j . R . K E R R & B R O ., P r i n t e r s . C h a m b e r s b u r g .

pa.

TA BLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Principal’s Letter to the Alumni................. ' 1
Change in Dates of Philo Reunion and Normal Anniversary.... 3
Summer School ............. .................. ..........._................ ...,.’2 ,. 2 :.......' 3
Registration of Summer School Students....,...... l...:.;.2 2 2 .2 .....' 4
Rural Demonstration School ............... .................. .........
4
5
Expenses for the Summer Session.... ...... ........................ ..............
Outline of Courses for Summer Session............ ............... ......... .
5
Evaluation of Credits for Summer Session.......................... ...... ,.
7
...........
7
Admission of Students to Summer Session.......... .
Suggestions as to the Selection of Courses.................. .....',2 2 2 .i 7
Community Orchestra .................. ....'.................................
8
g
Teaching in the Training School............ ............. ..........................
Answers to Questions Asked by Prospective Students...,.2 L......
9
Registration Blank and Program............ ............... ........................ 10
11
Meeting of the Cee Vee Nor Club................. 3..... ............... ..
Meeting of York County Alumni Association..... :............ ;........... m
Meeting of the Adams and Franklin County Alumni Associa­
tions ......... ............ .................... .............
22
Alumni Personals ....... ............... ,2 .;........................
13
Engagements Announced........ ,..... ».....:.... . ........... . . ....... ... .
15
Cupid’s Column ................... .................. „.......
15
Stork Column ................. ,.... ....... ...........
2 .......; C.2 ' 2 2 '<,2 ' jg
Obituary ..................... ........... ‘2 .2 ■
■ •■ ■ ■ '".
17
RURAL SECTION
Editorial— Developing Attitudes and Ideals in Rural
Schools
...... ...... ..........
Program for One-Teacher School............... .................. ”
’
Bibliography of Rural References....................... ........ '
Rural Group S u rvey -^ 920-1926.... ...................... ' 26
Better Rural Schools Mean a Greater Pennsylvania..... ...
Rural School Community History F ile...... ..... 32
Rural School Music...................... ...... ........ .
Country Life Club......... .......... ............^
Maps for One-Teacher Schools.... . .
A Suggestive Daily Blocking for Teaching of Geography....
Rural Training School Centre.............. ,.....,„.......2 .' .2 2 2 2 -‘l

20
22

28
34
36
37

42
*

The Normal School Herald
PUBLISHED OCTOBER, JAN U ARY, APRIL AND JU LY
Entered as Second Class Matter at the Post Office,
Shippensburg, Pa.
MARION H. BLOOD ......................... -...........Editor
AD A Y. HORTON, ’88................... Personal Editor
J. S. HEIGES, ’91....................... Business Manager
Subscription Price, 25 cents per year strictly in advance. Single
copies 10 cents each.
Address all communications to THE
NORMAL SCHOOL HERALD, Shippensburg, Pa. Alumni and
former members of the school will favor us by sending any items
that they think would be interesting for publication.

V o l. 31

J A N U A R Y , 1927

N o. 2

PRINCIPAL’S LETTER TO THE ALUMNI
Dear Alum nus:
When you read these lines, Christmas and New Years will be
things of the past, but as I write they are both very real. The
students have just left for their vacations and we are all looking
forward to Christmas. The dormitories and class rooms should
be quiet, but they are noisier than usual, for a large force of
carpenters, plasterers, painters and cleaners are at work, rushing
the repairs, renovations and general cleaning up operations.
W e are glad to say that we are on the last lap of this job and
we hope at the end of the New Y ear to have “ Old Main”
thoroughly up-to-date as to dormitories: more than half of the
rooms have been renovated and they are thoroughly modern. All
the class rooms but two are modernized and o f course you have
seen the Auditorium, the Dining Room and the offices and I know
that you have admired them.
The semester that is drawing to a close has been successful
from every point of view. Many of the new members, of the
faculty have already distinguished themselves and we have found
the new students a live body of young people. The four year

2

T he N ormal S chool H erald

course is working very satisfactorily and all indications point to
a still larger enrollment in it next fall.
One of the most encouraging features is the interest that is
' being shown by members of the Alumni in the advanced two
year course leading to the B. S. degree. W e shall offer a number
of courses during the summer session that count toward the com­
pletion of this course and we believe than many of you will find
it to your advantage to return for the summer session.. An out­
line of the courses available will be found elsewhere in the
Herald.
W e shall offer the usual number of courses for those who have
not yet secured a standard certificate or a Normal School diploma.
Let us clear up this work in our service area and make it the
best in the state as far as percentage of teachers holding standard
qualifications is concerned.
Students are registering in about equal numbers for the sum­
mer and the fall terms. Early registration not only assures a
room but it insures pleasantly located quarters. Don’t fail to
register early for the summer session and encourage high school
. seniors to register at once for the fall term, if they wish to secure
a room in the campus dormitories.
One of the pleasantest features of the passing semester was
Home Coming Day, Saturday, November 6. The weather was
pleasant— it couldn’t have been better if it had been made to
order. And what a crowd we had ! The foot-ball game though
rather one-sided was a good one and Miss McWilliams prepared
one of the best dinners we have ever had. Onr only regret was
that only five hundred could be accommodated in the dining
room. The toasts were fine and the reception-dance brought the
big day to a fitting close. Get ready for next year.
, 0 f course the classes of ’87, ’92, ’97, ’02, ’07, ’ 12, ’ 17, ’22, and
^5 are getting ready for the big class reunions on Saturday,
June 4! Now is the time to get Work started, committees ap­
pointed, reservations madef|etc., if the reunionsjare to be suc­
cessful. No, we didn’t forget the class of ’77. They will be here
as the guests of honor.
Finally, we want you to help us continue our work by using
your influence with your state senator and representatives in
helping us secure the appropriations that we need for more
buildings and repairs and renovations. W e want to carry on
and to do still better work for the State. You can help us by
speaking to the members of the legislature from your district.
It’s the personal touch that counts! W on’t you help us ?
Fraternally yours,
E zra L eh m an , ’89.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

3

CHANGE IN DATE OF PHILO REUNION AND
NORMAL ANNIVERSARY
The attention of all our readers is. called to the fact that the
Philo Reunion will be held on Friday, April i, and the Normal
Anniversary on Friday, May 6.

SCHOOL NOTES
The summer school session of nine weeks will open June 13,
and close August 13. During the past ten years large numbers
of teachers have been in attendance at the summer sessions of
the Pennsylvania Normal Schools.
These have given opportunity to teachers in service to earn a
State Standard or a Normal certificate while continuing to teach
during the school year. Hundreds of young students, just out
of high school, were able to secure a partial elementary certificate
and begin their careers as teachers.
The personnel of the student body at the summer sessions has
however, been under-going a marked change during the past few
years. As the need for inexperienced teachers ceased to exist
the number of summer students just out of high school fell off
but their places were taken by more mature students, holders of
standard certificates, Normal School and College graduates who
wished to secure advanced professional -and academic credits.
From present appearances there will be few students just out
of high school in attendance this year. A s noted elsewhere only
those whose services are needed by superintendents because ex­
perienced teachers cannot be secured, will be admitted to the
summer session for the purpose of securing a partial elementary
certificate. Such students,' may, however, be admitted if their
purpose is to take part of the course leading to graduation from
either the two or the four year course.
The primary purpose of the summer session this year is to help
two classes of students: (1) Those teachers in service who
need additional work to qualify for the State Standard Certificate
and (2) Graduates of the school who wish to take advanced
work looking to the B. S. degree or to specialize in certain types
of work.
The number of the first class in our service area is steadily
growing smaller, as a large majority of the teachers hold
Standard, Normal School, or College certification. The number
of the second class will be larger than ever. It is encouraging
to note that many of our graduates of the two year courses are
planning to complete the advanced two year course or ,to finish
the four year junior high school course. A number of the grad­
uates of the three year course are planning to take the extra
work needed for the completion of the four year course. Else-

4

T he N ormal S chool H erald

where will he found an analysis of the courses available to. all
these different classes of students.

REGISTRATION OF SUMMER SCHOOL STUDENTS
‘ Students are registering every day for the summer, session.
No rooms will be assigned before March i, but assignment will
be made strictly in the order in which registrations are received.
The wishes of students as to location of rooms will be followed
as far as possible, Naturally those who register during January
and February have a much better chance of securing the rooms
desired than those will who do not register until a later time.
In any event the early registrants will be able to secure the most
pleasantly located rooms.
Where students designate the persons with whom they wish
to room they must see to it that the person in question registers
promptly. I f Mary Jones registers on January 20, and indicates
that she wishes to room with Jennie Brown, she will be granted
the desired permission, but if Jennie Brown does not register
until February 1, both registrations will be entered as of that
date. For this reason be sure to have your prospective room
mate register at the same time that you do.
No student will be permitted to room or board outside of
the dormitories except in the home of parents, grandparents,
brother or sister, uncle or aunt, unless special permission has
been granted by the Principal to room with other persons. No
permission will be granted to any student to board outside the
school except with relatives as indicated until all sittings in the
dining room have been assigned.
A registration blank is inserted in the H erald. A program to
be filled by the Student will be found on page 10. ' -This
should be filled out, and forwarded to the school as soon as
possible. Naturally however the most important matter is the
registration. This should be attended to at once.

RURAL DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL
Miss Hannah Kieffer, Director of Rural Education will con­
duct a one-room rural demonstration school at the “Pleasant Hill
School” less than ten minutes walk from the campus: ¿iThis
.school is a typical one-room country school. The entire equip­
ment is inexpensive and is easily obtainable by any rural teacher.
The school will be in session during the first six weeks of the
summer session and frequent demonstration lessons will be given
to the students preparing for rural work. A ll such • students
should arrange for frequent observation trips to the school.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

5

EXPENSES FOR THE SUMMER SESSION
The expenses of the summer session are very reasonable. They
are as follow s:.
R e g is tr a tio n T e r m fee, including admission to games,
lectures, concerts, entertainments, e tc ..................$1,0.00
(In the case of boarding students, this fee must be
paid when a room is engaged. Day students must
make payment on or before the opening day of the
session).
Boarding, including furnished room, light and laundry,
‘(with nurse’s services when necessary) is eight
dollars per week, (for a shorter period than nine
weeks nine dollars per week will be charged), for
term .......................................................... ...........................
72:00
Cost o f books (approxim ately). . . . . . . . . , ....................... •
°-00
Total necessary expenses of boarding students for summer
session .......................................................... • ••••' ' 90.00
Expenses for Day Students
Registration: Term fee ........................ ..................*...........
Cost of books (approximately) .................... ..................•■ '•••
Total .......................................... ............I .........

$10,00
8.00
$18.00

OUTLINE OF COURSES TO BE GIVEN DURING
SUMMER SESSION— June 13 to August 13.
The nine weeks summer session will open Monday June 13.
All indications point to a large enrollment, especially since so
many graduates of the two year courses will return for work
leading to the B. S. degree.
The following courses will be offered during the summer
session.
Except where otherwise indicated, each class will
recite six times a week and will carry three semester hours credit.
(A definite outline of these, will be given in the April Herald).
1. Introduction to Teaching.
2. Rural School Management (This course may be substi­
tuted for No. i if the student expect§xto teach in a rural
school).
3. Teaching of Primary Reading.
4. Teaching of Reading in the Grades.
5. Teaching of Primary Subjects.
6. Teaching of Number, ,

6

T he N ormal S chool H erald
7.
8.
9.
loi ‘
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Ï2.
23.

24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
3536.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43444546.
47-

Children’s Literature and Story Telling.
Juvenile Literature and Silent Reading.
Primary Kindergarten Theory,
Teaching of Arithmetic.
Teaching of Geography.
Teaching of Social Studies (H istory).
Teaching of English.
English I.
English II.
Oral Expression (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit).
A rt I (8 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit).
A rt.II (6 hrs.M i 1-2 S. H. credit).
Music I (8 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit).
Music II (6 hrs.— 1 1-2 S. H. credit).
Nature Study (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit).
Handwriting (4 hrs.— 1 S. H. credit).
Physical Education (Women):, if elected by sufficient
number of pupils.
Health and Hygiene.
Psychology and Childhood.
Rural Sociology.
Educational Sociology.
Supervision in Elementary Schools.
Principles of Education.
History and Organization of Education in Pennsylvania.
Educational Measurements.
Guidance.
English Literature (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit).
Short Story.
Advanced Composition.
Teaching of Science in Junior High School.
Physiography.
■
Physics.
Economics.
American Government.
Course College Grade History.
Mathematical Analysis (Covers work of first semester);;?
Teaching of Algebra and Geometry.
Principles of Human Geography.
History and Appreciation of A rt (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit),
if elected by a sufficient number of pupils.
History and Appreciation of Music (4 h rs— 2 S. H.
credit), if elected by a sufficient number of pupils.
State Course of Study (This is a composite course to be
given by members of the Department of Public Instruc­
tion. It will not duplicate the course given last year.
Credit will be given for it in any group).

T he N ormal S chool H erald

7

EVALUATION OF CREDITS FOR THE
SUMMER SESSION
Attention of all students is called to the fact that students may
take courses totaling twelve semester hours during the summer
session and receive full credit for them, toward the renewal o f
a partial elementary certificate, the securing of a State Standard
certificate or graduation from a State Normal School prior to
September x, 1927. Students graduating after that date will
receive .85 credit toward graduation for work taken during the
summer session.

ADMISSION OF STUDENTS TO SUMMER SESSION
A s noted elsewhere, the summer session this year will be con­
ducted especially for four classes of students.
i Teachers in service who wish to secure the renewal of a
partial elementary certificate or to secure a State Standard cer­
tificate or a Normal School certificate.
2. Students now in attendance who wish to make up worK
necessary for graduation or advanced standirig.
1 Graduates of Normal School or Collège who wish to take
advanced work leading to degree or to the completion o f special
courses.
4. Graduates of an approved four year high school course,
without teaching experience, who desire to take one-half t e
work of the first semester. Such students can complete the two
year course by attending three semesters, (half years) and two
^Isümmerj'sessions.
I
HRffi
Note that no student without previous-teaching experience wil
be admitted for the purpose of securing a partial elementary cer­
tificate except upon the written reque|| of the local Superin­
tendent.

SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE SELECTION OF COURSES
FOR THE SUMMER SESSION
:The courses offered during the summer session of 1927 may be
divided into two groups? those that should lie elected by students
who have not yet completed the two year Normal School course
and those arranged for students who wish to complete th
advanced two year course or the regular four year course.
The first group includes courses No. 1 to No. 27 (inclusive)
and No. 31 and No. 47- Students wishing to prepare for teaching
in Junior or Senior High Schools should choose from No. 29 to

8

T he N ormal S chool H erald

No. 47 (inclusive); Normal School graduates who wish to take
the advanced two year course leading tokfhe degree of B. S.
should make choice as follows
Graduates of Group I.
BBjp.eac.hinp- of Arithmetic.
Teaching of Geography.
Teaching of English.
Teaching of Social Studies.
Graduates of Group II.
Teaching of Primary Reading.
pi,Teaching of Number.
Teaching of Primary Subjects.
Primary Kindergarten Theory.
Graduates of Rural Group.
Teaching of English.
Teaching of Number.
Teaching of Primary Subjects.
; Primary Kindergarten Theory.
Graduates of any of the above-groups may elect also from the
following : English Literature, Economics, Psysiography, Prin­
ciples of Education, American Government, Principles of Human
Geography, Advanced Composition, History and Appreciation of
Art, History and Appreciation of Music, and .Supervision in
Elementary Schools.
Students who were graduated prior to 1921, may elect any of
the above courses that they have not taken.

COMMUNITY ORCHESTRA
A community orchestra will be conducted by the Director of
Music during the summer session. Students are requested to
bring orchestral instruments with them. This is a rare oppor­
tunity to secure free instruction of a high grade in orchestral
work.

TEACHING IN THE TRAINING SCHOOL
A limited number of students can be given opportunity to teach
in the Training School during the summer session. Only experi­
enced teachers will be granted this privilege and these should
make application to Prof. W . P. Harley, Director of the Training
School. Specify grade or grades and subjects., or subjects in
which opportunity to teach is desired. - Demonstration lessons
open to all students will be given from time to time in the
Training School.

9

T he N ormal S chool H erald

ANSWERS-TO QUESTIONS ASKED BY
PROSPECTIVE STUDENTS
W e shall try to anticipate some of the many questions that
students are likely to ask about th g u m m e r session.
I

- l i t necessary for me to come to the .school before J u n e

H

9

A ns-'V 'N o; 1 | | * £

Class work will begin Tuesday morn­
ing, June 14.”

WBUm■BIBIBIH M
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delivery of each piece of baggage.

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I i am a graduate of an approved four-year high school.
4.
i am a graauai
J
Partial Elementary CerW ill it be possible for me to secure a
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two or four year course.
I «W m special courses be given during the summer session?
- A »;. ■ —
m m I ■ *•*> “ d adTanced course“
be given.” (S ee pages 5 and 6).
6. ■

it

me to report at the office

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should
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so that your baggage can be delivered promptly.

IO

T he N ormal S chool H erald

REGISTRATION BLANK AND PROGRAM
(Please fill out and send to Prin. Ezra Lehman.)
Enclosed please find ten dollars registration for the summer
session. I shall come as
hoarding student and wish a room
reserved.

I wish to room with. .........................................

of . ... ....................................................................
( I f you expect to come as day student strike out reference to
room. $ee page 4).
NAM E

.......... ..

AD D RESS

....................... .......' ........ ..

.............. ............

I wish to take the following four subjects at the Summer Ses­
sion (Give number of course and title as found on pages 5 and 6).
N U M B E R O F CO U R SE.

T IT L E O F CO U R SE.

1

...............................................................

2

..................... ......................................

3

................................................... ....................................... .......................

4- • • • ......................................................................................
F wish to secure (check the certificate desired).
Renewal of Partial Elementary Certificate.
State Standard Certificate.
Normal Certificate (Tw o year course).
cADiploma (Junior High School) B. S. degree.
Diploma (Advanced two year course) B. S. degree.
Special Course.
I have taught.............. ...........................terms.
Tam a graduate o f . .................. ........................... . . .. .H igh -School.
I have the following credits from (Give name of institutions
attended and if possible number; o f ¡semester hours credit).

T he N ormal S chool H erald

ii

MEETING OF THE CEE VEE NOR CLUB
The Cee Vee Nor Club of Allentown held its .second annual
dinner dance at Shankweiler’s Hotel, Seigersville, Pa., on Decem­
ber 3, 1926.
During the course of the dinner toasts were given by all the
members of the Club. Miss Dorothy W eaver ’24, gave a most
interesting toast to the newly elected president Miss Grace McKee
’23. Beautiful corsage bouquets were presented to the retiring
officers Elsie Hausmann Ross '21, Miss Irene Seip 22. Phe
officers elected.for the year 1927, are Grace M cKee 23, president,
and Ruth Wahrman ’24,. secretary-treasurer.
A fter dinner the club members^ and their guests enjoyed a
“300” party and the remainder of the evening was spent in
dancing. Before saying good-night every one gathered around
the piano and sang the Alma Mater.
The following were present: Mae Ebert ’23; Kathryn Fogel
’22 Edith Kennedy ’21, Olivia Kindt ’24, Grace M cKee 23,
Martha. Wahrman Reed ’23, Elsie Hausmann Ross ’22, Dorothy
Weaver ’24, and Ruth Wahrman ’24.

YORK COUNTY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION
The Y ork County C. V. S. N. S. Alumni Association held thenannual banquet in the Y . M. C. A. Building, November 24, 1926.
During the evening, H. M. Arnold directed group singing.
Mr Reginald Fink, violinist, rendered a number of solos, ac­
companied by Miss Grace Zeigler. Mrs. Fink, reader, gave “The
Auto Ride” and “ Mandy'S Wedding.”
Real “ School Spirit” reigned throughout the evening. Among
the alumni present classes from seventy-six to twenty-six were
represented.
Greetings were brought to us from our “ Alma Mater” by Dr.
Lehman, Dr. Heiges, Miss Horton and Prof, and Mrs. Stewart.
Honorable James Glessner acted as toast master and in a
pleasing and interesting manner introduced the members of
faculty and alumni who made addresses on the past, present and
future of our Alma Mater.
A ll the officers were re-elected for the year. Th ey are Pres­
ident, W . G. Fishel, Vice-President, Samuel M. Stouffer, Secre­
tary, Belle I. Anthony, Treasurer, H. M. Arnold.

12

T he N ormal S chool H erald

MEETING OF THE ADAMS AND FRANKLIN
COUNTY ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONS
Monday night, November 15, was one of the most unpleasant
of the year. ...The deluge of rain, however, could not damper the
ardor' o f the Alumni of Adams County who met at the Altland
Hotel in Abbottstown. Though the attendance was somewhat
smaller than usual, the crowd present was representative of those
who had represented their county in athletics, debating, dramatics
and musical organizations during their career at Normal. A good
chicken and waffle dinner added materially to the success of the
meeting. Prof. Guile Lefever, Principal of the Gettysburg High
^School, presided and spoke briefly of the men and women that
Adams County had furnished to the Cumberland Valley Normal
School. He congratulated the school on the wider outlook that
opened before it as a Teachers’ College.
Dr. Lehman; then sketched the plans for the future and spoke
of the interest being shown in the advanced courses by the
Alumni.
Dr. Heiges dealt with the present growth of the institution and
the recognition being accorded it by leading educators in the
State.
Assistant County Superintendent J. F. Slaybaugh expressed his
satisfaction at being able to work- efficiently for his Alma Mater
again since he had returned to Adams County.
A number of short addresses were made not only by the men
present but by the women* A t 10:30 all joined in singing “Alma
Mater” . The officers for the ensuing year a re : President, C.
I. Raffensperger, Biglerville; Vice-President, J. F. Slaybaugh,
Gettysburg; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Wimbert Neely, Gettys­
burg.
The dining room of the W allace Restaurant was crowded on
Tuesday evening, November 16, when President J. Maclay Kelley
called the meeting of the Franklin County Alumni Association
to order. For an-hour the bill of fare spread before the guests
received the attention of-all. Then-Mr. William Dubbs rendered
a piano solo. Dr. Lehman followed with an explanation of ..the
four year course and the opportunities it gave to the Alumni to
continue their work.
Misses Catherine H elfrich and Elizabeth Eisenhour sang a
duet, and Dr. Henderson of the University of Michigan brought
the greetings of the great institution he represented.
Superintendent Finafrock delivered a timely address showing
what the Normal School had done for the cause of education in
Franklin County. He predicted greater things under the new
course.
Dr. Heiges, Prof. Grove, and Miss Hannah Kieffer were called

m

T he N ormal S chool H erald

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14

T he N ormal S chool H erald

T6 Mr. Clyde Mellinger is teaching in a Boys’ private School
in Asheville, N. C.
’ 17 Mr. Clyde Barnhart former outfielder for the Pittsburgh
Pirates is spending the winter at his home in Hagerstown, Md.
He will play professional basket ball with the Elks of Hagers­
town.
'17 Mr. Guile Lefever was chosen last fall as Principal of
the Gettysburg High School at a substantial raise in salary. He
succeeds W alter Reynolds who w‘as elected at Sunbury, Pa.
’18 Mr. Jo Hays is serving his third year as Principal of the
High School at State College and at the same time has been
taking graduate work at the college. Mr. Hays spent last sum­
mer in graduate work at Harvard.
’20 Miss M ary E. Fortna is teaching in Hopewell, N. J.
’22 Mr. Lester E. Croft is with the S. S. Kresge Company, at
Williamsport, Pa.
’23 Miss: Marietta Houck is teaching at Webster, Pa.
’23 Miss Irene Seip is Secretary of the Cee Vee Nor Club
organized at Allentown, Pa., by normal graduates. Through this
organization normal people are able to keep in touch with their
Alma Mater.
; ’23 Miss Margaret W alker is back at normal this year work­
ing for her A. B. degree. She taught in the Chambersburg
schools for three years after graduating.
’23 Mr. H arvey A. W arfel formerly of H alifax, P a.,'is super­
vising principal of the Lincoln and Custer Buildings, Vandergrift,. Pa. He has twenty teachers and eight hundred pupils under
him.
’24 Mr. W allis McKendree after attending Juniata College for
two years after graduating at normal is now teaching in the
Junior High in Camden, N. J.
’24 Miss Margaret Wetzel is teaching first grade in Carlisle,
Pa.
’24; Mis£,.Effie Wynn is teaching third grade at Bellevoe, Pa.
’24 Mr. Bruce Naugle has been serving as Headquarters Clerk
at Cam]) Meade for the third batallion of the Tw elfth Infantry.
’24 : ip is a Gail W e a g le y ip : teaching second'grade at Browns
Mill Consolidated School near Greencastie, Pa.
’24 Miss M. May F ox is taking some correspondence work
from the University of Chicago this winter along with her teach­
ing at Piketown, Pa.
’25 Mr. Herbert Sheetz is teaching ninth grade practical
mathematics in the Roosevelt Junior High School Altoona, Pa.
L a s t ,year he taught at Defiance, Pa., and during the; summer
pursued advanced courses at Columbia.
’25 Mr. William McCullough is teaching in Hancock, Md.
’25 Mr. Arthur Filler is in the employ of the Continental

15

T he N ormal S chool H erald

Publishing Company, with office at 1026 Cay Center Bldg., 121 N.
H
I
W B S B H W I who I Principal of the Junior
High School hi Shippensburg, P a , h a. recently moved ■
family
from Mont Alto, Pa., to Shippensburg.
■
’26 Miss Helen Neff is teaching fifth grade at Jeannette, P .

ENGAGEMENT ANNOUNCEMENTS
Mr H B W eaver announces the engagement of his 'daughter
Catherine
Guy.r, of Allentown, Pa.
set for the wedding. Miss W eaver i ^ graduate of ^

BSard

HBBB

H B B i iMM I

I

S
«
S T o ” S n '1 Æ
S
Beistle is a graduate of the class of 20.

H
Island, N. m

m

CUPID’S COLUMN
B elfatto-M an herz . In New Y ork City,
1926 Mr Alfonso Belfatto to Muss Mae E. Manherz.

1

H■ ■
Arthur L. Hanna to Miss Edna Hosick. M r | Hanna was a
le a c h e r at the normal last year
October 16 192*6, Mr.
M yers -M entzer . A t Carlisle, Pa ° ctob^ ■
! J
was a
Robert L. Myers to. Miss Evelyn H
n i M
B

m
B

b
H

H

m
H

i
H

-

w
both teaching

Rural 'schools in Penn Township.
I
H R bv Rev.
R eed-W ahrm a n . A t Allentown, Pa., June 29 , 19 ^ , | j H |
H E. C. Wahrman, father of the bride, Mr. Jacob ( I M
M
';.C. Martha Wahrman ’23. They reside at .737 % John
.,
B

8

W

A t Hyndman, P a . M r. John Fluke to

Miss Dorothy Rhinehart 'ad.

They reside

m
n u B B
Allen H. Klinger to Miss Carrie L. Eeidt 20.

■

I •*<9

l6

T he N ormal S chool H erald

B a y arP-F erguson . A t Wilkinsburg, Pa., June, 1926, Mr.
W alter S. Bayard to Miss Jean Ferguson ’23. They reside at 580
N avigation‘St., Beaver, Pa.
A ndrews-H afer . A t Chambersburg, Pa., November 25, 1926,
by Rev. Henry Anstadt, Rev. Elmer R. Andrews to Miss Helen
H afer ’22. Rev. Andrews is a senior at L. V. C., and is also
pastor of the U. B. Churches at Mont Alto and Quincy, Pa. They
will be at home after March 1, at Mont Alto, Pa.
T eel-C ope! A t the Falling Spring Presbyterian Church, Cham­
bersburg, Pa., October 2, 1926, by Rev. W . L. Mudge, Mr. Harold
Teel to Miss Margaret Cope ’ 12. They reside in Bloomsburg,
Pa., where Mr. Teel is practicing law.
S m it h -S troup. In the Little Church Around the Corner, New
Y ork City, December 27, Mr. Curtis L. Smith to Miss Anna Stroup
’ 17. They reside at 20 N. Harrisburg St., Steelton, Pa.; where
Mr. Smith is engaged in the real estate business.
Y oung-D avis . In the Grace Methodist Church, Harrisburg,
Pa., by Dr. Robert Bagnell, Mr. Henry B. Young to Miss Marian
L. Davis ’22. They reside at State College, Pa., where Mr.
Young is instructor in the English Department and Mrs. Y o ung
will enter as a student in February to work for her Bachelor of
Arts degree.
M organ-F rankhousjE. Dr. J. H. Morgan to Miss Meryl
Fr'ankhduse 17, in New York City. They reside in 521 Merrimac St., Oakland, Calif. Mrs. Morgan is attending the Uni­
versity of California working for her B. A. degree. She taught
for the past three years in the Junior High School at Miami, Fla.
K l.o ck -S ixeas . A t' Mercersburg, Pa., Mr. Jesse J. Klock ’26,
to Miss Sara C. Sixeas ’26. They reside in Shamokin, Pa.
B owm An -W oods. A t Lemoyne, Pa., December 30, 1926', by
Rev. J. T. Jenkins, Mr. Edgar E. Bowman ’09, to Miss-Esther R.
Woods. They reside at Newvilie, Pa., where Mr. Bowman is
owrier aiid editor of the Valley Times.

STORK COLUMN
SrAxhr.KR. A t h i N. Mayfield Ave., Chicago, 111., to Mr. and
Mrs.' John Spangler a daughter, M ary Ellen. Mrs. Spangler was
A lice M. Hays ’08. „
^
Jacoky . A t Carlisle, Pa., October 15, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs.
D C. Jacoby a son, Robert Beiider Jkfcoby. Mrs. Jacoby was
Margarette Bender ’21.
G ardner. A t Newburg, Pa., November 5, 1926, to Mr’ and
Mrs. Bryce Gardner, a daughter. Mr. Gardner wa!s graduated in
the class of ’ 151
H eberlig. A t Newburg, Pa;, Octbber 17, 1926, to'M r. and Mrs.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

17

Frank Heberlig, I son. Mrs. Heberlig was Ruth Shuman 22.
B arilla . A t Middletown, Pa., October 23, 1926, to Mr. and
Mrs. Philip Barilla, a son. Mrs. Barilla was Maude Sheaffer T3.
C ocklin . A t 41 Cricket Ave., Ardmore, Pa., to Mr. and Mrs.
Warren Cocklin, a daughter, Adda Jane.
Mrs. Cocklin was
Minerva Adams formerly head of the music department at normal
andi Mr. Cocklin was graduated in the class of ’ 17. ■ - I
H il l . A t the Biltmore Hospital Asheville, N. C., April 22,
1926, to Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Hill a daughter, Doris Elizabeth.
M-rsv Hill was Edythe Burtsfield',’225/ They reside at Leola, Pa.,
where Prof. Hill is principal of the H. S.
A ngle . A t Ford, City, Pa.,^November 24, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs.
Robert O. Angle a daughter, Marian Jean. Mr. Angle was grad­
uated in the class of ’21.
T
M c C lure . A t the Polyclinic Hospital, Harrisburg, Pa., June
13, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs. Charles McClure, a daughter, Mary
Jane. Mrs. McClure was Mary Conn ’08. She resides in East.
Waterford, Pa.
-.A', .
C ockley . A t the Harrisburg Hospital December 12, 1926, born
to Mr. and Mrs. Noah Cockley, a son. Mrs* Cockley was Ruth
Reber ’ 19. They reside at 332. Hummel Ave., Lemoyne, Pa.

1

OBITUARY
B urk
Mrs, Hazel Stitt Burk ’23, died October 8, 1926.
W e take the following from a Franklin County paper:
Funeral services were held in the Upper Path Valley Presby­
terian Church on last Monday, at io:po, A. M., for Mrs. Hazel
Hadessa Stitt Burk, Mrs. Burk was the primary teacher in the
school here. She had entered upon her tenth year of work 111
the public school and was considered a very excellent teacher.
Her influence in the school room has touched many of the young
lives of our community. Her last work in the schoolroom was
on September 30. On October 2, she was admitted to the Chambersburg Hospital and operated upon for appendicitis. She died
on October 8.
R eisinger
Miss Nellie M. Reisinger ’ 19, died November 1, 1926.
Miss Nellie Marie Reisinger T9, adopted daughter of Mr. and
Mrs. E. E. Sheaffer, died Novem ber», at the home of Mrs. Dora
Shull of:-Enola-,■ after a two-weeks illness of typhoid fever.
Miss- Reisinger, after being graduated from the school, taught;
one year in Tuscarora Township and for three years at Enola,;

18.

T he N ormal .S chool . H erald

after .which she was employed by the State Highway department
at Harrisburg.
;

Myers®

J. Everette Myers ’86, died' November 16, 1926.
In the act/of shooting at a skunk near the barn of his property
near Y ork Springs in Adams Co., November 16, Everette Myers
’86,-fell to the ground with a heart attack and died a few minutes
later.
Serving as. superintendent of schools in McKean County fifteen
years, Mr. Myers has .also taught in the schools of York Springs
and Huntingdon township, Adams county. ' Since his *retirement,
several years ago, he has been engaged in the poultry business.
H ále
M ary S. Hále ’83, died December 29, 1926.
Miss Hále had been in failing health for the past six months
with a complication of diseases;.. She taught for a number of
years in the public schools o'f-Franklin and Cumberland Counties,
and was active in church and civic work.

DEVELOPING ATTITUDES AND IDEALS
IN RURAL SCHOOLS
W e are beginning to realize that, the attitudes, ideals, standards
and appreciations which are gradually developed by the boys and
girls of today asfithey engage in the various activities of the
. school are the potent factors which will determine the characters
of the men and women of tomorrow. Whether we desire it. or
not, the boys and girls,.will and do develop attitudes and ideals,
as a result o f their, reactions. The type of attitude or ideal or
standard which is developed is largely determined by the environ­
ment to . which . the child responds and the way in which he
responds.
W e can best, develop, desirable social and ethical attitudes and
standards' by placing boys and girls in social groups and giving
them an opportunity to cooperate with -each other in solving
problems; W e can best develop desirable ideals of the true, the
noble, the beautiful, the right, justice, fair play, etc., b.y actually
having boys and girls living, and working together in an enriched
school environment which causes them to r.eact aiong these lineV
in a purposeful way. W e can best develop appreciations of
literature, music, art and nature by directing children along these,
lines as these subjects are associated with the purposeful activities
in which the children are engaged.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

19

How may a teacher of eight grades in a one-teacher school
with several children in each grade accomplish this task? Surely
the opportunities of this teacher are very limited as compared
with the teacher working in a consolidated school system. H ow­
ever no matter what the type of school, the boys and girls are
developing attitudes, ideals, standards and appreciations regard,
less of whether they are desirable or undesirable. It is the duty,
of each teacher to recognize this fact and to study the problem
carefully in order to make the most of the opportunities available
for ?each child. Teachers of all types of children in every type
of school will discover that while children are performing their
various daily tasks, there are reactions made which when summed •
up in the course of time represent an attitude— desirable or unundesirable. The attitude developed by means of the birch rod
was undesirable „aud has long since been recognized as such
When the task is pursued and completed as a result of interest in the true sense of the word, the child has developed a desirable
attitude as an important part of the final product. When solving
subject matter problenrs, the child may obtain correct results,
but Uhe wise teacher will be concerned about the attitude of the
worker. W hat was going through the mind of the worker as-;
MSB necessity and desirability of performing the tasks? Do
they leave him with a desire to continue with such work? Has
his.attitude toward the subject, school and work improved? Hasj;.
he a higher standard of workmanship and a finer sense of r e -sponsibility for the success of 'the group a ||a result of the
activity?. Have the tasks and activities of today led the boys,
and girls to desire more extensive work along these lines in the;
future? Have the projects of the past month or the past year
developed an attitude of interest along the various lines of work.
Have the activities and experiences of school developed desirable
latitu d es and ideals; and .standards in each child in relation to
his fellow students and others? H as each child a higher ideal
and a finer. (Spirit of service, as a .result o f hi/; work? Such,
questions should be * constantly asked by every teacher when,
checking on results of a unit of work and when planning new
units of work. True, these results are different to evaluate and
are difficult to direct but they are more important than the
subject matter taught, and the rural boys and girls are entitled to
a full share of guidance and development along these lines, ihis
is a: forceful argument for consolidation wherever possible.
N ora A. K ieffer , A . M.

CLASS DISCUSSION AND SEATW ORK PROGRAM FOR ONE-TEACHER SCHOOLS.
Submitted by Hannah A. Kieffer and Rural Co-workers.
TIME

ACTIVITY

I

D

II

9 :00- 5
9 :05-10
9 :15-15

Bible Reading Prayer...
Music................................
Reading
m!n ' II
s D $( “5 min.
Silent Reading A

Entire School......
Entire School......
Daily.............. ...... Group Instruction.................
Group Instruction

9 :30-15

Arithmetic C...........
Drill Daily
Instructions as needed
Arithmetic B ..................
Drill Daily
Instructions as needed
Arithmetic A ..................
Drill Daily
Instructions as needed
R ecess.............
Reading D ......................
5 min. Drill I
10 min. Instruction II
Geography III 2 ............
Nature 1 His. and Giv.2

Combine Classes
for 5 min. Drill
Use 4o minutes
for Directed
Study at Seats or
Group Instruction
or Individual
Help or
follow Schedule
Entire
Group Instruction
Divide time for D

9:45-15
10 :00-15
to
o

SUBJECT

10:15-15
10 :30-15
10 :45-l{>

11 :00-15

11 :15-15

11:30-15
11 :45 15
12 :00-60

Geography 4 B ..............
Nature St. 1

III

US

C

IV

B

V

VI

fil
Seatwork Arithmetic

A
VII

VIII

Daily Directed Seatwork
Reading

Purposeful Read. Seatwork... Group or Ind. Instruction ... S.eatwork Arithmetic....

Seatwork Arithmetic

Arithmetic Games................ Silent Reading.....

Seatwork Arithmetic

Instruction
Blackboard W o r k .............

Seatwork Arithmetic

Group on Playground—Gam .
Group Instruction............
Seatwork Historv
Geography. Nature

Group Instruction Handwork, R ead in g ............
or
Clinching Activities

Directed Study ... Clinching Activities..............
instruction
dr
Group with IV & A
Arithmetic D .......... !...... Daily Group........ Instruction...............................
instruction
Divide & Alternate
periods
Geography I V ................ Group Geog. Cla§s Ga,mes. Reading...................
Hygiene 1 IV and B for 45 min. period
or Arithmetic
Geography A .................
Clay Moulding o r .......
Sand Table Work
Eunch at Table or Desks S ocia l................... Wash Hands—One Hot Dish
Dunch period

Group Inst. 2 Creative
Geography
Work 2
History 2
Nature 1
Handwork
Prep.
Hi§tory
Natui e St.
Geography

Geography
and
Hygiene

Group or Individual
Instruction

Nature

library

Seatwork Geograph y ........... library
Nature
Group Instruction

Handwork
Geography, Agriculture

Handwork Geography ....-§5 On .
Nature
Geography, Agricnlture

lib ra ry 5 Instruction 5
Creative, nr T,ihrnry
a Day—Organized Playgrou nd Activities

Seatwork
Geography, Agriculture
Instruction

TIME
12 :55- 5

1:00-20
1 :20-20
1 :40-20
2 :00-00
2 :20-25

2 :45-15
3 :00-15
3 :15-15
3 :30-15
3 :55-15
4 :00

Assemble School
Group Instrùction
Reading D ....................
10 min. I
10 min. II
Classes inay be
English Spelling 4 C.
grouped 60 min
Reading 1
for Directed Study
English Spelling 4 B
or Instruct
Oral Reading 1
as needed
Engiish Spelling 4 A..
Reading
as needed
Oral Reading 1
Test Stiidy Plan...
Spelling 2———r— Two
Groups.........
Handwriting 2...... .
5 min. Review Upper G.
10 min.Instruct Primary
10 min.
“
Upper
One Group..
Art 1
Recess—Free Play
Oral Expression 4..
(Inc. Hygiene;
Art l l . .................
Reading C ..............

bIH H

Seatwork English .

Seatwork English .

Seatwork Spelling

Instruction...... - ...........

Seatwork E nglish.

Seatwork English

Dràmatization..... -.........
Blackboard Arithmetic..

Seâtwork E nglish.....

Instrùction..

Seatwork English

Seatwork Spelling 5..

Seatwork Spelling-

Instruction

Hàndw ork.......................

Instruct. Instruction..
Instruction..

Instruction..
Instruction-

Instruction
Instruction

Instruction ..

Insti uction..

Instruction

Seatwork..

Benchwork

H istory ................
S eatw ork............
History Civics

Handwork
Seatwork
History Civics

Instruction..........

Seatwork History 4 or
Civics 4 Hygiehe 1
Instruction

Päper Cutting 2
Instruction..........

Socialized Work..

m m

-

l t

^

m

a

BBBisGg

VIII

Separate Groups..

Seatwork Reading..
Group instrùction Instruction..
One Section
Reading
Instruct.
Instruction,..................
Instruction-...----------Educational Games—
Instruction or
Alternate Socialise
Directed Study or
Socialized Reading
Bendhwork
Free
Period.............................
Classes may be
1
Handwork
Grouped
: W ork ........................ W ee Periodfor Directed
Study

History B ..................
or Civics
History  ........;.......
or Civics Hygiene
Dismissal_____ _

were^ccms^^edf =A

M
-

VIÏ

ACTIVITY

SUBJECT

represent number recitations per week.

j n
i

c

\
t

H U i BawiBwIai — —

u

d

T

e
h

■

History and Civics are alternated by years or by days.

s

Benchwork .
Handwork

In arranging this program a ir state requirements

y St ori e^^f st ory. ^Chvi c' Virtue, Hygiene. Nature; Poem and Picture

r

m

e

e

days^of0the" week, the individual and class words are taught

H

9 -■ IB ■ —
m^ j f l ■ «•*•»•* »**» B ■
>to ™ybefollo

22

,
fe-'t

T he N ormal S chool H erald

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RURAL REFERENCES
(Partial)

The following rural seniors: Dorothy M. Gelsinger, Florence
:>¥. Horton, Mary Kimmel, Catherine D. Lay, Florence B. Wilson,
.Esther S. Zepp, Ray H. Booz, Jesse W . Burkhartljcharles F.
.¿Cook, W arren W . Crous§ John A. Frehn, Chester J. Griest,
iM arlin Henninger, Frank O. Keister, Trafford Plasterer, Eugene
H. l ’lessinger, ■ Earl R. Shank, William W . Shearer, H arry P.
Weast, have reported on the different references as part of their
reference reading for Rural School Efficiency, discussions under
the leadership of Hannah A. Kieffer, faculty instructor.
The list is submitted for the use of rural and city teachers in
the 'field who are interested in Pennsylvania’s most difficult
problem in" education.
In 1912, when Misss^Kieffer was supervising principal of
Drumore Township High School,,! she made a Survey of the ,diferent magazines read in the homes of the twenty-six high school
PuP*|§y ShC; found that thirty-four different magazines were
received, ranging from .Scribners to the Farm Journal, all of
which were willingly loaned.-tijythe High School as needed.
Rural .teachers in the field are urged to make a similar survey
of their school community and coworkers in a. township as well
as to use the library of the County "Superintendent, the Normal
<-School Library and the State Circulating Library. See the Rural
.Herald, October, 1924, for a suggestive list of magazines!- ;
The following illustrates the type of summary as presented by
Frank O. Keister to the class for discussion:
The Helping |Teacher Plan in Maine bjr Florence M, Hale,
State Rural Supervisor of Maine. National Association 1925:
567*
*
*
’
■ ■ ■
The State of Maine annually appropriates a sum of money to
carry on the helping teacher school” held each summer at Castile,
Maine.
Each superintendent may nominate a rurial teacher as helping
teacher and send her to this school. The- state pays her expenses
at school and also her traveling expenses.
She must be a normal school graduate o.r equivalent, and have
had two to five years experience in rural teaching. She must
also have a good personality. If she does her helping teacher
work satisfactorily, at the end of the next year she receives
from the State a bonus of twenty-five percent of her regular
yearly salary.
The duties of the helping teacher a r e :
She must make hers a Standard school.
She must arrange her schedule so that she has 4 'school session
on Saturday instead of Monday.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

23

On Saturday the untrained teachers and any others, from that
district who desire, may visit this school to observe it and receive
^OtT'M onday the helping teacher visits other schools and does
What she can to improve them. She keeps a record of all w
visit her and of all she visits; this record is submitted on request
to her superintendent, and to the State Department of Education.
The results of this plan has surpassed expectations in five ways :
1. An increase in the number ofc> trained teachers 111 rural
SC200lrntroduction of better m ethods,of discipline in the small
and pdbrly'paid rural schools.,. Increase in community activities.
' '
V
4. Greater understanding and respect for rural education,
e Many helping teachers have become ambitious for more
education'¡«spreading the idea of advanced summer -work for
te AnCinteresting feature o f the helping teacher school -itself is
that no outside: study is required but all of the work o f the day
fc- carried out' along 'th.e plan of the socialized .recitation, round
table discussion and as supervised study.
'
The following references explain helpful ideas but space do
not permit us to summarize each one:
I
■
■
■
Rural School Demonstration in Indiana-Smith. N , E. Assor
datiOR. 1924:515-20.
1 j
TT
Thirty-two State *Superintendents discuss rural education.
A. Lathrop. School L ife 11 =125-7,-March ’26.
—
W alter H in e # Page, and Rural Education. School Life,
11:00-1, January ’26.
. ■
‘
_, I M ) .
Rural School Music and County Supervision-., - Nat. Ed.: A sso ­
ciation 102? : s i2-20.
. .
r T JSchool and Public L i|faries in Small Communities of - Indiana.
A. R.i&urry. School L ife 101138, Mar. ’25.
D iifefen tatio n g f function in Rural Supervision. J. J. Tigert.
School Life, 11:96, Jan. ’26.
•
■
| ,
Administration and supervision I of rural schools under t e
: county: unit' plan in Ohio. O. E. Pore. Nat. Educ.. Assn. 1925.
5 Rural School Athletics; abstract.

N. Orem.

Nat. Educ. Assn,

1924: 639-41.
. .
r
,,
Demonstration Le'sons as an agency, m supervision. C. K.
B O B
El. Sch. journal. 26:619-26 April ’26.
I■ ■
' Helping Teacher plan in Maine, F. M B H ale. Nat. Educ.
Assn. 1925:567. Same Cond. School and Society 22.297. ep .
S’ How to raise the standards, o f county supervision through a
research departMent, J." A; Baer. Nat Educ. A |||E I 924-693

24

T he N ormal S chool H erald
A. ’ Rural :
Experiment in Indiana; rural school supervision.
144:196, October 13, ’26.
'

T-tio n .

Outlook

School and Society 23 ¡775, June

I won’t be a hindrance to my children. American Maga­
zine 102:13-15, August ’26.
.
Decrease in One-room Rural Schools. School and Society
24 :26o- i , August 28, ’26.
Rural Schools.; School and Society 24 ¡293-4, Sept. 4, ’26.
Equal Educational Opportunities. National Education Association Journal 15 June, ’26.
Aprd^’26

^ Ura^ ^c^00^s'

Sargant.

Century 99:530

w R^ral Curnculum— Outstanding need in rural schools. F
W. Dunn. School L ife 11-108-9, Febrtia|| ’26.
Study of 260 School Consolidation. J. F. Abel. U. S. Bur.
Educ. Bulletin 1925, 22:1-24.
Vocational Guidance in Rural Life. W . C. Ryan. Ind
A rts Mag. 14:229, June ’25.
Thirty-two state Superintendents discuss rural education.
School L ife 11:125-7, March ’26.
Texas Educ.: Survey and Rural Schools, School and
Society 22 ¡425, October 3, ’25.
Significant phases in movement for equality of educational
opportunity. J. J. Tigert. School L ife 10:152-4 April ’25
Rush Order for the Rural School. W. Burr. Independent
116-161-2, February 6, ’26.
Rural Schools of the United States. School and Society
22: 744. December 12, ’25.
Rural School Athletics by William M. M aLoy N E A
Vol. 62-1924.
.
.
.* '* • ‘
Consolidation of RuraLSchools %
tional Magazine 44:521-33.

F. L. Cardazo.

Educa-

Consolidation of Schools of the Mountains, Valleys and
Plains of Colorado. C. G. Sargent, N. E. A. 1922.
Consolidation.
The Consolidation o f Rural Schools.
E. A. 1922.

Lee L. Driver

N

Consolidation, Superintendent and Administration of a
County System of Schools. Agnes Sanmelson, N. E. A.
page 299, February 22.
Consolidation of Schools and Pupil Transportation. Leroy
King. Annals of Am. Academy 116:69-80, November ’24.
The Administration of Consolidated Rural High Schools.
O. rl. Griest. School Review, Vol. 31, pp. 121.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

25

B ig Schools-: for Little. F. W . Dunn. Woman . Citizen
9:10, January 10, 1925.
Little Red School House Reincarnated. J. H. Butler.
Education 47:149-54, November 26.
School consolidation a gradual and spontaneous develop­
ment. L. ,S. Mills. School L ife 12 :56-6, November 26.
A Comparative Study of Instruction in Consolidated and
One-teacher Schools by Foote. N. E. A., Summer 1923 pp.
. Achievem ents-of Typical Consolidated Schools for Rural)
Social Service. T . Covert. School L ife M ¡92-3, January 26.
Recent Data on Consolidation of Schools and Transporta­
tion of Pupils« J.-F. Abel. U. S. Bulletin, Bureau Ed. 1925.
Improvement of teachers in service. W . S. Diffenbaugh.
El. School Journal 25 :380-6, January ’25.
1.essons in the supervision of rural schools from -the Indiana
experiment. H. Hughes. Nat. Educ. Assn. 1925:568-76.
Rural School Achievement and Attendance. -C. H. Butler.
School Review 33:450, June ’25.
•
Health Habits of Country Children. Lit. Digest 88:72-4,
March 27, ’26.
rT
.
.S H
How shall opportunity f e equalized? W . C. Bagley. Na§g:
Educ. Assn. Journal 13:315-16, December ’24.
The community’s relation , to the ‘rural ,i'school. Normal
Instructor and Primary Plans, 35 :28-89, April 1926.
Rural L ife and Rural »Education, N. E. A, Journal,
15:107-9, April, 1926.
.
,
A Rural Education Program for Pennsylvania. Pennsyl­
vania School Journal, December, 1926.
Consolidation is Improving South Carolina SchooJ|| School
L ife 1079, December 24.
B.

Subject Matter:

Summary of reading investigations July 1, 1924, to June 30,
1925, by W . S, Gray. Bibliography in Elem. School Journal
.26:449-59, 507-18, 662-73, February-May ’26.
;
Test-study methods versus the study-test method in teach­
ing. spelling. L : ' R. Kilzer. ..•School Review 34:521^5,: Sep­
tember ’26.
Hurdles in Spelling: Jilist of words having a fifty per cent,
o.r more spelling difficulty for eighth pupil|| Nat. Educ. Assn.
Journal 15 :r79-8o|june ’26.
.
Silent Reading Experiment in Rural and Village Schools;
E. Bowry F.l. School Journal 26:42-9, September ’25,; :
Supplementary device vs. intrinsic method of teaching
reading. A. I. Gates*" El. Sch. Journal 25 775-786, June I25.
Geography— Elementary Geography Objectives and Cur-

2Ó

T he N ormal S chool H erald

riculum. H. H. Barrows and .E . P. Parker. El. Sch. Jour.
H K ||:493- 5°» March 25.
Summary of Rome significant épiiclusiohs* .reached by inVvestigators- relative to Arithmetic.. "j. G. Brown. Bibl. Elem.
Sch. Jour. 2 5 :346-57, January ’25.
Summary of Arithmetic Investigation, 1925/ T. Buswell.
Bibl.iOgr'aphy Elem. Sch. Jour/ 26:692-793; 745-58, May and
;f. J une ’26.
Motivation, of Arithmetic., j j . M. Wilson. U. S. B u r e *
■ BÉuefjBul. 1925, 43:1-60.
O bjective|gof Rural/EducatiOn. John J. Tigerti L®, S.
- Com. Educ. Rural America, December, 1926.
W rite to the Superintendent of Documents, Govt. Printing
Office, W àshington/D. C., for Bulletin 1926, No. 17-104.
Record of Current Educational Publications compiled by John
D. Wolcott.
■
This pamphlet was received as our list was going to press.
From Bureau of Education, Department of Interior, Washing­
ton, D .^ w g e t a recent, list of publications., .
ty Send for a list of publication^ Department of Public Instruc­
tion, Harrisburg, Pa.

RURAL GROUP SURVEY— SEPT. 1920-SEPT. 1926.
CUMBERLAND VALLEY STATE NORMAL
ALUMNI, RURAL ALUMNI
The differentiateaflcurricula in the Normal Schools of PennJsylvaBa became effective September, R920. The.^term... “ rural
schools.” •' was interpreted by some educators as meaning oneteacher and two-teacher schools, only.
Hence, at the Cumberland/ Valley State Normal School the
twenty seniors who elected the rural group were given an oppor­
tunity to work in one-teacher schools. Later two two-teacher
schools were added.
® jf he Pennsylvania School Law, 1925, Section 105, states: “Each
.school district having a population of less than five* thousand
..shall be a school district of the fourth cla!ss:f’ A ll fourth class
districts are considered rural by /Some educators; while' others
consider all schools in fourth class districts not under the direct
supervision of ajporough school superintendent as rural.
New Y ork State has set forty-five hundred population as the
basis .of division. In Texas, all places with a*.school population
of oyer fifajifhundred are relieved'pfrom the authority of the
county ■ 'superintendent, who is primarily a rural school official.
“The term ‘rural school' includes; all schools below the college
grade found in areas of relatively||low density population. If

T he N ormal S chool H erald

27

we define these areas on the basis of the standard of twenty-five
hundred population used by the Federal Census to differentiate
between rural and urban territory, we shall have a working
concept sufficiently accurate for immediate purposes.” Rural
School Administration, J. E. Butterworth, McMillan Co., 1926.
‘‘Where, the term ‘rural schools’ is used in this report it will be
understood to include all schools located in district's bf the fourth
class and townships which are school districts of the third class
aS used in' Section 1406 of the School Code.” A Rural Education
Program for Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania School Journal, Dec.
’26, pp. 226.
When the Normal Schools become Teachers Colleges, it is to be
hoped that the term “ rural education” will be used and that dif­
ferentiated training for the different types of rural schools will
be offered.
When this change takes place our students will no longer be
confused as to which group to elect and the rural group will
enroll many more students.' Ail. seniors" going into rural districts
should study rural sociology and agriculture if they are to present
their subject matter beginning with the experience of the children.
The Rural Group known as Group IV , in the Cumberland
Valley State Normal School has enrolled some of the strongest
students in the school. The total number graduated from June,
1921, to June, 1926, inclusive was 145. The Survey made Decem­
ber, 1926, shows these 145 graduates at work as follow s:
One-teacher Schools'
. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
pwo-teacher Schools .................................................. • • •'.................. 12
Consolidated and Rural Grades.............................................. . . •• 19
Principal Rural Elementary S c h o o l s . .................•;.. ■ • • •
3
Rural Supervision . . . . ...... ......................................................
Music, New Y ork University D egree...................... 1
Teacher Training, State College D e g r e e . . . . .......
1
Elementary Schools, Township, Univ. Pittsburgh .
Degree . . . . . . . . . ........................................
1
Rural High School t e a c h e r s , . . . . . , . ............ ; ........... ..................: 3
Rural Minister ........ ........................................................................
1
Total Number in Rural Field............ .. . 105 or 72.4 per cent.
City Graded; Elementary S ch o o ls...................................................' 1 6
Principal City Elem. School...................................... ; 1
Business
....... . . . v . , ' .3
Foreign Missionary ..................................
1
Married, young women..........................................
12
A t school 1926-1927,: ,. , . . . , ___, ___ __ ____.
, . •> . , . .
7
. University P e n n s y l v a n i a , ............. 1
University California .................................. '............. 1
University Columbia. ................................................. 1

28

T he N ormal S chool H erald
Also Headmaster of St. Thomas Choir School.
, University Pittsburgh ........
Mont Alto Forestry School..........................
Dickinson College
Irving College ........ .............

cent°tal ^ aCtiVMeS ° thCr than Rural Teaching 40 or 27.6 per
1 ht VC f l j f l the data t0 classify the married ladies as rural
or urban home makers but I feel sure that the maTori y a rt
^

Wm -

influence d

H a-n n ah A . K ieffer , A. M.
B k ecto r ° f Rural Education 19 2 0 -

December 31, 1926.

BETTER RURAL SCHOOLS MEAN A GREATER
PENNSYLVANIA
H a n n a h A . K ieffer , Director of Rural Education.
■

B

H

f l f l

■

effort f l made to list
parents which would
enable them to become better acquainted with their State Special
references were given,on the taxation problem.
P
This; .year the writer shall quote various factllw h ich may aid
m ra workers m the field in molding a more intelligem rurll
n i r a is c h O o i ° mUSt aid “
There

mhhh
B
page 225.

B B

bringin& about legislation for better

class districts in the . State; about 1400

B BB BsSHIHB B
*

HIB B W
ereI needbut

y ■>

^ o new teachers a year
2800 rural teachers, would be needed yearly.
Our Normal schools graduated 2675 June, 1926
Approxi
m atdy three per Cent. 1o j these had special training fo r^ u ral
schools, Research Department P. S. E. A, 1026
S
We have 8,519 one-room elementary 'schools in the State with
IS c h o o T S m a rS e ^ ^

BH BD IH »fHH H w

Pennsylvania

—

I

;; Coy. Pmchot, .Educational «uryeysi .page 3 & : g
/
■
'
Tenure is a problem that must be solved by the teaching protession and the. public working together. Business men say that

BBR 1HBB B B IB B f l B

H B H H
i t plant that has 1 thirty per cent. turnover
cannot be more-than seventy per •cenfgefficient. On-this basis,

T he N ormal S chool H erald

29

mittee of, the P. S> E. A., and will you express your wishes to
_!_HSH «at
4- TJon-ieKiircr ?
your representative and1 senator
Harrisburg? v(;:Some one has- said that ninety-two per cent of all the popu­
lation in the open country are the direct descendants- of t e
pioneers of Pennsylvania.
flH H H
I
“The rural schools are taught by teachers of the least amount
of preparation, experience and maturity of age. These teachers
receive the least- amount of salary per month and teach the least
number of months giving them the least annual salary.
• Statistics reveal that a relatively less number of rural children
of the elementary schools complete the course in the elementary
schools and enter high school.” A Rural Education Program for ^
Penn., B. S. E. A. Jour., D ecem ber’26.
’
Y et according to the Pennsylvania Bureau of Elections, 46.0 ot
the voting population in Pennsylvania availed themselves of the
opportunity to participate in a democratic form of government
in November. Harrisburg Evening News Editorial, Dec. 29, 1926.
Repeated studies have shown that earning power increases with
education. Educated citizens should vote.
“Uneducated laborers earn on the average $500 per year for
forty years-, a total of $20,000.
High School graduates earn on the average of $1,000 per year
for forty years, a total of $40,000.
.
This education required 12 years-of school of 180 days each,
a total of- 2,160 days in school.
I f 2,160 d a p -a t school add $20,000 to the income for,-life, then
each day ah'school adds $9.02«,
*
?
> *
- ‘
^
The child-that stays out of school to earn less than $9,02 a day
is losing money, not making money.” National Education Asso­
ciation Research-Bulletin, pp. 94, Vol. I l l , No. 3, May, 1925.
I t ' has been assumed that ¡farming is the occupation in which
education counts least. Investigations conducted in farm states
as Georgia, Indiana, Illinois,. Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, New York,
Washington, and Maryland indicatelthat this assumption is un­
justified by the facts, m arn in g Power and Education, W orld’s
Work, July 1923, pp. 245.
The facts for Kansas given below are similar to those found
in every ;isjate investigated:
Education of Farmers ; ;
Annual Earnings
Common School .................................................................... $ 422.00
High School .........................................................■ ••••■ .........
554.00
859.00
College Partial Course---1,452.00
Completed' College Course
N. E. A. Bulletin Research Vol. I l l , No. 3, May, 1925.

30

T he N ormal S chool H erald

The farm falls short of contributing its proportionate share of
the Nation’s leaders.
Each {,000,000 people born in rural sections, produced 233
notable men and women.
Each i,000,000. people born in urban sections produced i.Jfei
notable men and women in Whoig; "Who in 1923.
The" Texas. Educational Survey showed city pupils superior p r
rural children from twelve, to |tw entv ? per cent. School and*
Society, V olt 22-19^5 pp. .425.
“Agriculture is Am erica’s biggest industry. In term of invest­
ment it bulks ^ r g e r than all the country’s manufacturies, rail­
roads and mine's put together. Farms and farm property include
one-fifth of our entire national wealth a’nd the products of agri­
culture make up half of the total .value of our . export, trade..
The purchasing power of agriculture fig enormous. Farmers
and farm workers buy nearly ten billion dollars worth of goods
; ‘andEervic.es- produced by people off the farms. On the other
hand -farming Supplies materials to other industries- upon which
about one-half of our factory workers depend for their living,
d he farmer who owned his farm during the five year period
gfjFom 1920^1925,; had a return of 1.7'pircent. The great difficulty
, with farming has bcen a lag between the upward curves of prices
and costs, ;
In other industries high costs of labor and materials has been
more than offset by an almost incredible reduction in costs of
manufacture effected through increased- efficiency and economics
of large scale machine production.
Farm labói costs -after decades of stability rose 45 per cent,
between 1900 and 1910, and 1910-1920 had gone up 50 per cent"
more. - Costf o^j materials, farm machinery, fertilizer, building and
construction rose 40 -per cent, tp 19x0, and 100 per cent, more
between i ? | J # 11 1920. Capital cost lor the farmer including
ta^-gs.and interest, jumped 211 per cent, in the 5900-1920 period.
The farmer had done little through increased technical efficiency
to offset the burden of expense/ Since 1850/ the horse power
■ Which each farm, worker has^at his .disposal has doubled and
■fke “ aeffipgry he uses has increased nearly ten times, amount
01 food, stuffs ,produced per worker rose only 24 per cent, from
1880 to i9 io f and "in the following ten yeaf#|actUally declined;'
thrpp. per cent.
In manufacturing the output per worker was increased stbout

43 per cent, between 1919 and 1924, The average Automobile
worker mow produces 400 per cent, more in a day than he did
ten years ago.
In reduction of wastes and duplications and inefficiencies of
distribution, the farm industry has been backward. While the
cost o f production on the American farm went-up 175 per cent.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

31

from 1900. to 1923, the wholesale prices; of farm products during
that period’went up a bare too per cent,.
■ . >;
The farm industry apart from the big cooperative organiza­
tions, has just thrown the products wildly at a market it
not
know anything about and had not attempted to influence.
The prices for 80 per cent, of American farm output— cotton,
wheat, corn, tobacco, hogs, and cattle are subject to a world
market in which American exports are dominant for only T w o;
cotton anti;tobacco.; The surplus question iS;a matter of inter­
national competition as well as domestic production and sales.
The Farm Issue moves toward a Climax. Evans Clark, New
York Times, Januaryg, 1926. .
_
A constructive suggestion comes from the article, New Chem­
istry solves, Farm Problems;:’ by Wm. H t .Hale, Dearborn Inde­
pendent, October 2, 1926:
,
j
“ In the past the organic chemical manufacturers have drawn
mainly for their raw produets from coal, coal tar, natural gaS
and wood distillates. . . t, . », ■ .
'
■:
, ■As the chemists become acquainted with the carbohydrates,-..
there need be no fear but that they shall absorb the entire supply.
The time is not far away when the feeding of corn to hogs will
be classed with that unholy act o f feeding raw bituminous-coal to a
furnace for heat. .
■ .
Agriculture -supply centres o fa g r i-c e n tre s- will call for a ,
grouping .of farms. Men of talent 'and scientific training g|all
¿lirect the researches,, economics and?.|inances necessary for suecessful farming.
The farmer is primarily a manufacturer of carbohydrates and
» h at, particular form known as cellulose which comprises the large
portion of his, forest and the waste' from grains will go directly
from nature into: the.manufacturing establishments.Cotton for example consists of 96 to 97 per cent, pure cellulose;:
and brings a price of eighteen cents a pound. Norway Spruce
when-subjected to special treatment is delivered today as a 94 to.
95 pet cent, pure' cellulose at a price of. five and one-half ‘cents a
pound. .From thefipruce ffibrelghe. best of artificial .' .silk can be
made.”
Pennsylvania is a leading state in manufacturing and possessed
of fine farm s. . It hasi.jan industrial and agricultural population
capable of being educated to lead the nation in both industries
but better rural schools must be made possible by; the concerted
action of - urban aiid rural leaders,. A rural civilization, not a
peasant population should be built upon the fertile soil of Penn­
sylvania.
Dr. Qfis Caldwell of the Lincoln Experimental School in an
address before the Pennsylvania State - Teachers Association
recommended as minimum for every child in the Commonwealth

32

T he N ormal S chool H erald

the nine year curriculum based on three years as Primary, three
years as Intermediate and three years as Junior High, in ad­
dition a diffentiated secondary education for all those who could
“. arrange for it.
Dr. J. J. Tigert, U. S: Commissioner of Education says that
the' farm youth will be best qualified for citizenship through an
educational process that' gives him the mastery of the tools of
learning, a knowledge of his true relation to the various groups which make up the world social order and a knowledge o f the
interdependence of social and occupational groups; a knowledge
of the real possibilities and requirements in the major groups
of occupations through which men serve and gain a livelihood,
and an opportunity’'to test hi#:ability and: congeniality for char­
acteristic tasks in these occupations»; freedom to choose his field
of service and opportunity for efficient training through a school
curriculum that specifically relates to his chosen field of service;
knowledge that functions in physical efficiency and habits that
conserve health; moral courage that comes of understandingphysical vigor and a feeling of self reliance that comes through
guidance that successful mastery of problems becomes habitual.
Restrict him through inferior training, through a prematurely
specialized training, through a distortion of the ¡facts of life in
our social order and you deny him individual opportunity to
achieve, you make him suspicious through ignorance, you make
him discontented and therefore a potential social danger, and
you deny to the nation, with no gain to the group into which he
happened to be born, a portion of the genius to which it had
first claim. Deny him these things through inequality of edu­
cational opportunity and you pervert the institution we have set
up as. an agency of democracy to the uses of suppression of
individual freedom. Rural America, December 1926, pp. 9.
I trust every teacher reading these quotations will then turn to
the Rural Education Program for Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania
School -Journal, December,pigae,, and. study it with care. A ct!
A c t ! A ct in the interest of better rural ■ schools- and a greater
Pennsylvania.

RURAL SCHOOL COMMUNITY HISTORY FILE
I 927 seniors discussed this project at length in class. The
discussion was ¡summarized by Earl R. Shank and submitted for
the benefit of rural teachers who may be interested* in a similar
project.
One o f the most educative and interesting ' activities for the
children of the different types of rural schools is the assembling
of a community history file. Rural Pennsylvania has a wealth of

T he N ormal S chool H erald

33

information which" will be lost to future generations if data i | |
•not gathered in a scientific way and filed.
Among the headings for a community history file the following
are suggestive:
Theistory- of Indian life in the community.
Thè eatly settlers: nationality, reasons for coming, methods
for settlement, claims of land, etc. .
.
.
.
Copies'can be made of deeds, legends and stones of com­
munity life, (always: give reference and date of reference
o f ’ original copy).
.
History of the school, the church and different community
organizations:
.
History of local industries, if any exist.
.
■ ,
Copies! of maps' of the community can be made to show
H farming and forested areas at different periods, etc.
Kodak pictures of historical places, fine old buildings, pumps,,.;
mills, old doorways, etc. ; samplers,' china, furniture records.
Kodak pictures of old residents who give any data should ac­
company their manuscript, providing they consent to the
Old books, records and furniture found in the different homes
with the consent of the owners; a list should be made and
filed, so they will be available for research work with the
consent of the owner.
Other topics' and heading may be included as the children and
teachers develop the project.
W ho should assemble thi| material ? The project belongs- in
the fifth year work in history and when once you catch the Spirit
and vision of the project, you are apt to be a devotee for life.
The upper grades will always assist and help to get- the endorse­
ment of the entire community. Children- will get acquainted
with the fine antiques- and prevent ; their being sacrificed to
antique collectors; The relics of the Pennsylvania pioneers should
be kept in the homes of their descendants and appreciated and
preserved by them.
;. A ,I w C
The project or unit of work is purposeful and will motivate the
local history subject matter which the children are- expected to
acquire. Attitudes, appreciation and- skills will be developed as
they use private, local and .State libVariefe in“ a scientific way
(reference and date of reference b S th 'o f the1 original and thè
party making the report are essential).
.
. .
Duplicate files for the county superintendent's' office and the
Rural Department of State Normal'School would be a very worthy
contribution’ t’O-'thè files of both places:- and- a- real aid to the edu­
cational progress^of the community itself.
Why* should these- community files' be started?_ Research
workers find- it very' difficult t

34

T he N ormal S chool H erald

about rural communities because the people hay^pot been taught
the importance of keeping records. Few. local histories have beep
written and material is not available to transient teachers to carry'
but the requirements; of the State Course of Study.
W hy should this data be in a loose form? The papers and
material are easier to handle by pupils and are more easily sup­
plemented. A ny trained librarian will 6e; glad, to assist teachers
in the development of a practical filing system. A pupil should
always be named as custodian of the file.
WFen should the project be developed? The entire year gives
-Qpportunity for various., type,s. of activities. It might be well to
stress the work during January and February when the people of
the community have more free tipie to cooperate with the
children. The kodak should be in use all year.

RURAL SCHOOL MUSIC
H^rriSt _'A. TpoicE, Music B. Teacher Training Supervisor
' Cumberland Valley Stale Normal School.
The purpose of this article is to. give briefly the essentials? in
musical training for the rural schools and to advise where
material fo r such training may be obtained.:
There, are. a few fundamental principles:: that must be followed
iii.order to obtain the desired results'. .’They are as follows:
A. Development of rhythmic feeling.
1, : Rhythmic exercises.
J n2, Marching.
■- 3. ¿Folk games.
4. Folk dances.
B. Training of tonal sensé.
, ; i. Matching tones (assistance may be obtained by the non
singing teacher through a musically talented pupil for
this^type of work).'
2. Rote $gKngiB8|
C. Singing of rote songs'. '
1. Use cif 'song books.
2. Use of the phonograph.
D. Listening to good music,
1. Use of phonograph.
.',,v2.y. Use of radio.
Below are a few .Suggestions as to material : ,,
A. Music;, in the One-teacher Rural School, published by the
Music Supervisors’ . Journal,,,,: Paul . J. ; W eaver, Editor,
LTiiv. North 'Carolina. Bulletin No. y. Price 15 cents.
This gives in detail form the essentials ip -rural school

T he N ormal S chool H erald

35

music and what can be accomplished under a non-singing
teacher and a trained teacher.
B. Booklets, for i|ree d i s t r i b u t i o n t h e Victor Talking
Machine Company, Camden, New Jersey.
1. The Victrola in the Rural Schools.
I
A graded list of Victor Records for home and school.
The music stores are usually supplied with these booklets^,
for free distribution.
C. The Columbia Talking Machine Company will also furnish
information as to the typesjjfof records,- their us<| etc.
Ask your local musiegstore for their booklets.
D.
i
2.

Song Books.
The Song Hour for assembly singing in Rural Schools,^
Theodore Presser Co., Philadelphia, Pa.. (V ery good).

Tw ice 55 Community Songs, C. C. Birchard Co.^Soston,
Mass.
( ' - .
.■■
E . ' Ideas for records used for listening purposes may be ob­
tained from several books.
1. Listening Lessons in Music by Agnes Fryberger published
by Silver, Burdett Co., New York.
2. W hat we Hear in Music by Anne Shaw Faulkner pub­
lished by the Victor Talking Machine Co. j|r h is book
i may be obtained from any dealer in Victor products).
In addition td the above type of work there are simple^ short
operettas that may-be given during the school year, which do not
require very much outside work. T h e tendency is very frequently
to overdo this type of work and care must be taken to guard
against such an error.
The song in the operettas are taught during the music periods
while the speaking parts may be taught during English periods.
A few small group rehearsals and one or two rehearsals of the,
entire group will in most cases be sufficient for its preparation.
T he American Book Company of New Y ork publishes free of
charge several little dramatic and musical numbers, that are very
easily given. These numbers (correlate with the H olliigD ann
Music Course.
Music Publishing Companies will be glad to assist in the selec­
tion of this type of material if conditions and requirements are
Stated.
Silver Burdett Co., New Y o rk ; Oliver Ditson Co., Boston,
Mass.; Educational Music Bureau, Chicago, 111., and many others.

36

T he N ormal S chool H erald

COUNTRY LIFE CLUB
This year the Country L ife Club has undertaken a number of
interesting projects. The most important of these is the study
of thirty-six one-teacher schools in Cumberland and Franklin
Counties. This data is being gathered for the Pennsylvania
State Teachers Association under the direction of Dr. C. E.
Myers, head of the Research Department.
Another interesting project taken up by the club is the study
of “Farm L ife in Other Lands” . The reports given by different
members of the club have been the main feature of several of
the weekly meetings.
A t this time the club is planning to call on all alumni in the
field to help raise a Student Loan Fund, to be available to rural
students needing help.
Social, literary and special numbers for the community meetings
at the rural training school add variety to the programs. Special
speakers from the faculty, State Department and the field have
given the club many helpful suggestions.
J essie W . B urkhart , President.
G race S hearer, Secretary.

MAPS FOR ONE-TEACHER RURAL SCHOOL
H a n n a h A . K ieffer
The Rural Department is frequently asked to recommend a
minimum list of maps' necessary to?put across a good piece of
work in geography.
A very practical list of geography material fo r the one-teacher
school was given in the October, 1923, Herald. The following
maps will be placed in Pleasant Hill Rural Training Centre as our
budget will permit. The list has been approved by Miss Erna
Grassmuck, State Director of Geography.
Blackboard Outline Maps, Denoyer-Geppart Company.
World, 8th year.
Europe, 5th year.
U. S. 4th and 8th year.
Physical Maps, Goode’s, Rand M cNally Company.
North America, 4th and 8th years.
Eurasia, 5th and 6th years.
Oxford Rainfall Map of the World, Rand M cNally Company.
Physical Globe, Denoyer-Geppart Company.
World, Spb Commercial, Denoyer-Geppart Company.
W all Outline Maps at about 25 cents each, A. J. Nystrom Co.,
or ¡McKinley Company.
Europe, Physical, 5th year.

T he N ormal S chool H erald

37

South America, Physical, 6th year.
H
R
States, Physical, 7th year.
,
, ,
A
Desk Outline maps agf-needed by teachers;.purchased from the
different map companies,
Pennsylvania Highway Department.
Railroad Map, 7th year.
Electric.
S e e ^ a te Syllabus 7th year geography for a more detailed list.
Pennsylvania Department of Public Instruction.
Forestry Map, 7th year.
^
.
The following map publishers will be glad to quote prices to
school boards and teachers:

List of Map Publishers
American Geographical Society, New Y ork City, N. Y .
Dobson Evans Co., Columbus, Ohio.
Denoyer-Geppart Co., Chicago, 111.
J. L.-Engle, -Beaver, Pa.
..
v
J. Paul Goode, University of Chicago, Chicago, 111.
Iroquois Publishing Co., Syracuse, N. Y .
M cKinley Publishing Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
M cKnight and McKnight, Normal, 111.
Milton Bradley Co., Philadelphia, Pa.
A. J. Nystrom, Chicago,* 111.
Rand McN'ally and Co., New Y ork City, N. Y .
U niversity of Chicago Press, Chicago, 111.

A SUGESTIVE DAILY BLOCKING FOR
GEOGRAPHY TEACHING
Submitted, byl E dna S tamey F ox, B. S., Room Teacher,
-Pleasant H ill Rural Training School.
Careful planning, in any type of work always results in greater
efficiency. This, ds .our reason fob suggesting that teachers block
tentatively the .work they plan to teach.
The Course, o f'S tu d y has our work planned by yearsj| Miss
Erna -Grassmuck has- suggested and circulated monthly and weekly
blockings of the 'Geography work. It is our privilege to make
the daily blocking and check on the results obtained.
The work for the month, of October in Fourth Y ear Geography,;
which we are submitting, shows the manner in which we attempt
to block the daily work of each grade in every subject. This
plan of work is almost indispensable in the Rural Training
Centre, and is equally applicable to all schools.
W ith blockings such as these on file, it is quite easy .to make
clear to visiting directors, supervisors, and superintendents how

T he N ormal S chool H erald

38

we plan to cover the required work, what interesting supple­
mentary projects we have developed, and the variety of types of
lessons we have used.

OUTLINE TO BE USED ONLY DURING PRESENT
SCHOOL Y E A R 1926-1927
Submitted by Miss Erna Grassmuck
SUGGESTED DISTRIBUTION OF GEOGRAPHY LESSONS
ONE TEACH ER SCHOOLS*
GRADE IV.
LIFE IN ENGLISH SPEAKIN G NORTH AM ERICA AND
JOURNEYS ELSEW HERE
Three lessons weekly, pupils of Grade IV (Group C period)**
Month
Sept.

Oct.

Nov.
and
Dec.

Jan.

1st Week

2nd Week
3rd Week | 4th Week
j LIFE IN TH E MIDDLE A TLANTIC ST A TE S AND
0 NTARIO
Review wo rk activities i n your own di strict. Then
stress partic ularly in Midd le Atlantic and and Ontario
Section Agri culture, Minin g, Manufactu ring, Transportation.
S. C. p. 172, 173, 174.
1 Textbook pp.
LIFE IN S OUTHERN
STA TES
Stress part icularly Agriculture, Fore st, Industries,
Recreation.
S. C; p. 172,
173. Text p P-

LIFE IN CENTRAL
STATE S AND
CAN ADA (Continued)
S. C, 1 72, 173.
Text pp.

LIFE IN CENTRAL
STATE S AND
CEN TRAL CAN ADA
Stress part icularly Agriculture, Fore st, Industries,
Manufacturin g.
S. C. p. 172, 173.
Text pp.
LIFE IN RO
TA IN S
also corr
CANADIAN
Stress Mini
and Dry Far
ation. S. C.
Text pp.

L IFE I N PACIFIC S TATES
an d correspondin g
SECT ION AND A L A S K A
Stress Fis tiing, F o r e s t Industries,
Agriculture, Recreation.
S. C. p. 172.
Text pp.

See Notes On Page 39.

C K Y MOUNTA TE S
esponding
SECTION
ng, Irrigation
ming, Recrep. 172, 173.
Comparison
o f various
sections and
review.
S. C. p. 173,
172.
Text pp.

39

T he N ormal S chool H erald

Month

1st Week

2nd Week

Feb.

UNITED
AS A
Stress Com
portation, an
cation, Speci
interest. S.
Text pp.

STATES
WHOLE
merce, Transd Communial places of
C. p. 174, 175.

Mar.

CAN ADA
as a whole.
S. C. p. 174,
175.
Text pp.

Apr.

|

3rd Week

4th Week

POSSESS IONS OF
UNITED STATES
S. C. p. 17 2, 174. Text
pp.

Compariso n of United
States and C anada. S. C.
p. 174.
Associated G eneral Geography. S. C. p. 175.
Text pp.

Journeys
anywhere.
S. C. p. 175.
Text pp.

Review usi ng textbook a s a basis (M exico

is

re-

1 served for G rade VI)
S. C. 171 to 1 76. Text pp.

* Study and follow carefully all suggestions given in the State
Course of Study for One Teacher Elementary Schools, pp. 171-176
and pp. 160-167.
Please note that this outline is organized on the basis of weeks
begirfning the first week in September. The unit of work to be
discussed is indicated, then Outlined and other aids in the One
Teacher State Course of Study are referred to thus: S. C. p.
174.
In the remaining space of each block teachers are urged to in­
dicate the pages of their geography text book to which the pupils
have referred in' -studying and discussing these lessons. In this
way, the teacher has a definite record o f the use made of the
text book. A t the same time the teacher has found a means of
improving his or her work by breaking away from having the
pupils study the book page by page. On the other hand, provided
the pupils have learned to use the index, the teacher has trained
them to use the book as a real tool.
** Where the plan of combining grades and of altering subject
matter by years is followed, it seems inadvisable to combine
Grades: H E and IV in the geography lessons. Therefore the
Group C periods in geography should be distributed between Grade
III pupil! and Grade IV pupils. The majority of teachers devote
three Group C periods each week primarily to the work of Fourth
Grade. When advisable, Third Grade pupils may also partici­
pate; at other times, they will be occupied with purposeful seatwork. I f training in the use of text books is being given the
children, it will be necessary to take Fourth Grade pupils sep­
arately. In some instances Third Grade and Fourth Grade pupils

40

T he N ormal S chool H erald

may discuss together certain aspects of Grade III work. For
suggestions „„on Nature Study' lessons for Grades III and IV
consult State. Course of Study, pp. 284 to 286.
For material.useful in Grade IV , consult State Course of Study
pp. 175, 176. The Cabinet Collection obtained from the Phila­
delphia' Commercial Mu.seum, 34th Street below Spruce, Philadel­
phia, is very valuable. It contains^.a large number .o f pictures
and specimens for classroom use. Consult the monthly issues of
Pennsylvania School Journal for “Aids in Geography Teaching.”
August, 1926.

GRADE IV, GEOGRAPHY, OCTOBER
MONDAY

WEEK
1st

2nd

3rd
Central
States
Manufacture
Agriculture
Forest Ind.

THURSDAY

j£e!

FRIDAY

Drill Place Geog.
Mfg. of Cotton Goods
Why
130-134

Drill
List M fg. Cities
Liset of Mts.
Regional Units
Valleys
Plains
Swamps
Islands
Place Geog.

Journey
Visit C O t t O n i o l i A p a
M fg. Centre $Slldes
Use Exhibit
and Map.

Forests and
Recreation

Summary
o f Group
Oral or written

Make Chart (Expres­
sion)
On Cotton or
Other Product

Manufácturing
Petroleum
Oil Fields
Oil Refineries
Pipe Lines
pp. 118

General
View
pp. 120

Forest
Industries
Etc.
Reasons
Uses
Rice

Cattle
Hides
Leather
Mfg. Cities

Transportation
River Systems
Drainage
Railroad Centres
Sand Table

List Cities
Tell why
Important

General
Review for
Month.

Cotton
Why,
Climate
Soil
Etc.
Latitude
129-30

On Map (Expression)
Show
Cotton belt
Important Cities
and all States
and capitals

Page III
Cotton in
S. C. States
Delta
Uses

Wheat Type
Flour Study
M fg. o f Cities, etc.

Name States
Place Geography
Compare
with Middle
Atlantic States
Political Units

Forest
Recreation

WEDNESDAY

Study
Peanuts
Vegetation
Naval Stores
127-128

Activities
Farming
List crops
Manufacturing
Text 125-7

Southern
States
Agriculture
Industries'

TUESDAY

1
4th
Central
Canada

1

Follow guides for Grade IV, as listed in the _Syllabus, only topics are suggested as guides ; teachers and pupils are expected tb word the
projects and problems for the motivation o f activities.

42

T he N ormal S chool H erald

RURAL TRAINING SCHOOL CENTRE 1926-1927.
Pleasant Hill School, Shippensburg Township,
Cumberland County, Pennsylvania.
Prof. Ralph J a c o b y ................................. ..County Superintendent
Prof. Wm. M. R ife ...................... Assistant County Superintendent
Mr. Harold P ark .............. ................. . . . ...........Vocational Director
Miss Grace Seyfert, R. N . . ............................................ County Nurse

Board of Directors
Mr. C. E. Hollinger.............................................. ...............President
Mr. H. B. C raig ........................................................................ Secretary
Shippensburg First National Bank.................................... Treasurer
Prof. J. K. Stewart
Mr. Charies|Funk
Mr. J. M. Smith
W* P. Harley, A . M . . .. .Director of Township Training Schools

Pleasant Hill School
Pupil Enrollment, 1st to 8th grade inclusive..............................

36

Edna .Stamy Fox, B. S ......... .......................................Room Teacher
Assistant to Rural Director
Hannah A. Kieffer, A. M ........................Director Student Training
Director Rural Education

Normal School Faculty
Marion A. Blood, A. M . . . ............ ..................Supervisor of English
Edgar C. Bye, A. M ............................. . .Supervisor -Social Studies
Grape E. Kyle, R. N . . ....................................... Professional Services'
Nora A. Kieffer, A. M ................. . . . . . . . . . S u p e r v i s o r Arithmetic
Blanche E. Robinson, A. B . . , ...............................Supervisor of A rt
Claudia Robb, B. S>,. ........................ Supervisor Health; Education
Harriet Tooke, Mus,ip B ........................................S u p e rv iso r Music
Mary A. Votfk, M. A ,......................
Supervisor Reading
Edna Stamy Fox, Bi ; S . . . . . . . . Supervisor W riting and Geography