging operations, restaurants, clubs, and
tourism.”67 The Gaming and Entertainment Management concentration is designed to
prepare individuals for a career as:
64
Banquet Executive
Casino Manager
[1] “Michigan Casinos.” World Casino Directory. http://www.worldcasinodirectory.com/michigan
[2] “Indian Gaming Section Annual Report to the Citizens of Michigan.” Michigan Gaming Control Board, 2012, p. 9.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mgcb/Annual_Report_-_Indian_Gaming_2012_Final__423303_7.pdf
65
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major: Gaming & Entertainment Management Concentration.” Central Michigan
University.
https://go.cmich.edu/academics/Undergraduate/Find_Program/Pages/Hospitality_Serv_Admin_Gaming.aspx
66
“IPEDS,” Op. cit.
67
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major,” Op. cit.
Catering Consultant
Comptroller
Hotel General Manager
Special Events Coordinator
Club Owner
Food and Beverage Director
Sales and Marketing Director
Tourism Planning Specialist68
Out of the 124 credit hours required for a bachelor’s degree at CMU,69 students enrolled in
the Gaming and Entertainment program must complete 37 credit hours toward the major
and concentration (Figure 3.4). The requirements include a set of business administration
courses, core hospitality management courses, required gaming courses, and elective
gaming courses.
While CMU provides business, management, and general hospitality management courses
on its main campus, students must complete four casino-specific courses in Las Vegas,
Nevada through a partnership with the University of Nevada Las Vegas.70
Figure 3.4: Central Michigan University Curriculum
CURRICULUM
Required Business Administration Courses (9 Credits)
Essential Business Skills
Integrated Capstone-Strategic
Applied Business Statistics
Management
Core Courses (12 Credits)
Financial Management in the Hospitality
Introduction to Hospitality Services
Service Sector
Administration
Management in the Hospitality Service
Lodging Operations
Sector
Required Courses (13 Credits)
Casino Operation and Management
Gaming Regulations and Control
Protection of Casino Table Games
Independent Studies (1-6 credits)
Electives (Choose on for 3 Credits)
Accounting for the Hotel Casino
Seminars in Casino Management
Mathematics of Casino Games
Sociology of Gambling
Note: Courses denoted as “UNLV” must be completed at the University of Nevada Las Vegas. All courses
are three credits unless noted.
CMU charges a per-credit rate that is different for in-state students and out-of-state
students. For school year 2013-2014, Michigan residents pay $374 per undergraduate credit
and out-of-state students pay $789 per credit.71 CMU’s program webpage for the Gaming
68
Ibid.
“Requirements for Graduation.” Central Michigan University. https://bulletins.cmich.edu/2012/ug/genacad/graduation-req.asp
70
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major,” Op. cit.
71
“Tuition and Fees.” Central Michigan University.
https://www.cmich.edu/ess/registrar/RegistrarRegistration/Pages/Tuition_and_Fee_Schedule.aspx
69
and Entertainment concentration does not indicate whether additional fees are associated
with courses completed through UNLV.72
DEGREE COMPLETIONS
Degree completions data suggest increasing student demand for CMU’s Hospitality
Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) programs. CMU reported one bachelor’s degree
award for Casino Management (CIP 52.0908) in 2010, which was the year the classification
was introduced by IPEDS, and two awards in 2011 and 2012. Additionally, CMU has reported
140 bachelor’s degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management, General (CIP
52.0901) of the previous five years. Bachelor’s degree completions in Hospitality
Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) programs increased from 19 in 2008 to 45 in 2012.
Figure 3.5: Central Michigan University Degree Completions, 2008-2012
FIELD
52.0301 Accounting
52.0901 Hospitality Administration/
Management, General
52.0908 Casino Management
Total
2008
93
2009
74
2010
97
2011
106
2012
82
TOTAL
452
CAGR
-3.1%
19
24
28
26
43
140
22.7%
-112
-98
1
126
2
134
2
127
5
597
-3.2%
Source: IPEDS
DREXEL UNIVERSITY
Drexel University Online offers a Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations,73 as
well as a Master of Science in Hospitality Management with a concentration Gaming and
Casino Management.74
GRADUATE CERTIFICATE PROGRAM
The Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations “is designed to provide students
with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to become competent executives in a casino
resort.”75 The program is “ideal for those interested in a new career in the casino industry or
for those existing casino employees looking to advance into higher levels of
management.”76 The program is delivered entirely online.
Drexel’s certificate program consists of six courses worth three credits each, for a total of 18
required credits.77 Drexel indicates that the program can be completed part-time in one
72
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major,” Op. cit.
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Overview.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/grad-cert-gaming-casino/index.aspx
74
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Overview.” Drexel University Online. http://www.drexel.com/onlinedegrees/business-degrees/ms-hospitality-management/index.aspx
75
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Overview,” Op. cit.
76
Ibid.
77
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Curriculum.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/grad-cert-gaming-casino/curriculum.aspx
73
year by taking two courses per term for three consecutive terms. However, candidates must
complete five undergraduate prerequisite courses prior to the beginning of the program:
Financial Accounting Foundations
Hospitality Accounting Systems
Introduction to Analysis I78
Introduction to the Hospitality
Industry
Hotel Room Division Management
The six required courses for the graduate certificate cover gaming industry knowledge,
strategic management, gaming technology systems, current issues in the casino industry,
casino financial analysis, and casino marketing (Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.6: Drexel Online Graduate Certificate Curriculum
COURSE
Foundations of the
Hospitality Industry
Destination and
Resort
Management
Gaming Information
Systems
Current Issues in
Gaming
Casino Financial
Analysis
Casino Marketing
DESCRIPTION
This is a gateway course to provide students of various backgrounds the
information and conceptual tools needed to grasp the fundamentals of the global
hospitality industry as understood in its widest sense. Students will become
familiar with the production and distribution of hospitality products. Trends in the
industry will also be discussed.
A study of destination and resort management from a global perspective including
strategic planning and competitive analysis of domestic and international resort
destinations. Students will study the various aspects of resort management in the
context of high levels strategic planning that includes market research, market
positioning, feasibility studies, and revenue forecasting for resort destinations.
Covers the use of technology and computer information systems in the casino
industry. The course emphasizes high level strategic planning for leveraging
technology and information systems to gain competitive advantage and improve a
casino’s position in the marketplace. Includes structured decision making in the
acquisition and implementation of technology including feasibility analysis and
financial forecasting.
This course will examine current issues in the casino and gaming industry. An indepth examination of trends, policies, and impacts on gaming operations with an
emphasis on casino operations will be potential topics for discussion.
This course covers the unique aspects of analyzing the financial results of casino
programs and product offerings, including marketing promotion analysis, special
even manifest analysis, player development, executive profit and loss, table game
mix, and slot floor product and position analysis. Volume forecast methods will
also be studied.
This course covers the unique aspects of casino marketing including player loyalty
programs, promotional strategies, customer relationship marketing, branding,
database marketing, player development and junket programs. The course is
taught from a global perspective with an emphasis on strategy and positioning in
the marketplace.
Source: Drexel University Online
78
79
Ibid.
Ibid.
79
Drexel Online charges all students $1,123 per credit for graduate courses for school year
2014-2015, which means the total cost of the 18 credit program is $20,214.80
MASTER’S DEGREE PROGRAM
Drexel's Master’s in Hospitality Management “provides students with the skills needed to
advance in the hospitality industry.”81 Candidates choose a concentration in Global Tourism
or in Gaming and Casino Management. The program is designed to prepare graduates for
career paths in:
Senior management of hotels and resorts
Convention services
Strategic development for online distribution of travel services
Real estate development projects and
Business ownership82
Students must earn 45 graduate credits to earn the master’s degree, including 12 credits of
core courses in professional studies, 21 credits of hospitality management courses, and 12
credits of gaming and casino management courses (Figure 3.7). The casino and management
courses are similar to those required for Drexel’s graduate certificate program. However,
master’s degree students also have the option to complete Tribal Gaming Management and
Security and Risk and Management.
Figure 3.7: Drexel Online Master’s Degree Curriculum
CURRICULUM
Professional Studies Core Courses (12 Credits)
Foundations in Creativity
Ethics for Professionals
Introduction to Project Management
Research Methods & Statistics
Hospitality Management Required Courses (21 Credits)
Foundations of the Hospitality Industry
Hospitality Human Resource Management
Hospitality Management Information Systems
Customer Service for Professionals
Strategic Management & Leadership
Research Project (1-12 credits)
Gaming and Casino Management Concentration (Choose 4 for 12 Credits)
Destination and Resort Management
Security and Risk Management
Gaming Information Systems
Tribal Gaming Management
Current Issues in Gaming
Casino Marketing
Casino Financial Analysis
83
Source: Drexel University Online
Note: All courses are three credits unless noted.
80
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Tuition.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/grad-cert-gaming-casino/tuition.aspx
81
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Overview,” Op. cit.
82
Taken verbatim from: Ibid.
83
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Curriculum.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/ms-hospitality-management/curriculum.aspx
As previously mentioned, Drexel charges all students $1,123 per credit for graduate courses
for school year 2014-2015.84
DEGREE COMPLETIONS
Drexel first reported master’s degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/ Management
(CIP 52.09) in 2012, when it reported 10 completions (Figure 3.8). However, it is not clear
that these awards correspond with Drexel’s Gaming and Casino Management master’s
program because the completions were reported under Hotel/ Motel Administration/
Management (CIP 52.0904), rather than Casino Management (CIP 52.0908). Drexel does not
advertise a separate master’s degree program for hotel management.85
Figure 3.8: Drexel University Degree Completions
FIELD
12.0503 Culinary Arts/Chef Training
52.0904 Hotel/Motel
Administration/Management
52.0999 Hospitality Administration/
Management, Other
Bachelor's Degrees Total
52.0301 Accounting
52.0904 Hotel/Motel
Administration/Management
Master's Degrees Total
Total
2008
2009
2010
Bachelor's Degrees
5
6
7
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
12
4
34
-5.4%
--
1
3
10
14
28
--
22
27
19
16
3
87
-39.2%
27
34
29
Master's Degrees
5
10
11
38
21
149
-6.1%
24
15
65
31.6%
--
--
--
--
10
10
--
5
32
10
44
11
40
24
62
25
46
75
224
49.5%
9.5%
Source: IPEDS
84
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Tuition.” Drexel University Online. http://www.drexel.com/onlinedegrees/business-degrees/ms-hospitality-management/tuition.aspx
85
“All Graduate Programs.” Drexel University. http://www.drexel.edu/grad/programs/list/
Hanover Research is committed to providing a work product that meets or exceeds partner
expectations. In keeping with that goal, we would like to hear your opinions regarding our
reports. Feedback is critically important and serves as the strongest mechanism by which we
tailor our research to your organization. When you have had a chance to evaluate this
report, please take a moment to fill out the following questionnaire.
http://www.hanoverresearch.com/evaluation/index.php
The publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this brief. The publisher
and authors make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this brief and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
fitness for a particular purpose. There are no warranties which extend beyond the
descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or extended by
representatives of Hanover Research or its marketing materials. The accuracy and
completeness of the information provided herein and the opinions stated herein are not
guaranteed or warranted to produce any particular results, and the advice and strategies
contained herein may not be suitable for every partner. Neither the publisher nor the
authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but
not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Moreover, Hanover
Research is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services.
Partners requiring such services are advised to consult an appropriate professional.
1700 K Street, NW, 8th Floor
Washington, DC 20006
P 202.559.0500 F 866.808.6585
www.hanoverresearch.com
In the following report, Hanover Research assesses the market for a new
postsecondary program in casino gaming at Clarion University of Pennsylvania by
examining degree completions data, labor market projections, and existing
programs in the region.
Executive Summary and Key Findings .....................................................................................3
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 3
Key Findings................................................................................................................................. 3
Section I: Student Demand Analysis ........................................................................................5
Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 5
National Data .............................................................................................................................. 9
Regional Data ............................................................................................................................ 10
State Data .................................................................................................................................. 11
Section II: Labor Market Analysis .......................................................................................... 13
Methodology ............................................................................................................................. 13
National Outlook ....................................................................................................................... 15
Regional Outlook ....................................................................................................................... 16
State Outlook ............................................................................................................................ 17
Analysis of Pennsylvania Gaming Industry ................................................................................ 18
Overview of Development .................................................................................................... 18
Revenue and Employment Levels ......................................................................................... 20
Current Job Vacancies ........................................................................................................... 22
Section III: Competitor Profiles ............................................................................................. 25
Northampton Community College ............................................................................................ 25
Casino Training Programs ..................................................................................................... 25
Associate’s Degree Program ................................................................................................. 27
Degree Completions.............................................................................................................. 29
Central Michigan University ...................................................................................................... 30
Bachelor’s Degree Program .................................................................................................. 30
Degree Completions.............................................................................................................. 32
Drexel University ....................................................................................................................... 32
Graduate Certificate Program ............................................................................................... 32
Master’s Degree Program ..................................................................................................... 34
Degree Completions.............................................................................................................. 35
INTRODUCTION
In this report, Hanover Research assesses the market for a new training program in casino
gaming at Clarion University of Pennsylvania. Drawing on historical degree conferral data
and long-term labor market projections, we evaluate trends in student and employer
demand for programs designed to prepare individuals for a career in Pennsylvania’s
emergent casino gaming industry. This report comprises three main sections:
Section I: Student Demand Analysis evaluates potential student demand for a
training program in casino gaming by examining recent associate’s degree,
bachelor’s degree, and master’s degree conferrals. This section examines degree
conferral trends nationwide, as well as trends in Pennsylvania and bordering states.
Section II: Labor Market Analysis considers the employment outlook for various
occupations in the casino gaming industry. As with degree conferrals, this section
examines trends nationwide, as well as trends in Pennsylvania and bordering states.
This section also presents an overview of Pennsylvania’s gaming industry and
reviews job vacancies at local casinos.
Section III: Competitor Profiles identifies potential competitors by examining
institutions that currently offer casino gaming training programs. This section
examines an occupational training program and an associate’s degree program at
Northampton Community College, a bachelor’s degree program at Central Michigan
University, and a graduate certificate and a master’s degree program at Drexel
University.
KEY FINDINGS
Twelve large casinos have opened in Pennsylvania since gambling was legalized in
2004, creating over 16,000 new jobs and generating over $6 billion in tax revenue.
Over the previous 10 years, Pennsylvania’s casino gaming tax revenue has become
the largest of any state in the nation, outpacing historical leaders Nevada and New
Jersey. The 2004 Gaming Act authorized 14 gaming licenses, and two have yet to be
approved. One is reserved for Philadelphia, and the other is being planned for
western Pennsylvania.
A new casino is being developed 66 miles from Clarion University in New Castle,
Pennsylvania. However, the Lawrence Downs Casino and Racing Resort must still be
approved by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board prior to opening. Some
analysts are skeptical of the project, and a crucial component of the approval
process is a public hearing scheduled for May 2014. The casino developers indicated
that, if approved, the resort would create between 1,180 and 2,700 new jobs.
Including those in bordering states, 12 casinos are currently open within 150 miles
of Clarion University, but Lawrence Downs would be the closest.
Pennsylvania employment projections forecast robust growth for casino gaming
jobs through 2020. From 2010 to 2020, the Pennsylvania Department of Labor and
Industry projects that casino gaming occupations will increase by nearly 50 percent.
This is much greater than the projected rate of 6.4 percent for overall employment
in the state.
Current job vacancies at nearby casinos are concentrated in food and beverage;
finance and operations; and horse racing occupations. The casino gaming industry
offers extremely diverse career possibilities, including culinary arts, accounting,
hospitality management, security, and marketing. However, Bureau of Labor
Statistics data and a scan of local job opportunities suggest that nearly all jobs in the
casino gaming industry do not require a college degree.
Historical completions data suggest increasing student demand for academic
programs related to the casino gaming industry. From 2008 to 2012, nationwide
associate’s degree conferrals in related fields increased by 5.3 percent, bachelor’s
degree conferrals increased by 4.1 percent, and master’s degree conferrals
increased by 10.9 percent. During this time in Pennsylvania, degree conferrals in
Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) decreased at the associate’s
degree level, slightly increased at the bachelor’s degree level, and substantially
increased at the master’s degree level.
Academic programs focused on the casino gaming industry are typically offered as
a concentration within a hospitality management program. While associate’s,
bachelor’s, and master’s degree programs in hospitality administration and
management are common, programs at these award levels with a specific focus on
the casino gaming industry appear to be relatively uncommon. In 2012, only one
institution in the county – Central Michigan University – reported degree conferrals
at any award level under Casino Management (CIP 52.0908).
Hospitality programs with casino-focused concentrations typically include courses
in resort management, finance, gaming regulations, and casino operations.
Additional courses may include hotel management, customer relations, gaming
technology, and sociology or psychology. The bachelor’s and master’s degree
programs reviewed in this report also require students to complete an independent
research project.
Pennsylvania community colleges have formed partnerships with casinos to
provide occupational training programs. For instance, Northampton Community
College launched a table games dealer training program in 2010, one year after
Sands Casino opened in the city. The program has expanded to include floor
supervision training, casino surveillance training, English language instruction for ESL
employees, and a fully functioning mock casino on campus. However, this
arrangement may be risky, as some casinos have terminated partnerships in order
to deliver their own training to employees.
In this section, Hanover estimates potential student demand for an academic program in
casino gaming by analyzing degree completions data obtained from the National Center for
Education Statistics (NCES).
METHODOLOGY
To estimate student demand for a program in casino gaming, we use recent degree
completions data published by the National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). NCES
employs a taxonomic system of numeric codes to classify postsecondary academic
programs, known as the Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) system. Institutions of
higher education nationwide submit degree completion data, classified by CIP code, to the
NCES’s Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System (IPEDS).1
While IPEDS presents the most comprehensive conferral data available, a degree of caution
is warranted when interpreting the aggregated data, as there are certain considerations
that must be taken into account. First, slight modifications were made in 2010 to the NCES’s
classification of programs from the 2000 version of the CIP taxonomy. Therefore, the
number of program classifications has increased from the old 2000 CIP system to the new
2010 CIP. For instance, Casino Management (CIP 52.0908) was added in 2010. Second,
institutions classify their programs independently, meaning that two programs that are
identical in all respects could hypothetically be classified under different CIP codes. In
addition, for any given institution, it cannot always be assumed that IPEDS completions data
for an individual CIP classification always correspond directly to an individual program.
Nonetheless, examining degree completion trends over recent years allows for an estimate
of potential student demand for a program in casino gaming. If degree conferrals have
increased over time within a certain geographical area, it is reasonable to infer that demand
for such a degree is trending upward within the region. Correspondingly, if completions
have decreased, then it is likely that demand is also decreasing. Accordingly, this report
gauges student demand for credentials in casino gaming based on completions data
collected over the previous five years. In addition to raw data, we provide the compound
annual growth rate (CAGR), which provides a smoothed measurement of annual growth,
disregarding year-to-year fluctuations in the data.
To inform our selection of relevant CIP codes, Hanover first conducted a scan of current job
openings listed by casinos near Clarion University. Section II presents a complete analysis of
these occupations, and Appendix B documents the entire list of openings reviewed for this
report. This scan suggested that most openings in the industry are concentrated in several
occupational categories, including food and beverage, finance, hospitality management, and
1
“Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System.” National Center for Education Statistics.
http://nces.ed.gov/ipeds/datacenter/
marketing. Accordingly, this analysis of potential student demand focuses on the following
four-digit CIP categories:
12.05: Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03: Accounting and Related Services
52.09: Hospitality Administration/Management
52.19: Specialized Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations
Each of these four-digit categories includes several, increasingly detailed six-digit CIP codes.
Figure 1.1 presents the complete list of CIP codes and definitions that are examined in this
report. Due to the large number of relevant academic fields, data in this section are
presented at the four-digit level. Appendix A at the conclusion of this report provides
detailed completions data at the six-digit level.
Figure 1.1: CIP Codes
CIP
12.0500: Cooking and
Related Culinary Arts,
General
12.0501: Baking and
Pastry Arts/Baker/Pastry
Chef
12.0502:
Bartending/Bartender
12.0503: Culinary
Arts/Chef Training
12.0504: Restaurant,
Culinary, and Catering
Management/ Manager
DEFINITION
12.05: Culinary Arts and Related Services
A program that focuses on the general study of the cooking and related
culinary arts, and that may prepare individuals for a variety of jobs within the
food service industry. Includes instruction in food preparation, cooking
techniques, equipment operation and maintenance, sanitation and safety,
communication skills, applicable regulations, and principles of food service
management.
A program that prepares individuals to serve as professional bakers and pastry
specialists in restaurants or other commercial baking establishments. Includes
instruction in bread and pastry making, bread and pastry handling and storage,
cake and pastry decorating, baking industry operations, product packaging and
marketing operations, and counter display and service.
A program that prepares individuals to professionally prepare mixed alcoholic
and non-alcoholic beverages and related products and manage bars, lounges,
and beverage service operations in the hospitality industry. Includes
instruction in mixology, oenology, accounting and cash management,
inventory and cellar management, bar and lounge management, applicable
laws and regulations, customer service, and labor/employment regulations.
A program that prepares individuals to provide professional chef and related
cooking services in restaurants and other commercial food establishments.
Includes instruction in recipe and menu planning, preparing and cooking of
foods, supervising and training kitchen assistants, the management of food
supplies and kitchen resources, aesthetics of food presentation, and familiarity
or mastery of a wide variety of cuisines and culinary techniques.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, supervise, and manage food and
beverage preparation and service operations, restaurant facilities, and catering
services. Includes instruction in food/beverage industry operations, cost
control, purchasing and storage, business administration, logistics, personnel
management, culinary arts, restaurant and menu planning, executive chef
functions, event planning and management, health and safety, insurance, and
applicable law and regulations.
CIP
12.0505: Food
Preparation/Professional
Cooking/ Kitchen
Assistant
12.0507: Food Service,
Waiter/ Waitress, and
Dining Room
Management/ Manager
52.0301: Accounting
52.0302: Accounting
Technology/Technician
and Bookkeeping
52.0303: Auditing
52.0901: Hospitality
Administration/
Management, General
DEFINITION
A program that prepares individuals to serve under the supervision of chefs
and other food service professionals as kitchen support staff and commercial
food preparation workers. Includes instruction in kitchen organization and
operations, sanitation and quality control, basic food preparation and cooking
skills, kitchen and kitchen equipment maintenance, and quantity food
measurement and monitoring.
A program that prepares individuals to serve food to customers in formal or
informal settings. Includes instruction in the nutritional, sensory, and
functional properties of food and its ingredients; food services principles; table
and counter services; dining room operations and procedures; service
personnel supervision and management; communication skills; business math;
safety; and sanitation.
52.03: Accounting and Related Services
A program that prepares individuals to practice the profession of accounting
and to perform related business functions. Includes instruction in accounting
principles and theory, financial accounting, managerial accounting, cost
accounting, budget control, tax accounting, legal aspects of accounting,
auditing, reporting procedures, statement analysis, planning and consulting,
business information systems, accounting research methods, professional
standards and ethics, and applications to specific for-profit, public, and nonprofit organizations.
A program that prepares individuals to provide technical administrative
support to professional accountants and other financial management
personnel. Includes instruction in posting transactions to accounts, recordkeeping systems, accounting software operation, and general accounting
principles and practices.
A program that prepares individuals, including certified accountants, to
perform independent internal and external appraisals to evaluate
organizational financial and operational activities, ensure compliance with laws
and policies, safeguard assets, and promote effective planning and resource
allocation. Includes instruction in advanced accounting, audit tools and
techniques, sampling, risk and control, audit planning, audit function
management, law and regulations, environmental auditing, information
technology applications, professional standards and ethics, and specific
industry and service sector problems.
52.09: Hospitality Administration/Management
A program that prepares individuals to serve as general managers and
directors of hospitality operations on a system-wide basis, including both
travel arrangements and promotion and the provision of traveler facilities.
Includes instruction in principles of operations in the travel and tourism, hotel
and lodging facilities, food services, and recreation facilities industries;
hospitality marketing strategies; hospitality planning; management and
coordination of franchise and unit operations; business management;
accounting and financial management; hospitality transportation and logistics;
and hospitality industry policies and regulations.
CIP
52.0903: Tourism and
Travel Services
Management
52.0904: Hotel/Motel
Administration/Manage
ment
52.0905:
Restaurant/Food Services
Management
52.0906: Resort
Management
52.0907: Meeting and
Event Planning
52.0908: Casino
Management
52.0909: Hotel, Motel,
and Restaurant
Management
52.0999: Hospitality
Administration/
Management, Other
DEFINITION
A program that prepares individuals to manage travel-related enterprises and
related convention and/or tour services. Includes instruction in travel agency
management, tour arranging and planning, convention and event planning,
travel industry operations and procedures, tourism marketing and promotion
strategies, travel counseling, travel industry law, international and domestic
operations, and travel and tourism policy.
A program that prepares individuals to manage operations and facilities that
provide lodging services to the traveling public. Includes instruction in
hospitality industry principles; supplies purchasing, storage and control; hotel
facilities design and planning; hospitality industry law; personnel management
and labor relations; financial management; marketing and sales promotion;
convention and event management; front desk operations; and applications to
specific types of hotels and motel operations.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, manage, and market restaurants,
food services in hospitality establishments, food service chains and franchise
networks, and restaurant supply operations. Includes instruction in hospitality
administration, food services management, wholesale logistics and
distribution, franchise operations, business networking, personnel
management, culinary arts, business planning and capitalization, food industry
operations, marketing and retailing, business law and regulations, finance, and
professional standards and ethics.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, manage, and market
comprehensive vacation facilities and services and related products. Includes
instruction in hospitality administration, hotel/motel management, restaurant
and food services management, facilities planning, leisure studies, recreation
administration, marketing, recreation equipment and grounds operations and
maintenance, business finance, insurance and taxation, event management
and guest services, personnel management, travel and logistics management,
safety and health services, professional standards and ethics, and applications
to specific vacation types and locations.
A program that prepares individuals to plan, budget, and implement
conferences, meetings, and other special events in the public or private
sectors. Includes instruction in principles of meeting and event planning;
special event management; budgets and finance; site selection; contracts,
vendors, and negotiations; marketing and promotions; food and beverage
management; audio-visual basics and meeting technology; and hospitality law.
A program that prepares individuals to manage casinos and gaming
establishments. Includes instruction in casino operations, casino security and
surveillance, principles of the gaming industry, ethics, and gaming law.
An instructional program that prepares individuals to manage operations and
facilities that provide food and/or lodging services to the traveling public.
Includes instruction in hospitality industry principles; supplies purchasing,
storage, and control; hotel and restaurant facilities design and planning;
hospitality industry law; personnel management and labor relations; financial
management; facilities management; marketing and sale promotion strategies;
convention and event management; front desk operations; and applications to
specific types of hotel, motel, and/or restaurant operations.
Any instructional program in hospitality service management not listed above.
CIP
DEFINITION
52.19: Specialized Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations
A program that prepares individuals to provide direct retail services to hotel
52.1905: Tourism and
and motel clients and customers in a variety of settings. Includes instruction in
Travel Services Marketing the principles of hotel/motel operations, customer sales and assistance
Operations
operations and techniques, telephone operations, and basic office
management.
A program that prepares individuals to perform marketing and sales
operations connected with the promotion of tourism in public and private
52.1906: Tourism
sector settings. Includes instruction in principles of marketing research and
Promotion Operations
advertising, promotional campaign organization, media relations, and
applicable technical and administrative skills.
A program that prepares individuals to provide marketing services in the
52.1910: Hospitality and hospitality and leisure fields. Includes instruction in hospitality operations,
Recreation Marketing
customer sales and assistance operations and techniques, telephone
Operations
operations, basic office management, retail sports, recreation equipment, food
and beverage.
Source: IPEDS
NATIONAL DATA
Nationwide conferral data suggest increasing student demand for academic programs
related to the casino gaming industry. Over the previous five years, associate’s, bachelor’s
and master’s degree conferrals increased by 5.4 percent annually (Figure 1.2). In particular,
master’s degree completions increased at an annual rate of 10.9 percent, more rapidly than
other award levels. Growth at the master’s degree level was concentrated in Accounting
and Related Services (CIP 52.03) and Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09),
whereas exceptionally few master’s degree completions were reported in Culinary Arts and
Related Services (CIP 12.05) and Specialized Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations
(CIP 52.19). However, data for accounting related fields should be interpreted with caution,
as the majority of students completing these degrees will pursue other industries.
In fact, degree conferrals in Accounting and Related Services (CIP 52.03) and Hospitality
Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased at every award level from 2008 to 2012.
Degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased by 4.6
percent annually at the associate’s award level, 7.1 percent annually at the bachelor’s
degree level, and 6.9 percent annually at the master’s degree level. Similarly, degree
conferrals in Accounting and Related Services (CIP 52.03) increased by 5.4 percent annually
at the associate’s award level, 3.4 percent annually at the bachelor’s degree level, and 11.1
percent annually at the master’s degree level.
While degree completions rose across all CIP categories, degree completions in Specialized
Sales, Merchandising and Marketing Operations (CIP 52.19) actually decreased at each
award level over the previous five years. Associate’s degree conferrals decreased by 14.7
percent annually and bachelor’s degree conferrals decreased by 7.0 percent annually.
Figure 1.2: Nationwide Completions in Casino Gaming-related Fields, 2008-2012
FIELD
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Associate's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Bachelor's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Master's Degrees Total
Total
2008
2009
2010
Associate's Degrees
14,488
14,247
14,161
15,461
16,119
17,051
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
15,794
19,301
18,132
19,085
76,822
87,017
5.8%
5.4%
3,127
3,281
3,227
3,442
3,740
16,817
4.6%
387
412
347
186
205
1,537
-14.7%
33,463
34,059
34,786
Bachelor's Degrees
736
820
749
46,230
47,324
53,183
38,723
41,162
182,193
5.3%
1,016
51,663
1,137
52,877
4,458
251,277
11.5%
3.4%
9,210
10,156
10,698
11,340
12,096
53,500
7.1%
215
221
189
206
161
992
-7.0%
64,225
66,271
310,227
4.1%
-16,243
-16,807
7
69,779
-11.1%
56,391
58,521
64,819
Master's Degrees
7
--11,019
11,692
14,018
641
678
722
792
837
3,670
6.9%
11
21
--
--
--
32
--
11,678
101,532
12,391
104,971
14,740
114,345
17,035
119,983
17,644
125,077
73,488
565,908
10.9%
5.4%
Source: IPEDS
REGIONAL DATA
Figure 1.3 presents regional degree conferral data. This comprises data from Pennsylvania
and all bordering states, including Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and
West Virginia.
Similar to nationwide data, regional data suggest increasing student demand for
associate’s, bachelor’s, and master’s degrees in casino gaming-related fields (Figure 1.3).
Growth in relevant master’s degree programs was most pronounced relative to associate’s
and bachelor’s degree programs. However, much of this growth is attributable to increasing
degree completions in Accounting and Related Services (CIP 52.03), which encompasses a
wide range of programs that do not necessarily focus on casino gaming.
Regional degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased
at each award level over the previous five years. Associate’s degree awards in these fields
grew by 6.2 percent annually, bachelor’s degrees grew by 4.9 percent annually, and
master’s degrees grew by 5.4 percent annually.
Figure 1.3: Regional Completions in Casino Gaming-related Fields, 2008-2012
FIELD
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Associate's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Bachelor's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Master's Degrees Total
Total
2008
2009
2010
Associate's Degrees
2,841
2,920
2,788
3,640
3,550
3,741
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
2,887
4,040
2,968
3,911
14,404
18,882
1.1%
1.8%
958
991
989
1,103
1,217
5,258
6.2%
209
221
209
112
130
881
-11.2%
7,648
7,682
7,727
Bachelor's Degrees
121
122
131
11,098
12,294
12,235
8,142
8,226
39,425
1.8%
167
13,391
139
13,427
680
62,445
3.5%
4.9%
2,139
2,283
2,351
2,417
2,587
11,777
4.9%
98
109
79
76
104
466
1.5%
16,051
16,257
75,368
4.8%
-2,805
-3,209
7
10,974
-22.4%
13,456
14,808
14,796
Master's Degrees
7
--1,428
1,697
1,835
205
241
238
241
253
1,178
5.4%
11
21
--
--
--
32
--
1,651
22,755
1,959
24,449
2,073
24,596
3,046
27,239
3,462
27,945
12,191
126,984
20.3%
5.3%
Source: IPEDS
STATE DATA
Pennsylvania data indicate that degree conferrals in fields related to the casino gaming
industry increased modestly over the previous five years at a rate of 0.8 percent annually
(Figure 1.4). Similar to nationwide and regional data, degree conferral growth was
concentrated in master’s degree programs, rather than bachelor’s and associate’s degree
programs. In fact, associate’s degree conferrals in each CIP category actually decreased from
2008 to 2012. It should be noted, however, that the majority of master’s degree
completions were in Accounting and Related Services, which must be interpreted with
caution given the wide range of jobs and industries these students will consider.
Master’s degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased
by 16.1 percent since 2008. However, master’s degrees in this field remain relatively
uncommon and just 49 awards were reported in 2012. Bachelor’s degree conferrals in
Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) increased slightly at an average annual
rate of 1.7 percent, while associate’s degrees decreased by 4.2 percent.
Figure 1.4: Pennsylvania Completions in Casino Gaming-related Fields, 2008-2012
FIELD
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Associate's Degrees Total
12.05 Culinary Arts and Related Services
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
52.19 Specialized Sales, Merchandising
and Marketing Operations
Bachelor's Degrees Total
52.03 Accounting and Related Services
52.09 Hospitality Administration/
Management
Master's Degrees Total
Total
Source: IPEDS
2008
2009
2010
Associate's Degrees
924
865
746
577
530
529
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
765
540
721
495
4,021
2,671
-6.0%
-3.8%
271
205
172
165
228
1,041
-4.2%
75
64
47
37
26
249
-23.3%
1,507
1,470
7,982
-5.5%
136
2,832
113
2,753
526
13,572
4.7%
2.6%
1,847
1,664
1,494
Bachelor's Degrees
94
83
100
2,488
2,640
2,859
583
562
567
601
624
2,937
1.7%
--
--
--
--
2
2
--
3,569
3,492
17,037
2.5%
274
334
1,067
22.8%
3,165
3,285
3,526
Master's Degrees
147
170
142
27
41
42
41
49
200
16.1%
174
5,186
211
5,160
184
5,204
315
5,391
383
5,345
1,267
26,286
21.8%
0.8%
This section considers the employment outlook for the occupations most commonly
associated with the casino gaming industry. We examine national employment projection
data, as well as data for Pennsylvania and the surrounding region gathered from state labor
departments. This section also analyzes the Pennsylvania gaming industry by examining the
regulatory environment, employment levels at state casinos, and current job openings at
casinos near Clarion University.
METHODOLOGY
The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) uses a coding system to classify job types and track
employment figures. These occupational codes, known as the ‘Standard Occupational
Classification’ (SOC) codes, are the most widely used system of employment classification
and are used by most state and local statistical agencies.2
While selecting SOC codes to include in this report, Hanover took a more narrow approach
than the approach used with CIP codes in Section I. It is important to note that the American
Gaming Association (AGA) describes the casino gaming industry as a “multi-faceted
corporate environment with extremely diverse career possibilities ranging from
architecture and accounting to hotel management, computer science, and information
technology.”3 However, in order to more accurately assess the casino labor market, this
report only examines occupations that directly correspond with the casino gaming industry.
Figure 2.1 presents the complete list of SOC codes examined in this report, as well as the
typical educational attainment required for entry, work experience required for entry, and
nature of on-the-job training. The BLS indicates that all of the SOC occupations directly
linked to the casino gaming industry typically require a high school diploma or equivalent
for entry, suggesting casino jobs do not typically require postsecondary credentials.
Additionally, BLS data suggest that casino occupations typically require no prior work
experience or less than five years of related work experience (Figure 2.1).
2
3
“Standard Occupational Classification.” Bureau of Labor Statistics. http://www.bls.gov/soc/
“Casino Employment.” American Gaming Association. http://www.americangaming.org/industryresources/research/fact-sheets/casino-employment
Figure 2.1: Gaming service Occupations
SOC TITLE
DEFINITION
11-9071: Gaming
Managers
Plan, direct, or coordinate gaming operations in a
casino. May formulate house rules.
33-9031: Gaming
Surveillance
Officers and
Gaming
Investigators
39-1011: Gaming
Supervisors
39-1012: Slot
Supervisors
39-3011: Gaming
Dealers
39-3012: Gaming
and Sports Book
Writers and
Runners
Act as oversight and security agent for management
and customers. Observe casino or casino hotel
operation for irregular activities such as cheating or
theft by either employees or patrons. May use one-way
mirrors above the casino floor, cashier's cage, and front
desk. Use of audio/video equipment is also common to
observe operation of the business. Usually required to
provide verbal and written reports of all violations and
suspicious behavior to supervisor.
Supervise and coordinate activities of workers in
assigned gaming areas. Circulate among tables and
observe operations. Ensure that stations and games are
covered for each shift. May explain and interpret
operating rules of house to patrons. May plan and
organize activities and services for guests in
hotels/casinos. May address service complaints.
Supervise and coordinate activities of slot department
workers to provide service to patrons. Handle and
settle complaints of players. Verify and pay off jackpots.
Reset slot machines after payoffs. Make repairs or
adjustments to slot machines or recommend removal
of slot machines for repair. Report hazards and enforce
safety rules.
Operate table games. Stand or sit behind table and
operate games of chance by dispensing the appropriate
number of cards or blocks to players, or operating
other gaming equipment. Distribute winnings or collect
players' money or chips. May compare the house's
hand against players' hands.
Post information enabling patrons to wager on various
races and sporting events. Assist in the operation of
games such as keno and bingo. May operate random
number generating equipment and announce the
numbers for patrons. Receive, verify, and record
patrons' wagers. Scan and process winning tickets
presented by patrons and payout winnings for those
wagers.
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT
High school
diploma or
equivalent
WORK
ON-THE-JOB
EXPERIENCE
TRAINING
Less than 5
years
None
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
High school
diploma or
equivalent
Less than 5
years
None
High school
diploma or
equivalent
Less than 5
years
None
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
39-3019: Gaming
Service Workers, All
Other
All gaming service workers not listed separately.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
41-2012: Gaming
Change Persons and
Booth Cashiers
Exchange coins, tokens and chips for patrons' money.
May issue payoffs and obtain customer's signature on
receipt. May operate a booth in the slot machine area
and furnish change persons with money bank at the
start of the shift, or count and audit money in drawers.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
SOC TITLE
DEFINITION
EDUCATIONAL
ATTAINMENT
43-3041: Gaming
Cage Workers
In a gaming establishment, conduct financial
transactions for patrons. May reconcile daily
summaries of transactions to balance books. Accept
patron's credit application and verify credit references
to provide check-cashing authorization or to establish
house credit accounts. May sell gambling chips, tokens,
or tickets to patrons, or to other workers for resale to
patrons. May convert gaming chips, tokens, or tickets
to currency upon patron's request. May use a cash
register or computer to record transaction.
High school
diploma or
equivalent
WORK
ON-THE-JOB
EXPERIENCE
TRAINING
None
Short-term
on-the-job
training
Source: BLS
NATIONAL OUTLOOK
Nationally, BLS predicts average growth for casino gaming-related occupations through
2022. Casino jobs are expected to grow by 8.6 percent, which is slightly less than the
national growth rate of 10.8 percent for all occupations (Figure 2.2). From 2012 to 2022, the
casino gaming workforce is projected to add 20,000 jobs, increasing from 232,200
employees to 252,200.
Of these nine occupations examined, Gaming Dealers (SOC 39-3011) are projected to grow
most rapidly and add the largest number of jobs. BLS also expects Gaming Supervisors (SOC
39-1011) to experience strong growth in the coming years and to add over 3,000 jobs from
2012 to 2022. In contrast, Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers (SOC 41-2012) are
expected to remain completely stagnant, neither losing nor adding jobs over the 10 year
period (Figure 2.2).
Figure 2.2: National Employment Projections for Gaming-related Occupations, 2012-2022
2012
2022
NUMBER
PERCENT
4,800
5,200
400
7.5%
AVERAGE
ANNUAL JOB
OPENINGS*
140
9,300
10,000
600
7.0%
210
38,500
10,700
100,300
14,700
13,200
22,300
18,400
232,200
41,600
11,400
111,700
15,800
14,400
22,300
19,800
252,200
3,100
600
11,400
1,100
1,200
0
1,300
20,000
8.2%
5.8%
11.4%
7.8%
9.4%
0.1%
7.3%
8.6%
1,100
280
2,870
370
350
970
490
6,780
EMPLOYMENT
SOC
OCCUPATION
11-9071
Gaming Managers
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming
Investigators
Gaming Supervisors
Slot Supervisors
Gaming Dealers
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners
Gaming Service Workers, All Other
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
Gaming Cage Workers
Total
33-9031
39-1011
39-1012
39-3011
39-3012
39-3019
41-2012
43-3041
Source: BLS
*Annual job openings calculated by dividing decadal job openings by 10
CHANGE, 2012-2022
REGIONAL OUTLOOK
Figure 2.3 presents occupational projections for Pennsylvania and bordering states, which
include Delaware, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, and West Virginia. It must be
noted that these data were gathered from state labor departments, and each state does not
necessarily use every SOC code. For instance, only two states – Pennsylvania and New
Jersey – provide projections for Gaming Managers (SOC 11-9071). Nonetheless, the
aggregated data provides insight into regional employment trends.
Regional employment projections suggest moderate growth for casino gaming professions
through 2020. Across the seven-state area, casino jobs are expected to increase by 10.7
percent, which is a slightly higher rate than nationwide. Particularly strong growth is
projected for Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners (SOC 39-3012), which are
expected to increase by 46.0 percent from 2010 to 2020. Gaming Managers (SOC 11-9071),
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming Investigators (SOC 33-9031), Gaming Dealers (SOC
39-3011), and Gaming Service Workers, All Other (SOC 39-3019) are all expected to increase
by 12 percent or more during this time.
Figure 2.3: Regional Employment Projections for Gaming-related Occupations, 2010-2020
2010
2020
NUMBER
PERCENT
300
340
40
13.3%
AVERAGE
ANNUAL JOB
OPENINGS*
6
1,207
1,354
147
12.2%
34
4,347
828
9,150
858
490
4,214
1,010
22,404
4,516
847
10,615
1,253
620
4,195
1,060
24,800
169
19
1,465
395
130
-14
50
2,401
3.9%
2.3%
16.0%
46.0%
26.5%
-0.3%
5.0%
10.7%
106
17
537
74
34
204
25
1,036
EMPLOYMENT
SOC
OCCUPATION
11-9071
Gaming Managers
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming
Investigators
Gaming Supervisors
Slot Supervisors
Gaming Dealers
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners
Gaming Service Workers, All Other
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
Gaming Cage Workers
Total
33-9031
39-1011
39-1012
39-3011
39-3012
39-3019
41-2012
43-3041
CHANGE, 2010-2020
4
Source: State Labor Departments
*Annual job openings calculated by dividing decadal job openings by 10
4
[1] “Occupation and Industry Projections.” Delaware Department of Labor.
http://www.delawareworks.com/oolmi/Information/LMIData/Projections.aspx
[2] “Maryland Occupational Projections - 2010-2020.” Maryland Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation.
http://www.dllr.state.md.us/lmi/iandoproj/
[3] “Ohio Job Outlook.” Ohio Department of Job and Family Services. http://ohiolmi.com/proj/OhioJobOutlook.htm
[4] “Industry and Occupational Employment Projections.” New Jersey Department of Labor and Workforce
Development. http://lwd.dol.state.nj.us/labor/lpa/employ/indoccpj/indoccpj_index.html
[5] “Employment Projections.” New York Department of Labor. http://labor.ny.gov/stats/lsproj.shtm
[6] “Long-Term Occupational Employment Projections.” Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry.
http://www.portal.state.pa.us/portal/server.pt?open=514&objID=814813&mode=2
[7] “Occupational Data.” Workforce West Virginia. http://workforcewv.org/lmi/OCCUDATA.HTM
STATE OUTLOOK
The Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry (PDLI) forecasts robust growth for
casino-related occupations in the coming years. Casino jobs are expected to grow by 48.4
percent from 2010 to 2020, which is much higher than the average rate of 6.4 percent for all
occupations. PDLI projects that Pennsylvania will add 2,250 casino jobs during this time.
As with national and regional projections, state projections suggest a particularly bright
outlook for Gaming Dealers (SOC 39-3011), which are expected to increase by 70.8 percent
from 2010 to 2020. Pennsylvania is expected to add 1,360 Gaming Dealers (SOC 39-3011)
during this time. The PDLI forecasts strong growth for each of the nine casino occupations
examined in this report, each of which is expected to increase by 16 percent or more
through 2020 (Figure 2.4).
As will be described in the following sub-section, this strong projected growth is likely due
to 2004 legislation that legalized gambling in the state. It should also be noted that the
totals presented in Figure 2.4 do not capture the entire casino gaming market, as casinos
employ a variety of occupations in addition to the SOC codes examined herein. In its most
recent Annual Report, the Pennsylvania Gambling Control Board indicated that
Pennsylvania’s 12 casinos employed 16,644 individuals as of June 2013.5
Figure 2.4: State Employment Projections for Gaming-related Occupations, 2010-2020
2010
2020
NUMBER
PERCENT
100
140
40
40.0%
AVERAGE
ANNUAL JOB
OPENINGS*
6
220
310
90
40.9%
12
600
300
1,920
340
240
530
400
4,650
820
350
3,280
490
370
660
480
6,900
220
50
1,360
150
130
130
80
2,250
36.7%
16.7%
70.8%
44.1%
54.2%
24.5%
20.0%
48.4%
33
11
219
29
24
37
15
386
EMPLOYMENT
SOC
OCCUPATION
11-9071
Gaming Managers
Gaming Surveillance Officers and Gaming
Investigators
Gaming Supervisors
Slot Supervisors
Gaming Dealers
Gaming and Sports Book Writers and Runners
Gaming Service Workers, All Other
Gaming Change Persons and Booth Cashiers
Gaming Cage Workers
Total
33-9031
39-1011
39-1012
39-3011
39-3012
39-3019
41-2012
43-3041
CHANGE, 2010-2020
6
Source: Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry
*Annual job openings calculated by dividing decadal job openings by 10
5
“2012-2013 Annual Report.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, 2012-2013, p. 18.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/files/communications/2012-2013_PGCB_Annual_Report.pdf
6
“Long-Term Occupational Employment Projections,” Pennsylvania Department of Labor and Industry, Op. cit.
ANALYSIS OF PENNSYLVANIA GAMING INDUSTRY
This sub-section investigates the Pennsylvania casino gaming industry. After providing an
overview of the legislative background and other recent developments, this section
examines employment and revenue levels at Pennsylvania casinos and summarizes findings
from a scan of current job openings at local casinos.
OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENT
Pennsylvania lawmakers passed the Gaming Act in 2004, which legalized casino gambling.
The stated purpose of the Gaming Act is “to protect the public through the regulation and
policing of all activities involving gaming, [p]rovide a significant source of new revenue to
support property tax relief, wage tax reduction, [and] economic development opportunities,
[and] [e]nhance the further development of the tourism market.”7 The Gaming Act created
the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, (PGCB) authorized the issuance of gaming licenses,
and legalized three types of slot machine casinos: harness race track and casinos,
thoroughbred race track and casinos, and standalone casinos.8
The Gaming Act allows for 14 casino gaming licenses in the state.9 Pennsylvania’s first two
casinos opened in 2006,10 and 12 are currently open throughout the state (Figure 2.5).11 The
final two casinos are in various stages of development. One of the final casinos will be in
Philadelphia, as the Gaming Act designated two licenses for Philadelphia. The city’s first,
SugarHouse Casino, opened in 201012 and PGCB is currently considering five applicants for
the second.13
The state’s thirteenth casino is currently being developed in New Castle, Pennsylvania,
which is 66 miles from Clarion University. 14 Penn National Gaming, the developer,
submitted its proposal for the Lawrence Downs Casino and Racing Resort to PGCB in May
2013,15 and broke ground the same month.16 However, PCGB must still approve the
application prior to opening, suggesting the opening of the casino is not imminent. 17 A key
component of the application process, which typically requires nine to 12 months, will be a
7
Gubernick, I. C. and Vrabel, B. F. “Pennsylvania Racehorse Development and Gaming Act.” Klehr, Harrison, Harvey,
and Branzburg LLP, January 2010, p. 5. http://www.klehr.com/C7756B/assets/files/lawarticles/gubernick2.pdf
8
Ibid., p. 6.
9
“PA Casinos, Racinos, and Resorts.” Visit PA Casinos. http://www.visitpacasinos.com/
10
“2006 Annual Report.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, 2006, p. 2.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/files/reports/2006_PGCB_Annual_Report.pdf
11
“PA Casinos, Racinos, and Resorts,” Op. cit.
12
“About.” SugarHouse Casino. http://www.sugarhousecasino.com/about/
13
“Second License To Be Awarded Philadelphia, PA.” Visit PA Casinos. http://www.visitpacasinos.com/PhiladelphiaPA-Casino-In-Philadelphia-PA-Casinos-Pennsylvania-Casinos.html
14
“Lawrence Downs Casino and Racing Resort New Castle, PA.” Visit PA Casinos.
http://www.visitpacasinos.com/Lawrence-Downs-Casino-And-Racing-Resort-In-New-Castle-PA-Casino-PACasinos-Pennsylvania-Casinos.html
15
Ibid.
16
Lowry, N. “Public Hearing for Casino Could be in Spring.” New Castle News, March 2, 2014.
http://www.ncnewsonline.com/local/x1783694957/Public-hearing-for-casino-could-be-in-spring
17
Ibid.
Public Input Hearing held on May 8, 2014.18 PCGB recently began accepting requests for oral
and written testimony from citizens, public officials, and community groups.19
On the application, Penn National Gaming indicated the casino would create between 1,180
and 2,700 new jobs.20 Lawrence Downs would include approximately “1,250 slot machines,
40 table games, [ten] poker tables and a 200-seat restaurant.”21 However, industry analysts
assert that the development is risky. Penn National Gaming’s $225 million proposal included
a caveat that Lawrence County contributes $50 million to the project. Experts indicate that
the developers’ unwillingness to fund the entire project “is a sign that the project is too
risky [and that] prospects are not lucrative enough for the private investors to participate
using 100 [percent] of their own money.”22 Skeptics contend that nearby casinos may
provide steep competition.
Indeed, western Pennsylvania is currently home to four casinos (Figure 2.5).
Figure 2.5: Map of Pennsylvania Casinos
Source: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
18
23
“Public And Government Officials Invited To Address Gaming Control Board At May 8th Public Hearing Concerning
Lawrence Downs Casino And Racing Resort Gaming License Application.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board,
March 11, 2014. http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/?pr=563
19
Ibid.
20
Cato, J. “Analysts: Lawrence County Casino Deal Risky.” TribLive, September 21, 2013.
http://triblive.com/state/pennsylvania/4655729-74/county-casino-million#axzz2wtbNyuOn
21
Ibid.
22
Ibid.
23
“Map of PA Casinos.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board. http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/?p=180
Residents may also travel to neighboring states such as Ohio, West Virginia, and New York.
The online World Casino Directory lists eight casinos in bordering states within 150 miles of
Clarion University:
Mountaineer Racetrack & Gaming Resort (Chester, West Virginia)24
Wheeling Island Racetrack and Gaming Center (Wheeling, WV)25
Seneca Allegany Casino (Salamanca, New York)26
The Village Casino (Bemus Point, New York)27
Seneca Gaming and Entertainment (Irving, New York)28
Northfield Park Racetrack and Microbrewery (Northfield, Ohio)29
Horseshoe Casino Cleveland (Cleveland, Ohio)30
Thistledown (Cleveland, Ohio)31
Additionally, Penn National Gaming is currently developing a casino and race track in
Youngstown, Ohio, just 80 miles west of Clarion University. 32 Hollywood Gaming at
Mahoning Valley is currently under construction and scheduled to open in mid-2014. It will
offer up to 1,500 video lottery terminals, a one mile thoroughbred racetrack, and multiple
dining options.33
REVENUE AND EMPLOYMENT LEVELS
Pennsylvania’s gambling industry has grown rapidly since it was legalized in 2004, and it
now generates the largest tax revenue of any state in the nation.34 Nevada is the only state
with a larger overall gaming market.35 However, due to Pennsylvania’s tax structure, the
government collects a much higher proportion of revenue. For every dollar spent on slot
machines, Pennsylvania government entities collects 55 cents.36 PGCB indicates that “more
than 16,00037 new living wage jobs have been created along with more than $6 billion of tax
24
Mountaineer Casino. http://www.moreatmountaineer.com/
“Driving Directions.” http://www.wheelingisland.com/Driving-Directions.aspx
26
“Directions.” Seneca Allegany Casino. http://www.senecaalleganycasino.com/directions
27
The Village Casino. http://www.bemuspointcasino.com/#!
28
Seneca Gaming and Entertainment. http://www.senecagames.com/irving.html
29
“Directions.” Northfield Park Racetrack and Microbrewery.
http://www.northfieldpark.com/page.aspx?PageID=/general/directions
30
Horseshoe Casino Cleveland. http://www.horseshoecleveland.com/
31
Thistledown. http://www.thistledown.com/
32
“About.” Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley. http://www.hollywoodmahoningvalley.com/About
33
“Locations: Coming Soon.” Penn National Gaming, Inc. https://www.pngaming.com/Locations/Coming%20Soon
34
“PA Gambling Tax Revenue Highest in the Country.” Pennsylvania Independent, June 1, 2012.
http://paindependent.com/2012/06/pa-gambling-tax-revenue-highest-in-the-country/
35
“State Information.” American Gaming Association. http://www.americangaming.org/industry-resources/stateinformation
36
“PA Gambling Tax Revenue Highest in the Country,” Op. cit.
37
Note that this figure (16,000) does not align with employment levels presented in the “State Outlook” sub-section
because casinos employ a variety of occupations in addition to those SOC codes examined in this report
25
revenue.”38 Tax revenue is directed at property tax relief, and homeowners statewide now
receive an average annual tax reduction of $200.39
Parx Casino and Sands Casino, which are both in eastern Pennsylvania, are the largest
casinos in the state in terms of gaming revenue and employees (Figure 2.6 and 2.7). Each of
these casinos generated over $450 million in gaming revenue in fiscal year 2012-2013, and
employed over 1,800 individuals as of June 2013. In western Pennsylvania, The Rivers
Casino in Pittsburgh is the largest casino in western Pennsylvania and is the third largest in
the state in terms of revenue and employees. The Rivers Casino generated $352.6 million
and employed 1,782 individuals in 2013 (Figure 2.6 and 2.7).
Figure 2.6: Pennsylvania Casino Gaming Revenue, FY 2012-2013
Slots Games Revenue
Table Games Revenue
Parx Casino/Philadelphia Park Racetrack
$486.7
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem
$456.3
The Rivers Casino
$352.6
Harrah's Philadelphia Casino & Racetrack
$329.9
The Meadows Racetrack & Casino
$276.8
Hollywood Casino at Penn National
$276.0
SugarHouse Casino
$269.6
Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs
$267.2
Mount Airy Casino Resort
$185.8
Presque Isle Downs Casino
$153.4
Valley Forge Casino Resort
$87.5
$0
Source: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
38
$100
$200
40
“Gaming Benefits for Pennsylvanians.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/?p=52
39
Ibid.
40
“2012-2013 Annual Report,” Op. cit., pp. 18-23.
$300
$400
$500
$600
Figure 2.7: Pennsylvania Casino Employment, June 1, 2013
Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem
2,117
Parx Casino/Philadelphia Park Racetrack
1,825
The Rivers Casino
1,782
Mohegan Sun at Pocono Downs
1,732
Harrah's Philadelphia Casino & Racetrack
1,672
Mount Airy Casino Resort
1,320
The Meadows Racetrack & Casino
1,260
Hollywood Casino at Penn National
1,252
Valley Forge Casino Resort
1,180
SugarHouse Casino
1,085
Presque Isle Downs Casino
916
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
41
Source: Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board
CURRENT JOB VACANCIES
This sub-section analyzes current job vacancies posted by casinos near Clarion University,
including:
The Rivers Casino (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania)
Presque Isle Downs (Erie, Pennsylvania)
Hollywood Gaming at Mahoning Valley (Youngstown, Ohio)
As previously mentioned, Hollywood Gaming is scheduled to open summer 2014. Once
completed, these three casinos will all be within 100 miles of Clarion. Appendix B at the
conclusion of this report presents the entire list of openings examined, while the figures on
the following pages summarize the key features of such openings. A total of 79 job postings
were reviewed for this report (Figure B.1).
41
Ibid.
It appears that approximately 75 percent of vacant casino jobs in the region do not
require any postsecondary education (Figure 2.8). A majority (53 percent) of listings
indicated that the applicant should possess a high school diploma or equivalent.
Additionally, 23 percent of listings did not indicate any type of educational requirement,
suggesting about three quarters of current openings do not require any postsecondary
education. Thirteen percent of openings indicated that that the applicant should hold a
bachelor’s degree (Figure 2.8).
Figure 2.8: Desired Educational Attainment of Jobs Listed
High school diploma or equivalent
53%
Some college
13%
Bachelor's degree
13%
Not indicated
22%
0%
20%
40%
60%
Source: Casino Websites
A strong majority of open positions are in horse racing; food and beverage; or finance and
operations (Figure 2.10). About 20 percent of openings were categorized as “Food &
Beverage” and 20 percent were categorized as “Finance & Operations.” Nearly 40 percent
of open positions deal directly with horse racing, such as stable laborers and racetrack
officials. This high proportion of racing occupations may be partially because job vacancies
were reviewed in March, just weeks prior to the beginning of horse racing season. Indeed,
most racing positions were listed as “seasonal” (Figure B.1).
Figure 2.10: Department of Jobs Listed
Racing
39%
Food & Beverage
22%
Finance & Operations
20%
Security & Surveillance
9%
Facilities & Maintenance
6%
Sales & Marketing
3%
Human Resources
1%
0%
Source: Casino Websites
5%
10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45%
Over half of open positions were considered seasonal or part-time jobs (Figure 2.9). Nearly
20 percent of vacancies were for part-time jobs and 35 percent were for seasonal jobs. As
mentioned, seasonal jobs were highly correlated with racing jobs. Thirty-seven percent of
openings were full-time jobs (Figure 2.9).
Figure 2.9: Commitment of Jobs Listed
Full-time
37%
Seasonal
35%
Part-time
19%
Full-/part-time
5%
Internship
4%
0%
Source: Casino Websites
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
35%
40%
This section profiles three institutions that offer training programs in casino operations and
management. This section examines an occupational training program and an associate’s
degree program at Northampton Community College, a bachelor’s degree program at
Central Michigan University, and a graduate certificate and a master’s degree program at
Drexel University. For each institution, we present degree conferral data in all relevant fields
for the previous five years.
NORTHAMPTON COMMUNITY COLLEGE
Northampton Community College (NCC) in Bethlehem Township, Pennsylvania offers a
variety of courses and programs focused on casino management and operations. In addition
to offering an associate’s degree program in hospitality management, NCC offers
customized training to suit the needs of local casinos. NCC has formed a partnership with
Sands Casino, which is located in the same city of Bethlehem.
CASINO TRAINING PROGRAMS
NCC “provides comprehensive training programs to help individuals enter the exciting
gaming industry and to ensure casinos maintain their competitive advantage.”42 NCC offers
programs focused on table games dealing, floor supervision, casino surveillance, and casinospecific ESL training (Figure 3.1).
NCC began offering table games dealer training in March 2010, less than one year after
Sands Casino opened in May 2009.43 The program, which was designed specifically to meet
the needs of Sands Casino, initially had capacity for 400 students. Sands Casino is listed as
“Verified Casino Dealer School” by the Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board (PGCB), which
indicates that Sands Casino’s training program is administered by NCC.44 Also in 2010, NCC
launched a similar table games dealer program at its Monroe County campus “to
accommodate the needs of Mount Airy Casino Resort,” although this is not listed by PGCB.45
A 2013 report indicated that five community colleges in Pennsylvania have offered dealer
training at some point, but the number has shrunk to three: Northampton Community
42
“Casino Training Programs.” Northampton Community College. http://www.northampton.edu/center-for-businessand-industry/hospitality-careers/casino-training-programs.htm
43
[1] Friess, S. “A Casino Rises in the Place of a Fallen Steel Giant.” New York Times, May 22, 2009.
http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/23/us/23casino.html?_r=0
[2] Olanoff, L. Northampton Community College Starts Table Games Classes for Sands Casino Resort Bethlehem on
Monday.” Lehigh Valley News.
44
“Dealer School Information.” Pennsylvania Gaming Control Board, January 27, 2014, p. 1.
http://gamingcontrolboard.pa.gov/files/licensure/Dealer_School_Information.pdf
45
Olanoff, Op. cit.
College, Community College of Beaver County, and Luzerne County Community College.46
Bucks County Community College and Montgomery County Community College no longer
offer training programs for table games dealing. A spokesperson for Bucks County
Community College indicated that the institution ceased its training program in 2011
because local casinos in the Philadelphia area “wanted to start training their own dealers.”47
Contrarily, Montgomery County Community College entered its partnership with Valley
Forge Casino Resort with the understanding that the program would be a one-time offering
in 2012. A spokesperson for Montgomery County Community College indicated that “[o]nce
the casino opened, it no longer required us to provide a formal training program” and that
the program “was more of a workforce training partnership than a regular program.”48
Bob DeSalvio, President of Sands Casino, indicated in 2011 that over 60 percent of the
casino’s dealers were trained by NCC.49 While the experiences of defunct training programs
suggest casino partnerships may be insecure, NCC’s early success led to the expansion of its
program. In 2011, NCC began offering casino surveillance training.50 NCC has installed a
mock casino on campus to deliver industry training, and program flyers suggest that the
institution is interested in pursuing partnerships with additional casinos. The surveillance
program flyer indicates that:
[NCC]’s comprehensive training programs ensure casinos maintain their competitive
advantage. As your training partner, we can provide customized programs delivered
on your property or at our mock casino, featuring a fully equipped surveillance
lab.51
The program’s website also includes a testimonial from the Sands Casino Director of
Surveillance: “Together, we identified the emergent needs of the casino environment and
created a program that provides the specific skills required to enter [the] field.”52
Figure 3.1 summarizes the types of casino training offered by NCC. The Table Games Dealer
training program, which is designed for beginners, requires 12 weeks and is offered during
the day, at night, and on weekends. Once dealers have earned six months of experience,
they are eligible to participate in the Experienced Dealer Training program. NCC also offers a
Fundamentals of Floor Supervision program, which is “[i]deal for dealers who are serious
about a casino career” (Figure 3.1). The Casino Surveillance Training program requires 64
hours of training delivered over eight weeks. NCC does not advertise the price of most
46
Sadowski, M. “Hollywood Casino All-in on Dealer Training.” Central Penn Business Journal, September 27, 2013.
http://www.cpbj.com/article/20130927/CPBJ01/309279998/Hollywood-Casino-all-in-on-dealer-training
47
Ibid.
48
Ibid.
49
Butler, H. “Casino Training Programs to Expand.” Northampton Community College.
https://northampton.edu/northampton-now/casino-training-programs-to-expand.htm
50
Ibid.
51
“Comprehensive Training for Casino Resorts.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/Documents/Business/CBICasinoTraining.pdf
52
“Testimonial: David Terry, Director of Surveillance, Sands Casino Resort.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/Documents/Business/Testimonials/cbi_testimonial_Terry.pdf
programs, but indicates that the surveillance training course is $600.53 Lastly, NCC offers a
21 hour English language training course designed for ESL employees.
Figure 3.1: Types of Casino Training offered by Northampton Community College
TYPE OF TRAINING
Table Games Dealer
Training
Experienced Dealer
Training
Fundamentals of Floor
Supervision
Casino Surveillance
Training
ESL Basic Spoken English
for the Casino Industry
DESCRIPTION
12 week training program
Offered during the day, evening, and weekends
Taught by facilitators with extensive casino experience
Participants must have six months of dealing experience
Classes delivered at NCC’s mock casino
Courses are available in Baccarat, Roulette, Craps, Pai Gow Poker, Pai
Gow Tiles, and Poker
Ideal for dealers who are serious about a casino career and have at least
six months of table games experience
Courses include:
o “My Section is the Place Everyone Wants to Be!” focuses on
customer satisfaction, motivating dealers, and handling conflicts
o “Ready for Responsibility” focuses on key responsibilities of floor
supervisors and managing table games
8 week, 64 hour training program
Taught by instructor with over 20 years of industry experience
Focuses on how surveillance is used to protect the casino and patrons,
how to identify patterns of suspicious, how to interrogate
21 hour course
Addresses participants’ ability to understand and confidently interact with
guests and casino management
Source: Northampton Community College
54
ASSOCIATE’S DEGREE PROGRAM
In addition to tailor-made casino training, Northampton Community College offers an
Associate in Applied Science in Hospitality Management.55 The program prepares individuals
“to gain entry-level management positions in restaurants, hotels, and several hundred other
hospitality related careers.” Candidates choose from three tracks: Restaurants, Hotel, or
Meeting and Event Planning.56 While each of the three tracks is relevant to the casino
industry, NCC suggests the hotel concentration may be most suitable.57
Students pursuing the associate’s degree in Hospitality Management “will be prepared for a
career in the hospitality industry by classroom learning supplemented with field trips, guest
speakers and industry certifications.” 58 Students complete a 225 hour management
53
“Casino Surveillance Program.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/Documents/Business/NCC_CasinoSurveillanceSpr14.pdf
54
“Casino Training Programs,” Op. cit.
55
“Hospitality Management - A.A.S. Degree.” Northampton Community College.
http://catalog.northampton.edu/Programs-and-Majors/Hospitality-Management.htm
56
Ibid.
57
[1] Ibid.
[2] Butler, Op. cit.
58
“Hospitality Management - A.A.S. Degree,” Op. cit.
practicum that includes a culminating internship. NCC indicates that students will attain
learning outcomes related to industry knowledge, technical skills, and leadership skills:
Acquire and correctly use general industry information, technical skills, and
certifications for employment in the hospitality industry.
Listen and effectively communicate in a positive, professional, and ethical manner
with customers and colleagues of diverse backgrounds.
Display a professional image, positive attitude, strong work ethic, and recognize
your role in the success of the organization where you are employed.
Read and accurately interpret standard indicators of the organization's financial
health.
Use appropriate technology for written communication, information gathering, and
data analysis to facilitate smooth operation of a hospitality organization.
Demonstrate leadership and supervisory skills, and an appreciation of diversity to
support the organization and its goals.
Use organization and flexibility, as a team, to complete tasks, make decisions, and
problem solve in a timely manner.
Utilize research and problem-solving techniques to employ "out of the box" critical
thinking skills in a variety of hospitality situations.59
Students must complete between 66 and 69 credits to earn the associate’s degree. The
curriculum includes five or six classes per semester and includes courses in communication,
customer service, accounting, law, human resources, and leadership (Figure 3.2).
Figure 3.2: Northampton Community College Hospitality Management Curriculum
CURRICULUM (CREDITS)
Semester One (15-16)
Speech Communication (3)
Enhancing Guest Service (3)
English I (3)
Mathematics OR Science Elective (3-4)
Introduction to the Hospitality Industry (3)
Semester Two (18-19)
Accounting for Non-Accountants OR Financial
Food and Beverage Management (3)
Accounting I (3)
Rooms Division Management (3)
English II (Report Writing) (3)
Program Elective (3-4)
Hospitality Sales and Marketing (3)
Semester Three (15-16)
Human Resources Management for the Hospitality
Hospitality Law (3)
Industry (3)
Program Elective (3-4)
Hospitality Financial Reporting (3)
General Education Elective (3)
Semester Four (18)
Convention Services & Catering Management (3)
Introduction to Psychology (3)
Strategic Leadership in Hospitality (3)
General Education Elective (3)
Hospitality Management Practicum (3)
Program Elective (3)
Source: Northampton Community College
59
Taken verbatim from: Ibid.
60
Although the core requirements do not include casino courses, students may choose
electives best suited for the gaming industry. For instance, NCC offers a three-credit course
titled “Introduction to the Gaming Industry” that focuses on industry trends, the history of
gaming, and casino operations:
This course provides an overview of casino management with an emphasis on the
analysis of the gaming industry and its trends, a casino's interface with the hotel,
organizational structure and terminology. Students will learn the history of gaming,
various types of games, daily casino operations, casino marketing and financing,
government regulations of gambling and the future development of the industry.61
NCC charges a flat semester rate for students enrolled in 12 to 18 credits and charges
different rates depending on residency. Including mandatory fees, the flat rate for the 20142015 school year is $1,920 for Northampton County residents, $3,180 for Monroe County
Residents, $4,200 for residents of other Pennsylvania counties, and $6,210 for out-of-state
residents.62
DEGREE COMPLETIONS
IPEDS data indicate that degree completions in NCC’s hospitality management associate’s
degree programs have remained steady over the previous five years. NCC awarded 18
associate’s degrees in Hospitality Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) in 2008 and 17
degrees in 2012, suggesting student demand has neither increased nor decreased (Figure
3.3). Note that completions data for NCC’s casino training programs are not available and
thus not included in Figure 3.3.
Completions data indicate that NCC also offers programs in Culinary Arts/Chef Training (CIP
12.0503) and Accounting Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping (CIP 52.0302) that are
relevant to the casino gaming industry. Indeed, reports indicate that Sands Casino has hired
graduates of NCC’s culinary training programs. 63 Degree conferrals in Accounting
Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping (CIP 52.0302) increased substantially at the prebaccalaureate certificate and associate’s degree level over the previous five years, while
degree conferrals in Culinary Arts/Chef Training (CIP 12.0503) decreased at both award
levels during the same time (Figure 3.3).
60
Ibid.
“Northampton Community College Catalog 2013-2014: Hotel Management (HOTL).” Northampton Community
College. http://catalog.northampton.edu/Course-Descriptions/Hotel-Management-(HOTL).htm
62
“Tuition and Fees: Summer 2014 - Spring 2015.” Northampton Community College.
http://www.northampton.edu/student-resources/bursar/tuition-and-fees/tuition-and-fees/summer-2014-spring2015.htm
63
Butler, Op. cit.
61
Figure 3.3: Northampton Community College Completions, 2008-2012
FIELD
2008
2009
2010
Pre-baccalaureate certificate
12.0503 Culinary Arts/Chef Training
22
25
15
52.0302 Accounting
6
3
11
Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping
52.0901 Hospitality
---Administration/Management, General
52.0906 Resort Management
---Pre-baccalaureate Certificate Total
28
28
26
Associate's degree
12.0503 Culinary Arts/Chef Training
21
15
21
52.0302 Accounting
23
19
31
Technology/Technician and Bookkeeping
52.0904 Hotel/Motel
9
5
8
Administration/Management
52.0905 Restaurant/Food Services
9
7
5
Management
52.1906 Tourism Promotion Operations
2
--Associate's Degree Total
64
46
65
Total
92
74
91
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
24
20
106
-2.4%
18
16
54
27.8%
--
1
1
--
-42
2
39
2
163
-8.6%
20
18
95
-3.8%
32
32
137
8.6%
9
8
39
-2.9%
8
9
38
0.0%
-69
111
-67
106
2
311
474
-1.2%
3.6%
Source: IPEDS
CENTRAL MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY
Central Michigan University (CMU) is located in Mount Pleasant, Michigan, in the same city
as the largest casino in the state, the Soaring Eagle Casino and Resort.64 CMU offers a
bachelor’s degree in Hospitality Services Administration with a concentration in Gaming and
Entertainment Management.65 CMU’s program was identified by Hanover Research because
it is the only institution in the nation that has reported degree completions to IPEDS under
Casino Management (CIP 52.0908) since the program classification was introduced in
2010.66
BACHELOR’S DEGREE PROGRAM
CMU’s hospitality services administration program “offers a sound business background and
a specific orientation toward the management of lodging operations, restaurants, clubs, and
tourism.”67 The Gaming and Entertainment Management concentration is designed to
prepare individuals for a career as:
64
Banquet Executive
Casino Manager
[1] “Michigan Casinos.” World Casino Directory. http://www.worldcasinodirectory.com/michigan
[2] “Indian Gaming Section Annual Report to the Citizens of Michigan.” Michigan Gaming Control Board, 2012, p. 9.
http://www.michigan.gov/documents/mgcb/Annual_Report_-_Indian_Gaming_2012_Final__423303_7.pdf
65
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major: Gaming & Entertainment Management Concentration.” Central Michigan
University.
https://go.cmich.edu/academics/Undergraduate/Find_Program/Pages/Hospitality_Serv_Admin_Gaming.aspx
66
“IPEDS,” Op. cit.
67
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major,” Op. cit.
Catering Consultant
Comptroller
Hotel General Manager
Special Events Coordinator
Club Owner
Food and Beverage Director
Sales and Marketing Director
Tourism Planning Specialist68
Out of the 124 credit hours required for a bachelor’s degree at CMU,69 students enrolled in
the Gaming and Entertainment program must complete 37 credit hours toward the major
and concentration (Figure 3.4). The requirements include a set of business administration
courses, core hospitality management courses, required gaming courses, and elective
gaming courses.
While CMU provides business, management, and general hospitality management courses
on its main campus, students must complete four casino-specific courses in Las Vegas,
Nevada through a partnership with the University of Nevada Las Vegas.70
Figure 3.4: Central Michigan University Curriculum
CURRICULUM
Required Business Administration Courses (9 Credits)
Essential Business Skills
Integrated Capstone-Strategic
Applied Business Statistics
Management
Core Courses (12 Credits)
Financial Management in the Hospitality
Introduction to Hospitality Services
Service Sector
Administration
Management in the Hospitality Service
Lodging Operations
Sector
Required Courses (13 Credits)
Casino Operation and Management
Gaming Regulations and Control
Protection of Casino Table Games
Independent Studies (1-6 credits)
Electives (Choose on for 3 Credits)
Accounting for the Hotel Casino
Seminars in Casino Management
Mathematics of Casino Games
Sociology of Gambling
Note: Courses denoted as “UNLV” must be completed at the University of Nevada Las Vegas. All courses
are three credits unless noted.
CMU charges a per-credit rate that is different for in-state students and out-of-state
students. For school year 2013-2014, Michigan residents pay $374 per undergraduate credit
and out-of-state students pay $789 per credit.71 CMU’s program webpage for the Gaming
68
Ibid.
“Requirements for Graduation.” Central Michigan University. https://bulletins.cmich.edu/2012/ug/genacad/graduation-req.asp
70
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major,” Op. cit.
71
“Tuition and Fees.” Central Michigan University.
https://www.cmich.edu/ess/registrar/RegistrarRegistration/Pages/Tuition_and_Fee_Schedule.aspx
69
and Entertainment concentration does not indicate whether additional fees are associated
with courses completed through UNLV.72
DEGREE COMPLETIONS
Degree completions data suggest increasing student demand for CMU’s Hospitality
Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) programs. CMU reported one bachelor’s degree
award for Casino Management (CIP 52.0908) in 2010, which was the year the classification
was introduced by IPEDS, and two awards in 2011 and 2012. Additionally, CMU has reported
140 bachelor’s degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/Management, General (CIP
52.0901) of the previous five years. Bachelor’s degree completions in Hospitality
Administration/Management (CIP 52.09) programs increased from 19 in 2008 to 45 in 2012.
Figure 3.5: Central Michigan University Degree Completions, 2008-2012
FIELD
52.0301 Accounting
52.0901 Hospitality Administration/
Management, General
52.0908 Casino Management
Total
2008
93
2009
74
2010
97
2011
106
2012
82
TOTAL
452
CAGR
-3.1%
19
24
28
26
43
140
22.7%
-112
-98
1
126
2
134
2
127
5
597
-3.2%
Source: IPEDS
DREXEL UNIVERSITY
Drexel University Online offers a Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations,73 as
well as a Master of Science in Hospitality Management with a concentration Gaming and
Casino Management.74
GRADUATE CERTIFICATE PROGRAM
The Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations “is designed to provide students
with the knowledge, skills, and abilities to become competent executives in a casino
resort.”75 The program is “ideal for those interested in a new career in the casino industry or
for those existing casino employees looking to advance into higher levels of
management.”76 The program is delivered entirely online.
Drexel’s certificate program consists of six courses worth three credits each, for a total of 18
required credits.77 Drexel indicates that the program can be completed part-time in one
72
“Hospitality Services Admin. Major,” Op. cit.
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Overview.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/grad-cert-gaming-casino/index.aspx
74
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Overview.” Drexel University Online. http://www.drexel.com/onlinedegrees/business-degrees/ms-hospitality-management/index.aspx
75
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Overview,” Op. cit.
76
Ibid.
77
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Curriculum.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/grad-cert-gaming-casino/curriculum.aspx
73
year by taking two courses per term for three consecutive terms. However, candidates must
complete five undergraduate prerequisite courses prior to the beginning of the program:
Financial Accounting Foundations
Hospitality Accounting Systems
Introduction to Analysis I78
Introduction to the Hospitality
Industry
Hotel Room Division Management
The six required courses for the graduate certificate cover gaming industry knowledge,
strategic management, gaming technology systems, current issues in the casino industry,
casino financial analysis, and casino marketing (Figure 3.6).
Figure 3.6: Drexel Online Graduate Certificate Curriculum
COURSE
Foundations of the
Hospitality Industry
Destination and
Resort
Management
Gaming Information
Systems
Current Issues in
Gaming
Casino Financial
Analysis
Casino Marketing
DESCRIPTION
This is a gateway course to provide students of various backgrounds the
information and conceptual tools needed to grasp the fundamentals of the global
hospitality industry as understood in its widest sense. Students will become
familiar with the production and distribution of hospitality products. Trends in the
industry will also be discussed.
A study of destination and resort management from a global perspective including
strategic planning and competitive analysis of domestic and international resort
destinations. Students will study the various aspects of resort management in the
context of high levels strategic planning that includes market research, market
positioning, feasibility studies, and revenue forecasting for resort destinations.
Covers the use of technology and computer information systems in the casino
industry. The course emphasizes high level strategic planning for leveraging
technology and information systems to gain competitive advantage and improve a
casino’s position in the marketplace. Includes structured decision making in the
acquisition and implementation of technology including feasibility analysis and
financial forecasting.
This course will examine current issues in the casino and gaming industry. An indepth examination of trends, policies, and impacts on gaming operations with an
emphasis on casino operations will be potential topics for discussion.
This course covers the unique aspects of analyzing the financial results of casino
programs and product offerings, including marketing promotion analysis, special
even manifest analysis, player development, executive profit and loss, table game
mix, and slot floor product and position analysis. Volume forecast methods will
also be studied.
This course covers the unique aspects of casino marketing including player loyalty
programs, promotional strategies, customer relationship marketing, branding,
database marketing, player development and junket programs. The course is
taught from a global perspective with an emphasis on strategy and positioning in
the marketplace.
Source: Drexel University Online
78
79
Ibid.
Ibid.
79
Drexel Online charges all students $1,123 per credit for graduate courses for school year
2014-2015, which means the total cost of the 18 credit program is $20,214.80
MASTER’S DEGREE PROGRAM
Drexel's Master’s in Hospitality Management “provides students with the skills needed to
advance in the hospitality industry.”81 Candidates choose a concentration in Global Tourism
or in Gaming and Casino Management. The program is designed to prepare graduates for
career paths in:
Senior management of hotels and resorts
Convention services
Strategic development for online distribution of travel services
Real estate development projects and
Business ownership82
Students must earn 45 graduate credits to earn the master’s degree, including 12 credits of
core courses in professional studies, 21 credits of hospitality management courses, and 12
credits of gaming and casino management courses (Figure 3.7). The casino and management
courses are similar to those required for Drexel’s graduate certificate program. However,
master’s degree students also have the option to complete Tribal Gaming Management and
Security and Risk and Management.
Figure 3.7: Drexel Online Master’s Degree Curriculum
CURRICULUM
Professional Studies Core Courses (12 Credits)
Foundations in Creativity
Ethics for Professionals
Introduction to Project Management
Research Methods & Statistics
Hospitality Management Required Courses (21 Credits)
Foundations of the Hospitality Industry
Hospitality Human Resource Management
Hospitality Management Information Systems
Customer Service for Professionals
Strategic Management & Leadership
Research Project (1-12 credits)
Gaming and Casino Management Concentration (Choose 4 for 12 Credits)
Destination and Resort Management
Security and Risk Management
Gaming Information Systems
Tribal Gaming Management
Current Issues in Gaming
Casino Marketing
Casino Financial Analysis
83
Source: Drexel University Online
Note: All courses are three credits unless noted.
80
“Graduate Certificate in Gaming and Casino Operations: Tuition.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/grad-cert-gaming-casino/tuition.aspx
81
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Overview,” Op. cit.
82
Taken verbatim from: Ibid.
83
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Curriculum.” Drexel University Online.
http://www.drexel.com/online-degrees/business-degrees/ms-hospitality-management/curriculum.aspx
As previously mentioned, Drexel charges all students $1,123 per credit for graduate courses
for school year 2014-2015.84
DEGREE COMPLETIONS
Drexel first reported master’s degree conferrals in Hospitality Administration/ Management
(CIP 52.09) in 2012, when it reported 10 completions (Figure 3.8). However, it is not clear
that these awards correspond with Drexel’s Gaming and Casino Management master’s
program because the completions were reported under Hotel/ Motel Administration/
Management (CIP 52.0904), rather than Casino Management (CIP 52.0908). Drexel does not
advertise a separate master’s degree program for hotel management.85
Figure 3.8: Drexel University Degree Completions
FIELD
12.0503 Culinary Arts/Chef Training
52.0904 Hotel/Motel
Administration/Management
52.0999 Hospitality Administration/
Management, Other
Bachelor's Degrees Total
52.0301 Accounting
52.0904 Hotel/Motel
Administration/Management
Master's Degrees Total
Total
2008
2009
2010
Bachelor's Degrees
5
6
7
2011
2012
TOTAL
CAGR
12
4
34
-5.4%
--
1
3
10
14
28
--
22
27
19
16
3
87
-39.2%
27
34
29
Master's Degrees
5
10
11
38
21
149
-6.1%
24
15
65
31.6%
--
--
--
--
10
10
--
5
32
10
44
11
40
24
62
25
46
75
224
49.5%
9.5%
Source: IPEDS
84
“Online Master's in Hospitality Management: Tuition.” Drexel University Online. http://www.drexel.com/onlinedegrees/business-degrees/ms-hospitality-management/tuition.aspx
85
“All Graduate Programs.” Drexel University. http://www.drexel.edu/grad/programs/list/
Hanover Research is committed to providing a work product that meets or exceeds partner
expectations. In keeping with that goal, we would like to hear your opinions regarding our
reports. Feedback is critically important and serves as the strongest mechanism by which we
tailor our research to your organization. When you have had a chance to evaluate this
report, please take a moment to fill out the following questionnaire.
http://www.hanoverresearch.com/evaluation/index.php
The publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this brief. The publisher
and authors make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or
completeness of the contents of this brief and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of
fitness for a particular purpose. There are no warranties which extend beyond the
descriptions contained in this paragraph. No warranty may be created or extended by
representatives of Hanover Research or its marketing materials. The accuracy and
completeness of the information provided herein and the opinions stated herein are not
guaranteed or warranted to produce any particular results, and the advice and strategies
contained herein may not be suitable for every partner. Neither the publisher nor the
authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but
not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Moreover, Hanover
Research is not engaged in rendering legal, accounting, or other professional services.
Partners requiring such services are advised to consult an appropriate professional.
1700 K Street, NW, 8th Floor
Washington, DC 20006
P 202.559.0500 F 866.808.6585
www.hanoverresearch.com