j . R . K E R R & B R O ., P r i n t e r s . C h a m b e r s b u r g . pa. TA BLE OF CONTENTS Page Principal’s Letter to the Alumni................. ' 1 Change in Dates of Philo Reunion and Normal Anniversary.... 3 Summer School ............. .................. ..........._................ ...,.’2 ,. 2 :.......' 3 Registration of Summer School Students....,...... l...:.;.2 2 2 .2 .....' 4 Rural Demonstration School ............... .................. ......... 4 5 Expenses for the Summer Session.... ...... ........................ .............. Outline of Courses for Summer Session............ ............... ......... . 5 Evaluation of Credits for Summer Session.......................... ...... ,. 7 ........... 7 Admission of Students to Summer Session.......... . Suggestions as to the Selection of Courses.................. .....',2 2 2 .i 7 Community Orchestra .................. ....'................................. 8 g Teaching in the Training School............ ............. .......................... Answers to Questions Asked by Prospective Students...,.2 L...... 9 Registration Blank and Program............ ............... ........................ 10 11 Meeting of the Cee Vee Nor Club................. 3..... ............... .. Meeting of York County Alumni Association..... :............ ;........... m Meeting of the Adams and Franklin County Alumni Associa­ tions ......... ............ .................... ............. 22 Alumni Personals ....... ............... ,2 .;........................ 13 Engagements Announced........ ,..... ».....:.... . ........... . . ....... ... . 15 Cupid’s Column ................... .................. „....... 15 Stork Column ................. ,.... ....... ........... 2 .......; C.2 ' 2 2 '<,2 ' jg Obituary ..................... ........... ‘2 .2 ■ ■ •■ ■ ■ '". 17 RURAL SECTION Editorial— Developing Attitudes and Ideals in Rural Schools ...... ...... .......... Program for One-Teacher School............... .................. ” ’ Bibliography of Rural References....................... ........ ' Rural Group S u rvey -^ 920-1926.... ...................... ' 26 Better Rural Schools Mean a Greater Pennsylvania..... ... Rural School Community History F ile...... ..... 32 Rural School Music...................... ...... ........ . Country Life Club......... .......... ............^ Maps for One-Teacher Schools.... . . A Suggestive Daily Blocking for Teaching of Geography.... Rural Training School Centre.............. ,.....,„.......2 .' .2 2 2 2 -‘l 20 22 28 34 36 37 42 * The Normal School Herald PUBLISHED OCTOBER, JAN U ARY, APRIL AND JU LY Entered as Second Class Matter at the Post Office, Shippensburg, Pa. MARION H. BLOOD ......................... -...........Editor AD A Y. HORTON, ’88................... Personal Editor J. S. HEIGES, ’91....................... Business Manager Subscription Price, 25 cents per year strictly in advance. Single copies 10 cents each. Address all communications to THE NORMAL SCHOOL HERALD, Shippensburg, Pa. Alumni and former members of the school will favor us by sending any items that they think would be interesting for publication. V o l. 31 J A N U A R Y , 1927 N o. 2 PRINCIPAL’S LETTER TO THE ALUMNI Dear Alum nus: When you read these lines, Christmas and New Years will be things of the past, but as I write they are both very real. The students have just left for their vacations and we are all looking forward to Christmas. The dormitories and class rooms should be quiet, but they are noisier than usual, for a large force of carpenters, plasterers, painters and cleaners are at work, rushing the repairs, renovations and general cleaning up operations. W e are glad to say that we are on the last lap of this job and we hope at the end of the New Y ear to have “ Old Main” thoroughly up-to-date as to dormitories: more than half of the rooms have been renovated and they are thoroughly modern. All the class rooms but two are modernized and o f course you have seen the Auditorium, the Dining Room and the offices and I know that you have admired them. The semester that is drawing to a close has been successful from every point of view. Many of the new members, of the faculty have already distinguished themselves and we have found the new students a live body of young people. The four year 2 T he N ormal S chool H erald course is working very satisfactorily and all indications point to a still larger enrollment in it next fall. One of the most encouraging features is the interest that is ' being shown by members of the Alumni in the advanced two year course leading to the B. S. degree. W e shall offer a number of courses during the summer session that count toward the com­ pletion of this course and we believe than many of you will find it to your advantage to return for the summer session.. An out­ line of the courses available will be found elsewhere in the Herald. W e shall offer the usual number of courses for those who have not yet secured a standard certificate or a Normal School diploma. Let us clear up this work in our service area and make it the best in the state as far as percentage of teachers holding standard qualifications is concerned. Students are registering in about equal numbers for the sum­ mer and the fall terms. Early registration not only assures a room but it insures pleasantly located quarters. Don’t fail to register early for the summer session and encourage high school . seniors to register at once for the fall term, if they wish to secure a room in the campus dormitories. One of the pleasantest features of the passing semester was Home Coming Day, Saturday, November 6. The weather was pleasant— it couldn’t have been better if it had been made to order. And what a crowd we had ! The foot-ball game though rather one-sided was a good one and Miss McWilliams prepared one of the best dinners we have ever had. Onr only regret was that only five hundred could be accommodated in the dining room. The toasts were fine and the reception-dance brought the big day to a fitting close. Get ready for next year. , 0 f course the classes of ’87, ’92, ’97, ’02, ’07, ’ 12, ’ 17, ’22, and ^5 are getting ready for the big class reunions on Saturday, June 4! Now is the time to get Work started, committees ap­ pointed, reservations madef|etc., if the reunionsjare to be suc­ cessful. No, we didn’t forget the class of ’77. They will be here as the guests of honor. Finally, we want you to help us continue our work by using your influence with your state senator and representatives in helping us secure the appropriations that we need for more buildings and repairs and renovations. W e want to carry on and to do still better work for the State. You can help us by speaking to the members of the legislature from your district. It’s the personal touch that counts! W on’t you help us ? Fraternally yours, E zra L eh m an , ’89. T he N ormal S chool H erald 3 CHANGE IN DATE OF PHILO REUNION AND NORMAL ANNIVERSARY The attention of all our readers is. called to the fact that the Philo Reunion will be held on Friday, April i, and the Normal Anniversary on Friday, May 6. SCHOOL NOTES The summer school session of nine weeks will open June 13, and close August 13. During the past ten years large numbers of teachers have been in attendance at the summer sessions of the Pennsylvania Normal Schools. These have given opportunity to teachers in service to earn a State Standard or a Normal certificate while continuing to teach during the school year. Hundreds of young students, just out of high school, were able to secure a partial elementary certificate and begin their careers as teachers. The personnel of the student body at the summer sessions has however, been under-going a marked change during the past few years. As the need for inexperienced teachers ceased to exist the number of summer students just out of high school fell off but their places were taken by more mature students, holders of standard certificates, Normal School and College graduates who wished to secure advanced professional -and academic credits. From present appearances there will be few students just out of high school in attendance this year. A s noted elsewhere only those whose services are needed by superintendents because ex­ perienced teachers cannot be secured, will be admitted to the summer session for the purpose of securing a partial elementary certificate. Such students,' may, however, be admitted if their purpose is to take part of the course leading to graduation from either the two or the four year course. The primary purpose of the summer session this year is to help two classes of students: (1) Those teachers in service who need additional work to qualify for the State Standard Certificate and (2) Graduates of the school who wish to take advanced work looking to the B. S. degree or to specialize in certain types of work. The number of the first class in our service area is steadily growing smaller, as a large majority of the teachers hold Standard, Normal School, or College certification. The number of the second class will be larger than ever. It is encouraging to note that many of our graduates of the two year courses are planning to complete the advanced two year course or ,to finish the four year junior high school course. A number of the grad­ uates of the three year course are planning to take the extra work needed for the completion of the four year course. Else- 4 T he N ormal S chool H erald where will he found an analysis of the courses available to. all these different classes of students. REGISTRATION OF SUMMER SCHOOL STUDENTS ‘ Students are registering every day for the summer, session. No rooms will be assigned before March i, but assignment will be made strictly in the order in which registrations are received. The wishes of students as to location of rooms will be followed as far as possible, Naturally those who register during January and February have a much better chance of securing the rooms desired than those will who do not register until a later time. In any event the early registrants will be able to secure the most pleasantly located rooms. Where students designate the persons with whom they wish to room they must see to it that the person in question registers promptly. I f Mary Jones registers on January 20, and indicates that she wishes to room with Jennie Brown, she will be granted the desired permission, but if Jennie Brown does not register until February 1, both registrations will be entered as of that date. For this reason be sure to have your prospective room mate register at the same time that you do. No student will be permitted to room or board outside of the dormitories except in the home of parents, grandparents, brother or sister, uncle or aunt, unless special permission has been granted by the Principal to room with other persons. No permission will be granted to any student to board outside the school except with relatives as indicated until all sittings in the dining room have been assigned. A registration blank is inserted in the H erald. A program to be filled by the Student will be found on page 10. ' -This should be filled out, and forwarded to the school as soon as possible. Naturally however the most important matter is the registration. This should be attended to at once. RURAL DEMONSTRATION SCHOOL Miss Hannah Kieffer, Director of Rural Education will con­ duct a one-room rural demonstration school at the “Pleasant Hill School” less than ten minutes walk from the campus: ¿iThis .school is a typical one-room country school. The entire equip­ ment is inexpensive and is easily obtainable by any rural teacher. The school will be in session during the first six weeks of the summer session and frequent demonstration lessons will be given to the students preparing for rural work. A ll such • students should arrange for frequent observation trips to the school. T he N ormal S chool H erald 5 EXPENSES FOR THE SUMMER SESSION The expenses of the summer session are very reasonable. They are as follow s:. R e g is tr a tio n T e r m fee, including admission to games, lectures, concerts, entertainments, e tc ..................$1,0.00 (In the case of boarding students, this fee must be paid when a room is engaged. Day students must make payment on or before the opening day of the session). Boarding, including furnished room, light and laundry, ‘(with nurse’s services when necessary) is eight dollars per week, (for a shorter period than nine weeks nine dollars per week will be charged), for term .......................................................... ........................... 72:00 Cost o f books (approxim ately). . . . . . . . . , ....................... • °-00 Total necessary expenses of boarding students for summer session .......................................................... • ••••' ' 90.00 Expenses for Day Students Registration: Term fee ........................ ..................*........... Cost of books (approximately) .................... ..................•■ '••• Total .......................................... ............I ......... $10,00 8.00 $18.00 OUTLINE OF COURSES TO BE GIVEN DURING SUMMER SESSION— June 13 to August 13. The nine weeks summer session will open Monday June 13. All indications point to a large enrollment, especially since so many graduates of the two year courses will return for work leading to the B. S. degree. The following courses will be offered during the summer session. Except where otherwise indicated, each class will recite six times a week and will carry three semester hours credit. (A definite outline of these, will be given in the April Herald). 1. Introduction to Teaching. 2. Rural School Management (This course may be substi­ tuted for No. i if the student expect§xto teach in a rural school). 3. Teaching of Primary Reading. 4. Teaching of Reading in the Grades. 5. Teaching of Primary Subjects. 6. Teaching of Number, , 6 T he N ormal S chool H erald 7. 8. 9. loi ‘ 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. Ï2. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 3536. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43444546. 47- Children’s Literature and Story Telling. Juvenile Literature and Silent Reading. Primary Kindergarten Theory, Teaching of Arithmetic. Teaching of Geography. Teaching of Social Studies (H istory). Teaching of English. English I. English II. Oral Expression (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit). A rt I (8 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit). A rt.II (6 hrs.M i 1-2 S. H. credit). Music I (8 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit). Music II (6 hrs.— 1 1-2 S. H. credit). Nature Study (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit). Handwriting (4 hrs.— 1 S. H. credit). Physical Education (Women):, if elected by sufficient number of pupils. Health and Hygiene. Psychology and Childhood. Rural Sociology. Educational Sociology. Supervision in Elementary Schools. Principles of Education. History and Organization of Education in Pennsylvania. Educational Measurements. Guidance. English Literature (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit). Short Story. Advanced Composition. Teaching of Science in Junior High School. Physiography. ■ Physics. Economics. American Government. Course College Grade History. Mathematical Analysis (Covers work of first semester);;? Teaching of Algebra and Geometry. Principles of Human Geography. History and Appreciation of A rt (4 hrs.— 2 S. H. credit), if elected by a sufficient number of pupils. History and Appreciation of Music (4 h rs— 2 S. H. credit), if elected by a sufficient number of pupils. State Course of Study (This is a composite course to be given by members of the Department of Public Instruc­ tion. It will not duplicate the course given last year. Credit will be given for it in any group). T he N ormal S chool H erald 7 EVALUATION OF CREDITS FOR THE SUMMER SESSION Attention of all students is called to the fact that students may take courses totaling twelve semester hours during the summer session and receive full credit for them, toward the renewal o f a partial elementary certificate, the securing of a State Standard certificate or graduation from a State Normal School prior to September x, 1927. Students graduating after that date will receive .85 credit toward graduation for work taken during the summer session. ADMISSION OF STUDENTS TO SUMMER SESSION A s noted elsewhere, the summer session this year will be con­ ducted especially for four classes of students. i Teachers in service who wish to secure the renewal of a partial elementary certificate or to secure a State Standard cer­ tificate or a Normal School certificate. 2. Students now in attendance who wish to make up worK necessary for graduation or advanced standirig. 1 Graduates of Normal School or Collège who wish to take advanced work leading to degree or to the completion o f special courses. 4. Graduates of an approved four year high school course, without teaching experience, who desire to take one-half t e work of the first semester. Such students can complete the two year course by attending three semesters, (half years) and two ^Isümmerj'sessions. I HRffi Note that no student without previous-teaching experience wil be admitted for the purpose of securing a partial elementary cer­ tificate except upon the written reque|| of the local Superin­ tendent. SUGGESTIONS AS TO THE SELECTION OF COURSES FOR THE SUMMER SESSION :The courses offered during the summer session of 1927 may be divided into two groups? those that should lie elected by students who have not yet completed the two year Normal School course and those arranged for students who wish to complete th advanced two year course or the regular four year course. The first group includes courses No. 1 to No. 27 (inclusive) and No. 31 and No. 47- Students wishing to prepare for teaching in Junior or Senior High Schools should choose from No. 29 to 8 T he N ormal S chool H erald No. 47 (inclusive); Normal School graduates who wish to take the advanced two year course leading tokfhe degree of B. S. should make choice as follows Graduates of Group I. BBjp.eac.hinp- of Arithmetic. Teaching of Geography. Teaching of English. Teaching of Social Studies. Graduates of Group II. Teaching of Primary Reading. pi,Teaching of Number. Teaching of Primary Subjects. Primary Kindergarten Theory. Graduates of Rural Group. Teaching of English. Teaching of Number. Teaching of Primary Subjects. ; Primary Kindergarten Theory. Graduates of any of the above-groups may elect also from the following : English Literature, Economics, Psysiography, Prin­ ciples of Education, American Government, Principles of Human Geography, Advanced Composition, History and Appreciation of Art, History and Appreciation of Music, and .Supervision in Elementary Schools. Students who were graduated prior to 1921, may elect any of the above courses that they have not taken. COMMUNITY ORCHESTRA A community orchestra will be conducted by the Director of Music during the summer session. Students are requested to bring orchestral instruments with them. This is a rare oppor­ tunity to secure free instruction of a high grade in orchestral work. TEACHING IN THE TRAINING SCHOOL A limited number of students can be given opportunity to teach in the Training School during the summer session. Only experi­ enced teachers will be granted this privilege and these should make application to Prof. W . P. Harley, Director of the Training School. Specify grade or grades and subjects., or subjects in which opportunity to teach is desired. - Demonstration lessons open to all students will be given from time to time in the Training School. 9 T he N ormal S chool H erald ANSWERS-TO QUESTIONS ASKED BY PROSPECTIVE STUDENTS W e shall try to anticipate some of the many questions that students are likely to ask about th g u m m e r session. I - l i t necessary for me to come to the .school before J u n e H 9 A ns-'V 'N o; 1 | | * £ Class work will begin Tuesday morn­ ing, June 14.” WBUm■BIBIBIH M ■ 1 B m delivery of each piece of baggage. h the i I i am a graduate of an approved four-year high school. 4. i am a graauai J Partial Elementary CerW ill it be possible for me to secure a ?)) §|«No nQt ■ I■ H I two or four year course. I «W m special courses be given during the summer session? - A »;. ■ — m m I ■ *•*> “ d adTanced course“ be given.” (S ee pages 5 and 6). 6. ■ it me to report at the office H a tgport 11 m should at the o m h h ^H H h ■ B ^ | | offiSs^ i hooi register ■ m ggm u so that your baggage can be delivered promptly. IO T he N ormal S chool H erald REGISTRATION BLANK AND PROGRAM (Please fill out and send to Prin. Ezra Lehman.) Enclosed please find ten dollars registration for the summer session. I shall come as hoarding student and wish a room reserved. I wish to room with. ......................................... of . ... .................................................................... ( I f you expect to come as day student strike out reference to room. $ee page 4). NAM E .......... .. AD D RESS ....................... .......' ........ .. .............. ............ I wish to take the following four subjects at the Summer Ses­ sion (Give number of course and title as found on pages 5 and 6). N U M B E R O F CO U R SE. T IT L E O F CO U R SE. 1 ............................................................... 2 ..................... ...................................... 3 ................................................... ....................................... ....................... 4- • • • ...................................................................................... F wish to secure (check the certificate desired). Renewal of Partial Elementary Certificate. State Standard Certificate. Normal Certificate (Tw o year course). cADiploma (Junior High School) B. S. degree. Diploma (Advanced two year course) B. S. degree. Special Course. I have taught.............. ...........................terms. Tam a graduate o f . .................. ........................... . . .. .H igh -School. I have the following credits from (Give name of institutions attended and if possible number; o f ¡semester hours credit). T he N ormal S chool H erald ii MEETING OF THE CEE VEE NOR CLUB The Cee Vee Nor Club of Allentown held its .second annual dinner dance at Shankweiler’s Hotel, Seigersville, Pa., on Decem­ ber 3, 1926. During the course of the dinner toasts were given by all the members of the Club. Miss Dorothy W eaver ’24, gave a most interesting toast to the newly elected president Miss Grace McKee ’23. Beautiful corsage bouquets were presented to the retiring officers Elsie Hausmann Ross '21, Miss Irene Seip 22. Phe officers elected.for the year 1927, are Grace M cKee 23, president, and Ruth Wahrman ’24,. secretary-treasurer. A fter dinner the club members^ and their guests enjoyed a “300” party and the remainder of the evening was spent in dancing. Before saying good-night every one gathered around the piano and sang the Alma Mater. The following were present: Mae Ebert ’23; Kathryn Fogel ’22 Edith Kennedy ’21, Olivia Kindt ’24, Grace M cKee 23, Martha. Wahrman Reed ’23, Elsie Hausmann Ross ’22, Dorothy Weaver ’24, and Ruth Wahrman ’24. YORK COUNTY ALUMNI ASSOCIATION The Y ork County C. V. S. N. S. Alumni Association held thenannual banquet in the Y . M. C. A. Building, November 24, 1926. During the evening, H. M. Arnold directed group singing. Mr Reginald Fink, violinist, rendered a number of solos, ac­ companied by Miss Grace Zeigler. Mrs. Fink, reader, gave “The Auto Ride” and “ Mandy'S Wedding.” Real “ School Spirit” reigned throughout the evening. Among the alumni present classes from seventy-six to twenty-six were represented. Greetings were brought to us from our “ Alma Mater” by Dr. Lehman, Dr. Heiges, Miss Horton and Prof, and Mrs. Stewart. Honorable James Glessner acted as toast master and in a pleasing and interesting manner introduced the members of faculty and alumni who made addresses on the past, present and future of our Alma Mater. A ll the officers were re-elected for the year. Th ey are Pres­ ident, W . G. Fishel, Vice-President, Samuel M. Stouffer, Secre­ tary, Belle I. Anthony, Treasurer, H. M. Arnold. 12 T he N ormal S chool H erald MEETING OF THE ADAMS AND FRANKLIN COUNTY ALUMNI ASSOCIATIONS Monday night, November 15, was one of the most unpleasant of the year. ...The deluge of rain, however, could not damper the ardor' o f the Alumni of Adams County who met at the Altland Hotel in Abbottstown. Though the attendance was somewhat smaller than usual, the crowd present was representative of those who had represented their county in athletics, debating, dramatics and musical organizations during their career at Normal. A good chicken and waffle dinner added materially to the success of the meeting. Prof. Guile Lefever, Principal of the Gettysburg High ^School, presided and spoke briefly of the men and women that Adams County had furnished to the Cumberland Valley Normal School. He congratulated the school on the wider outlook that opened before it as a Teachers’ College. Dr. Lehman; then sketched the plans for the future and spoke of the interest being shown in the advanced courses by the Alumni. Dr. Heiges dealt with the present growth of the institution and the recognition being accorded it by leading educators in the State. Assistant County Superintendent J. F. Slaybaugh expressed his satisfaction at being able to work- efficiently for his Alma Mater again since he had returned to Adams County. A number of short addresses were made not only by the men present but by the women* A t 10:30 all joined in singing “Alma Mater” . The officers for the ensuing year a re : President, C. I. Raffensperger, Biglerville; Vice-President, J. F. Slaybaugh, Gettysburg; Secretary-Treasurer, Mrs. Wimbert Neely, Gettys­ burg. The dining room of the W allace Restaurant was crowded on Tuesday evening, November 16, when President J. Maclay Kelley called the meeting of the Franklin County Alumni Association to order. For an-hour the bill of fare spread before the guests received the attention of-all. Then-Mr. William Dubbs rendered a piano solo. Dr. Lehman followed with an explanation of ..the four year course and the opportunities it gave to the Alumni to continue their work. Misses Catherine H elfrich and Elizabeth Eisenhour sang a duet, and Dr. Henderson of the University of Michigan brought the greetings of the great institution he represented. Superintendent Finafrock delivered a timely address showing what the Normal School had done for the cause of education in Franklin County. He predicted greater things under the new course. Dr. Heiges, Prof. Grove, and Miss Hannah Kieffer were called m T he N ormal S chool H erald 13 H BRI h h m b urer; Esther Rahauser. a lu m n i personals ■ 89. M i., Lillie.' Funk who h a ,T e e n secret,J| T o b e r e i» « « « of « . C « . » h» ^ W B B B Ê K B M H Sherman gave a farewell dinner | H H | M W H H B M has been teach, inS9 for a H H H H C u m b e r . a n d . C o u n t y , ¿s,.e»eh m g Of SOS Queen course for Speech Uetect ten years and- Ä S « '.S to a " b asT e“ connected with the public «hoot ■ H | R BBBB Ä H H H H 1 1 sp*"*1“ hasbeen tSÊBÊBBBÊ^^M Electric Welding. Co. He reside, at 239 N. 14th S t, Ha b" 5 ' PS i „ . Viola. Lichtenberger of teaching second grade un that city, T i Mr.. Cummins McClelland of 944 S ,„ Steelton, is ' St Avalon> p a.„ > winnenstall M M KM HmBiBB * advancement with this company. taûgb. S B B B B M — H Heaver S t York, Pa., a0,n.h.°M ethod i*E pw or.h ¿ a g u e Camp a, Teacher, College .h i, year. Her address. e ii* i , e L lf ™ i » t e i h W l i B. degree a. Susgueh.nna Urn, f S Ä - J a r,e ft So Washington ST , I , City,, is taking a music course at Teacher College. New Y ork 14 T he N ormal S chool H erald T6 Mr. Clyde Mellinger is teaching in a Boys’ private School in Asheville, N. C. ’ 17 Mr. Clyde Barnhart former outfielder for the Pittsburgh Pirates is spending the winter at his home in Hagerstown, Md. He will play professional basket ball with the Elks of Hagers­ town. '17 Mr. Guile Lefever was chosen last fall as Principal of the Gettysburg High School at a substantial raise in salary. He succeeds W alter Reynolds who w‘as elected at Sunbury, Pa. ’18 Mr. Jo Hays is serving his third year as Principal of the High School at State College and at the same time has been taking graduate work at the college. Mr. Hays spent last sum­ mer in graduate work at Harvard. ’20 Miss M ary E. Fortna is teaching in Hopewell, N. J. ’22 Mr. Lester E. Croft is with the S. S. Kresge Company, at Williamsport, Pa. ’23 Miss: Marietta Houck is teaching at Webster, Pa. ’23 Miss Irene Seip is Secretary of the Cee Vee Nor Club organized at Allentown, Pa., by normal graduates. Through this organization normal people are able to keep in touch with their Alma Mater. ; ’23 Miss Margaret W alker is back at normal this year work­ ing for her A. B. degree. She taught in the Chambersburg schools for three years after graduating. ’23 Mr. H arvey A. W arfel formerly of H alifax, P a.,'is super­ vising principal of the Lincoln and Custer Buildings, Vandergrift,. Pa. He has twenty teachers and eight hundred pupils under him. ’24 Mr. W allis McKendree after attending Juniata College for two years after graduating at normal is now teaching in the Junior High in Camden, N. J. ’24 Miss Margaret Wetzel is teaching first grade in Carlisle, Pa. ’24; Mis£,.Effie Wynn is teaching third grade at Bellevoe, Pa. ’24 Mr. Bruce Naugle has been serving as Headquarters Clerk at Cam]) Meade for the third batallion of the Tw elfth Infantry. ’24 : ip is a Gail W e a g le y ip : teaching second'grade at Browns Mill Consolidated School near Greencastie, Pa. ’24 Miss M. May F ox is taking some correspondence work from the University of Chicago this winter along with her teach­ ing at Piketown, Pa. ’25 Mr. Herbert Sheetz is teaching ninth grade practical mathematics in the Roosevelt Junior High School Altoona, Pa. L a s t ,year he taught at Defiance, Pa., and during the; summer pursued advanced courses at Columbia. ’25 Mr. William McCullough is teaching in Hancock, Md. ’25 Mr. Arthur Filler is in the employ of the Continental 15 T he N ormal S chool H erald Publishing Company, with office at 1026 Cay Center Bldg., 121 N. H I W B S B H W I who I Principal of the Junior High School hi Shippensburg, P a , h a. recently moved ■ family from Mont Alto, Pa., to Shippensburg. ■ ’26 Miss Helen Neff is teaching fifth grade at Jeannette, P . ENGAGEMENT ANNOUNCEMENTS Mr H B W eaver announces the engagement of his 'daughter Catherine Guy.r, of Allentown, Pa. set for the wedding. Miss W eaver i ^ graduate of ^ BSard HBBB H B B i iMM I I S « S T o ” S n '1 Æ S Beistle is a graduate of the class of 20. H Island, N. m m CUPID’S COLUMN B elfatto-M an herz . In New Y ork City, 1926 Mr Alfonso Belfatto to Muss Mae E. Manherz. 1 H■ ■ Arthur L. Hanna to Miss Edna Hosick. M r | Hanna was a le a c h e r at the normal last year October 16 192*6, Mr. M yers -M entzer . A t Carlisle, Pa ° ctob^ ■ ! J was a Robert L. Myers to. Miss Evelyn H n i M B m B b H H m H i H - w both teaching Rural 'schools in Penn Township. I H R bv Rev. R eed-W ahrm a n . A t Allentown, Pa., June 29 , 19 ^ , | j H | H E. C. Wahrman, father of the bride, Mr. Jacob ( I M M ';.C. Martha Wahrman ’23. They reside at .737 % John ., B 8 W A t Hyndman, P a . M r. John Fluke to Miss Dorothy Rhinehart 'ad. They reside m n u B B Allen H. Klinger to Miss Carrie L. Eeidt 20. ■ I •*<9 l6 T he N ormal S chool H erald B a y arP-F erguson . A t Wilkinsburg, Pa., June, 1926, Mr. W alter S. Bayard to Miss Jean Ferguson ’23. They reside at 580 N avigation‘St., Beaver, Pa. A ndrews-H afer . A t Chambersburg, Pa., November 25, 1926, by Rev. Henry Anstadt, Rev. Elmer R. Andrews to Miss Helen H afer ’22. Rev. Andrews is a senior at L. V. C., and is also pastor of the U. B. Churches at Mont Alto and Quincy, Pa. They will be at home after March 1, at Mont Alto, Pa. T eel-C ope! A t the Falling Spring Presbyterian Church, Cham­ bersburg, Pa., October 2, 1926, by Rev. W . L. Mudge, Mr. Harold Teel to Miss Margaret Cope ’ 12. They reside in Bloomsburg, Pa., where Mr. Teel is practicing law. S m it h -S troup. In the Little Church Around the Corner, New Y ork City, December 27, Mr. Curtis L. Smith to Miss Anna Stroup ’ 17. They reside at 20 N. Harrisburg St., Steelton, Pa.; where Mr. Smith is engaged in the real estate business. Y oung-D avis . In the Grace Methodist Church, Harrisburg, Pa., by Dr. Robert Bagnell, Mr. Henry B. Young to Miss Marian L. Davis ’22. They reside at State College, Pa., where Mr. Young is instructor in the English Department and Mrs. Y o ung will enter as a student in February to work for her Bachelor of Arts degree. M organ-F rankhousjE. Dr. J. H. Morgan to Miss Meryl Fr'ankhduse 17, in New York City. They reside in 521 Merrimac St., Oakland, Calif. Mrs. Morgan is attending the Uni­ versity of California working for her B. A. degree. She taught for the past three years in the Junior High School at Miami, Fla. K l.o ck -S ixeas . A t' Mercersburg, Pa., Mr. Jesse J. Klock ’26, to Miss Sara C. Sixeas ’26. They reside in Shamokin, Pa. B owm An -W oods. A t Lemoyne, Pa., December 30, 1926', by Rev. J. T. Jenkins, Mr. Edgar E. Bowman ’09, to Miss-Esther R. Woods. They reside at Newvilie, Pa., where Mr. Bowman is owrier aiid editor of the Valley Times. STORK COLUMN SrAxhr.KR. A t h i N. Mayfield Ave., Chicago, 111., to Mr. and Mrs.' John Spangler a daughter, M ary Ellen. Mrs. Spangler was A lice M. Hays ’08. „ ^ Jacoky . A t Carlisle, Pa., October 15, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs. D C. Jacoby a son, Robert Beiider Jkfcoby. Mrs. Jacoby was Margarette Bender ’21. G ardner. A t Newburg, Pa., November 5, 1926, to Mr’ and Mrs. Bryce Gardner, a daughter. Mr. Gardner wa!s graduated in the class of ’ 151 H eberlig. A t Newburg, Pa;, Octbber 17, 1926, to'M r. and Mrs. T he N ormal S chool H erald 17 Frank Heberlig, I son. Mrs. Heberlig was Ruth Shuman 22. B arilla . A t Middletown, Pa., October 23, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs. Philip Barilla, a son. Mrs. Barilla was Maude Sheaffer T3. C ocklin . A t 41 Cricket Ave., Ardmore, Pa., to Mr. and Mrs. Warren Cocklin, a daughter, Adda Jane. Mrs. Cocklin was Minerva Adams formerly head of the music department at normal andi Mr. Cocklin was graduated in the class of ’ 17. ■ - I H il l . A t the Biltmore Hospital Asheville, N. C., April 22, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Hill a daughter, Doris Elizabeth. M-rsv Hill was Edythe Burtsfield',’225/ They reside at Leola, Pa., where Prof. Hill is principal of the H. S. A ngle . A t Ford, City, Pa.,^November 24, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Angle a daughter, Marian Jean. Mr. Angle was grad­ uated in the class of ’21. T M c C lure . A t the Polyclinic Hospital, Harrisburg, Pa., June 13, 1926, to Mr. and Mrs. Charles McClure, a daughter, Mary Jane. Mrs. McClure was Mary Conn ’08. She resides in East. Waterford, Pa. -.A', . C ockley . A t the Harrisburg Hospital December 12, 1926, born to Mr. and Mrs. Noah Cockley, a son. Mrs* Cockley was Ruth Reber ’ 19. They reside at 332. Hummel Ave., Lemoyne, Pa. 1 OBITUARY B urk Mrs, Hazel Stitt Burk ’23, died October 8, 1926. W e take the following from a Franklin County paper: Funeral services were held in the Upper Path Valley Presby­ terian Church on last Monday, at io:po, A. M., for Mrs. Hazel Hadessa Stitt Burk, Mrs. Burk was the primary teacher in the school here. She had entered upon her tenth year of work 111 the public school and was considered a very excellent teacher. Her influence in the school room has touched many of the young lives of our community. Her last work in the schoolroom was on September 30. On October 2, she was admitted to the Chambersburg Hospital and operated upon for appendicitis. She died on October 8. R eisinger Miss Nellie M. Reisinger ’ 19, died November 1, 1926. Miss Nellie Marie Reisinger T9, adopted daughter of Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Sheaffer, died Novem ber», at the home of Mrs. Dora Shull of:-Enola-,■ after a two-weeks illness of typhoid fever. Miss- Reisinger, after being graduated from the school, taught; one year in Tuscarora Township and for three years at Enola,; 18. T he N ormal .S chool . H erald after .which she was employed by the State Highway department at Harrisburg. ; Myers® J. Everette Myers ’86, died' November 16, 1926. In the act/of shooting at a skunk near the barn of his property near Y ork Springs in Adams Co., November 16, Everette Myers ’86,-fell to the ground with a heart attack and died a few minutes later. Serving as. superintendent of schools in McKean County fifteen years, Mr. Myers has .also taught in the schools of York Springs and Huntingdon township, Adams county. ' Since his *retirement, several years ago, he has been engaged in the poultry business. H ále M ary S. Hále ’83, died December 29, 1926. Miss Hále had been in failing health for the past six months with a complication of diseases;.. She taught for a number of years in the public schools o'f-Franklin and Cumberland Counties, and was active in church and civic work. DEVELOPING ATTITUDES AND IDEALS IN RURAL SCHOOLS W e are beginning to realize that, the attitudes, ideals, standards and appreciations which are gradually developed by the boys and girls of today asfithey engage in the various activities of the . school are the potent factors which will determine the characters of the men and women of tomorrow. Whether we desire it. or not, the boys and girls,.will and do develop attitudes and ideals, as a result o f their, reactions. The type of attitude or ideal or standard which is developed is largely determined by the environ­ ment to . which . the child responds and the way in which he responds. W e can best, develop, desirable social and ethical attitudes and standards' by placing boys and girls in social groups and giving them an opportunity to cooperate with -each other in solving problems; W e can best develop desirable ideals of the true, the noble, the beautiful, the right, justice, fair play, etc., b.y actually having boys and girls living, and working together in an enriched school environment which causes them to r.eact aiong these lineV in a purposeful way. W e can best develop appreciations of literature, music, art and nature by directing children along these, lines as these subjects are associated with the purposeful activities in which the children are engaged. T he N ormal S chool H erald 19 How may a teacher of eight grades in a one-teacher school with several children in each grade accomplish this task? Surely the opportunities of this teacher are very limited as compared with the teacher working in a consolidated school system. H ow­ ever no matter what the type of school, the boys and girls are developing attitudes, ideals, standards and appreciations regard, less of whether they are desirable or undesirable. It is the duty, of each teacher to recognize this fact and to study the problem carefully in order to make the most of the opportunities available for ?each child. Teachers of all types of children in every type of school will discover that while children are performing their various daily tasks, there are reactions made which when summed • up in the course of time represent an attitude— desirable or unundesirable. The attitude developed by means of the birch rod was undesirable „aud has long since been recognized as such When the task is pursued and completed as a result of interest in the true sense of the word, the child has developed a desirable attitude as an important part of the final product. When solving subject matter problenrs, the child may obtain correct results, but Uhe wise teacher will be concerned about the attitude of the worker. W hat was going through the mind of the worker as-; MSB necessity and desirability of performing the tasks? Do they leave him with a desire to continue with such work? Has his.attitude toward the subject, school and work improved? Hasj;. he a higher standard of workmanship and a finer sense of r e -sponsibility for the success of 'the group a ||a result of the activity?. Have the tasks and activities of today led the boys, and girls to desire more extensive work along these lines in the; future? Have the projects of the past month or the past year developed an attitude of interest along the various lines of work. Have the activities and experiences of school developed desirable latitu d es and ideals; and .standards in each child in relation to his fellow students and others? H as each child a higher ideal and a finer. (Spirit of service, as a .result o f hi/; work? Such, questions should be * constantly asked by every teacher when, checking on results of a unit of work and when planning new units of work. True, these results are different to evaluate and are difficult to direct but they are more important than the subject matter taught, and the rural boys and girls are entitled to a full share of guidance and development along these lines, ihis is a: forceful argument for consolidation wherever possible. N ora A. K ieffer , A . M. CLASS DISCUSSION AND SEATW ORK PROGRAM FOR ONE-TEACHER SCHOOLS. Submitted by Hannah A. Kieffer and Rural Co-workers. TIME ACTIVITY I D II 9 :00- 5 9 :05-10 9 :15-15 Bible Reading Prayer... Music................................ Reading m!n ' II s D $( “5 min. Silent Reading A Entire School...... Entire School...... Daily.............. ...... Group Instruction................. Group Instruction 9 :30-15 Arithmetic C........... Drill Daily Instructions as needed Arithmetic B .................. Drill Daily Instructions as needed Arithmetic A .................. Drill Daily Instructions as needed R ecess............. Reading D ...................... 5 min. Drill I 10 min. Instruction II Geography III 2 ............ Nature 1 His. and Giv.2 Combine Classes for 5 min. Drill Use 4o minutes for Directed Study at Seats or Group Instruction or Individual Help or follow Schedule Entire Group Instruction Divide time for D 9:45-15 10 :00-15 to o SUBJECT 10:15-15 10 :30-15 10 :45-l{> 11 :00-15 11 :15-15 11:30-15 11 :45 15 12 :00-60 Geography 4 B .............. Nature St. 1 III US C IV B V VI fil Seatwork Arithmetic A VII VIII Daily Directed Seatwork Reading Purposeful Read. Seatwork... Group or Ind. Instruction ... S.eatwork Arithmetic.... Seatwork Arithmetic Arithmetic Games................ Silent Reading..... Seatwork Arithmetic Instruction Blackboard W o r k ............. Seatwork Arithmetic Group on Playground—Gam . Group Instruction............ Seatwork Historv Geography. Nature Group Instruction Handwork, R ead in g ............ or Clinching Activities Directed Study ... Clinching Activities.............. instruction dr Group with IV & A Arithmetic D .......... !...... Daily Group........ Instruction............................... instruction Divide & Alternate periods Geography I V ................ Group Geog. Cla§s Ga,mes. Reading................... Hygiene 1 IV and B for 45 min. period or Arithmetic Geography A ................. Clay Moulding o r ....... Sand Table Work Eunch at Table or Desks S ocia l................... Wash Hands—One Hot Dish Dunch period Group Inst. 2 Creative Geography Work 2 History 2 Nature 1 Handwork Prep. Hi§tory Natui e St. Geography Geography and Hygiene Group or Individual Instruction Nature library Seatwork Geograph y ........... library Nature Group Instruction Handwork Geography, Agriculture Handwork Geography ....-§5 On . Nature Geography, Agricnlture lib ra ry 5 Instruction 5 Creative, nr T,ihrnry a Day—Organized Playgrou nd Activities Seatwork Geography, Agriculture Instruction TIME 12 :55- 5 1:00-20 1 :20-20 1 :40-20 2 :00-00 2 :20-25 2 :45-15 3 :00-15 3 :15-15 3 :30-15 3 :55-15 4 :00 Assemble School Group Instrùction Reading D .................... 10 min. I 10 min. II Classes inay be English Spelling 4 C. grouped 60 min Reading 1 for Directed Study English Spelling 4 B or Instruct Oral Reading 1 as needed Engiish Spelling 4 A.. Reading as needed Oral Reading 1 Test Stiidy Plan... Spelling 2———r— Two Groups......... Handwriting 2...... . 5 min. Review Upper G. 10 min.Instruct Primary 10 min. “ Upper One Group.. Art 1 Recess—Free Play Oral Expression 4.. (Inc. Hygiene; Art l l . ................. Reading C .............. bIH H Seatwork English . Seatwork English . Seatwork Spelling Instruction...... - ........... Seatwork E nglish. Seatwork English Dràmatization..... -......... Blackboard Arithmetic.. Seâtwork E nglish..... Instrùction.. Seatwork English Seatwork Spelling 5.. Seatwork Spelling- Instruction Hàndw ork....................... Instruct. Instruction.. Instruction.. Instruction.. Instruction- Instruction Instruction Instruction .. Insti uction.. Instruction Seatwork.. Benchwork H istory ................ S eatw ork............ History Civics Handwork Seatwork History Civics Instruction.......... Seatwork History 4 or Civics 4 Hygiehe 1 Instruction Päper Cutting 2 Instruction.......... Socialized Work.. m m - l t ^ m a BBBisGg VIII Separate Groups.. Seatwork Reading.. Group instrùction Instruction.. One Section Reading Instruct. Instruction,.................. Instruction-...----------Educational Games— Instruction or Alternate Socialise Directed Study or Socialized Reading Bendhwork Free Period............................. Classes may be 1 Handwork Grouped : W ork ........................ W ee Periodfor Directed Study History B .................. or Civics History  ........;....... or Civics Hygiene Dismissal_____ _ were^ccms^^edf =A M - VIÏ ACTIVITY SUBJECT represent number recitations per week. j n i c \ t H U i BawiBwIai — — u d T e h ■ History and Civics are alternated by years or by days. s Benchwork . Handwork In arranging this program a ir state requirements y St ori e^^f st ory. ^Chvi c' Virtue, Hygiene. Nature; Poem and Picture r m e e days^of0the" week, the individual and class words are taught H 9 -■ IB ■ — m^ j f l ■ «•*•»•* »**» B ■ >to ™ybefollo 22 , fe-'t T he N ormal S chool H erald BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RURAL REFERENCES (Partial) The following rural seniors: Dorothy M. Gelsinger, Florence :>¥. Horton, Mary Kimmel, Catherine D. Lay, Florence B. Wilson, .Esther S. Zepp, Ray H. Booz, Jesse W . Burkhartljcharles F. .¿Cook, W arren W . Crous§ John A. Frehn, Chester J. Griest, iM arlin Henninger, Frank O. Keister, Trafford Plasterer, Eugene H. l ’lessinger, ■ Earl R. Shank, William W . Shearer, H arry P. Weast, have reported on the different references as part of their reference reading for Rural School Efficiency, discussions under the leadership of Hannah A. Kieffer, faculty instructor. The list is submitted for the use of rural and city teachers in the 'field who are interested in Pennsylvania’s most difficult problem in" education. In 1912, when Misss^Kieffer was supervising principal of Drumore Township High School,,! she made a Survey of the ,diferent magazines read in the homes of the twenty-six high school PuP*|§y ShC; found that thirty-four different magazines were received, ranging from .Scribners to the Farm Journal, all of which were willingly loaned.-tijythe High School as needed. Rural .teachers in the field are urged to make a similar survey of their school community and coworkers in a. township as well as to use the library of the County "Superintendent, the Normal <-School Library and the State Circulating Library. See the Rural .Herald, October, 1924, for a suggestive list of magazines!- ; The following illustrates the type of summary as presented by Frank O. Keister to the class for discussion: The Helping |Teacher Plan in Maine bjr Florence M, Hale, State Rural Supervisor of Maine. National Association 1925: 567* * * ’ ■ ■ ■ The State of Maine annually appropriates a sum of money to carry on the helping teacher school” held each summer at Castile, Maine. Each superintendent may nominate a rurial teacher as helping teacher and send her to this school. The- state pays her expenses at school and also her traveling expenses. She must be a normal school graduate o.r equivalent, and have had two to five years experience in rural teaching. She must also have a good personality. If she does her helping teacher work satisfactorily, at the end of the next year she receives from the State a bonus of twenty-five percent of her regular yearly salary. The duties of the helping teacher a r e : She must make hers a Standard school. She must arrange her schedule so that she has 4 'school session on Saturday instead of Monday. T he N ormal S chool H erald 23 On Saturday the untrained teachers and any others, from that district who desire, may visit this school to observe it and receive ^OtT'M onday the helping teacher visits other schools and does What she can to improve them. She keeps a record of all w visit her and of all she visits; this record is submitted on request to her superintendent, and to the State Department of Education. The results of this plan has surpassed expectations in five ways : 1. An increase in the number ofc> trained teachers 111 rural SC200lrntroduction of better m ethods,of discipline in the small and pdbrly'paid rural schools.,. Increase in community activities. ' ' V 4. Greater understanding and respect for rural education, e Many helping teachers have become ambitious for more education'¡«spreading the idea of advanced summer -work for te AnCinteresting feature o f the helping teacher school -itself is that no outside: study is required but all of the work o f the day fc- carried out' along 'th.e plan of the socialized .recitation, round table discussion and as supervised study. ' The following references explain helpful ideas but space do not permit us to summarize each one: I ■ ■ ■ Rural School Demonstration in Indiana-Smith. N , E. Assor datiOR. 1924:515-20. 1 j TT Thirty-two State *Superintendents discuss rural education. A. Lathrop. School L ife 11 =125-7,-March ’26. — W alter H in e # Page, and Rural Education. School Life, 11:00-1, January ’26. . ■ ‘ _, I M ) . Rural School Music and County Supervision-., - Nat. Ed.: A sso ­ ciation 102? : s i2-20. . . r T JSchool and Public L i|faries in Small Communities of - Indiana. A. R.i&urry. School L ife 101138, Mar. ’25. D iifefen tatio n g f function in Rural Supervision. J. J. Tigert. School Life, 11:96, Jan. ’26. • ■ | , Administration and supervision I of rural schools under t e : county: unit' plan in Ohio. O. E. Pore. Nat. Educ.. Assn. 1925. 5 Rural School Athletics; abstract. N. Orem. Nat. Educ. Assn, 1924: 639-41. . . r ,, Demonstration Le'sons as an agency, m supervision. C. K. B O B El. Sch. journal. 26:619-26 April ’26. I■ ■ ' Helping Teacher plan in Maine, F. M B H ale. Nat. Educ. Assn. 1925:567. Same Cond. School and Society 22.297. ep . S’ How to raise the standards, o f county supervision through a research departMent, J." A; Baer. Nat Educ. A |||E I 924-693 24 T he N ormal S chool H erald A. ’ Rural : Experiment in Indiana; rural school supervision. 144:196, October 13, ’26. ' T-tio n . Outlook School and Society 23 ¡775, June I won’t be a hindrance to my children. American Maga­ zine 102:13-15, August ’26. . Decrease in One-room Rural Schools. School and Society 24 :26o- i , August 28, ’26. Rural Schools.; School and Society 24 ¡293-4, Sept. 4, ’26. Equal Educational Opportunities. National Education Association Journal 15 June, ’26. Aprd^’26 ^ Ura^ ^c^00^s' Sargant. Century 99:530 w R^ral Curnculum— Outstanding need in rural schools. F W. Dunn. School L ife 11-108-9, Febrtia|| ’26. Study of 260 School Consolidation. J. F. Abel. U. S. Bur. Educ. Bulletin 1925, 22:1-24. Vocational Guidance in Rural Life. W . C. Ryan. Ind A rts Mag. 14:229, June ’25. Thirty-two state Superintendents discuss rural education. School L ife 11:125-7, March ’26. Texas Educ.: Survey and Rural Schools, School and Society 22 ¡425, October 3, ’25. Significant phases in movement for equality of educational opportunity. J. J. Tigert. School L ife 10:152-4 April ’25 Rush Order for the Rural School. W. Burr. Independent 116-161-2, February 6, ’26. Rural Schools of the United States. School and Society 22: 744. December 12, ’25. Rural School Athletics by William M. M aLoy N E A Vol. 62-1924. . . .* '* • ‘ Consolidation of RuraLSchools % tional Magazine 44:521-33. F. L. Cardazo. Educa- Consolidation of Schools of the Mountains, Valleys and Plains of Colorado. C. G. Sargent, N. E. A. 1922. Consolidation. The Consolidation o f Rural Schools. E. A. 1922. Lee L. Driver N Consolidation, Superintendent and Administration of a County System of Schools. Agnes Sanmelson, N. E. A. page 299, February 22. Consolidation of Schools and Pupil Transportation. Leroy King. Annals of Am. Academy 116:69-80, November ’24. The Administration of Consolidated Rural High Schools. O. rl. Griest. School Review, Vol. 31, pp. 121. T he N ormal S chool H erald 25 B ig Schools-: for Little. F. W . Dunn. Woman . Citizen 9:10, January 10, 1925. Little Red School House Reincarnated. J. H. Butler. Education 47:149-54, November 26. School consolidation a gradual and spontaneous develop­ ment. L. ,S. Mills. School L ife 12 :56-6, November 26. A Comparative Study of Instruction in Consolidated and One-teacher Schools by Foote. N. E. A., Summer 1923 pp. . Achievem ents-of Typical Consolidated Schools for Rural) Social Service. T . Covert. School L ife M ¡92-3, January 26. Recent Data on Consolidation of Schools and Transporta­ tion of Pupils« J.-F. Abel. U. S. Bulletin, Bureau Ed. 1925. Improvement of teachers in service. W . S. Diffenbaugh. El. School Journal 25 :380-6, January ’25. 1.essons in the supervision of rural schools from -the Indiana experiment. H. Hughes. Nat. Educ. Assn. 1925:568-76. Rural School Achievement and Attendance. -C. H. Butler. School Review 33:450, June ’25. • Health Habits of Country Children. Lit. Digest 88:72-4, March 27, ’26. rT . .S H How shall opportunity f e equalized? W . C. Bagley. Na§g: Educ. Assn. Journal 13:315-16, December ’24. The community’s relation , to the ‘rural ,i'school. Normal Instructor and Primary Plans, 35 :28-89, April 1926. Rural L ife and Rural »Education, N. E. A, Journal, 15:107-9, April, 1926. . , A Rural Education Program for Pennsylvania. Pennsyl­ vania School Journal, December, 1926. Consolidation is Improving South Carolina SchooJ|| School L ife 1079, December 24. B. Subject Matter: Summary of reading investigations July 1, 1924, to June 30, 1925, by W . S, Gray. Bibliography in Elem. School Journal .26:449-59, 507-18, 662-73, February-May ’26. ; Test-study methods versus the study-test method in teach­ ing. spelling. L : ' R. Kilzer. ..•School Review 34:521^5,: Sep­ tember ’26. Hurdles in Spelling: Jilist of words having a fifty per cent, o.r more spelling difficulty for eighth pupil|| Nat. Educ. Assn. Journal 15 :r79-8o|june ’26. . Silent Reading Experiment in Rural and Village Schools; E. Bowry F.l. School Journal 26:42-9, September ’25,; : Supplementary device vs. intrinsic method of teaching reading. A. I. Gates*" El. Sch. Journal 25 775-786, June I25. Geography— Elementary Geography Objectives and Cur- 2Ó T he N ormal S chool H erald riculum. H. H. Barrows and .E . P. Parker. El. Sch. Jour. H K ||:493- 5°» March 25. Summary of Rome significant épiiclusiohs* .reached by inVvestigators- relative to Arithmetic.. "j. G. Brown. Bibl. Elem. Sch. Jour. 2 5 :346-57, January ’25. Summary of Arithmetic Investigation, 1925/ T. Buswell. Bibl.iOgr'aphy Elem. Sch. Jour/ 26:692-793; 745-58, May and ;f. J une ’26. Motivation, of Arithmetic., j j . M. Wilson. U. S. B u r e * ■ BÉuefjBul. 1925, 43:1-60. O bjective|gof Rural/EducatiOn. John J. Tigerti L®, S. - Com. Educ. Rural America, December, 1926. W rite to the Superintendent of Documents, Govt. Printing Office, W àshington/D. C., for Bulletin 1926, No. 17-104. Record of Current Educational Publications compiled by John D. Wolcott. ■ This pamphlet was received as our list was going to press. From Bureau of Education, Department of Interior, Washing­ ton, D .^ w g e t a recent, list of publications., . ty Send for a list of publication^ Department of Public Instruc­ tion, Harrisburg, Pa. RURAL GROUP SURVEY— SEPT. 1920-SEPT. 1926. CUMBERLAND VALLEY STATE NORMAL ALUMNI, RURAL ALUMNI The differentiateaflcurricula in the Normal Schools of PennJsylvaBa became effective September, R920. The.^term... “ rural schools.” •' was interpreted by some educators as meaning oneteacher and two-teacher schools, only. Hence, at the Cumberland/ Valley State Normal School the twenty seniors who elected the rural group were given an oppor­ tunity to work in one-teacher schools. Later two two-teacher schools were added. ® jf he Pennsylvania School Law, 1925, Section 105, states: “Each .school district having a population of less than five* thousand ..shall be a school district of the fourth cla!ss:f’ A ll fourth class districts are considered rural by /Some educators; while' others consider all schools in fourth class districts not under the direct supervision of ajporough school superintendent as rural. New Y ork State has set forty-five hundred population as the basis .of division. In Texas, all places with a*.school population of oyer fifajifhundred are relieved'pfrom the authority of the county ■ 'superintendent, who is primarily a rural school official. “The term ‘rural school' includes; all schools below the college grade found in areas of relatively||low density population. If T he N ormal S chool H erald 27 we define these areas on the basis of the standard of twenty-five hundred population used by the Federal Census to differentiate between rural and urban territory, we shall have a working concept sufficiently accurate for immediate purposes.” Rural School Administration, J. E. Butterworth, McMillan Co., 1926. ‘‘Where, the term ‘rural schools’ is used in this report it will be understood to include all schools located in district's bf the fourth class and townships which are school districts of the third class aS used in' Section 1406 of the School Code.” A Rural Education Program for Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania School Journal, Dec. ’26, pp. 226. When the Normal Schools become Teachers Colleges, it is to be hoped that the term “ rural education” will be used and that dif­ ferentiated training for the different types of rural schools will be offered. When this change takes place our students will no longer be confused as to which group to elect and the rural group will enroll many more students.' Ail. seniors" going into rural districts should study rural sociology and agriculture if they are to present their subject matter beginning with the experience of the children. The Rural Group known as Group IV , in the Cumberland Valley State Normal School has enrolled some of the strongest students in the school. The total number graduated from June, 1921, to June, 1926, inclusive was 145. The Survey made Decem­ ber, 1926, shows these 145 graduates at work as follow s: One-teacher Schools' . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64 pwo-teacher Schools .................................................. • • •'.................. 12 Consolidated and Rural Grades.............................................. . . •• 19 Principal Rural Elementary S c h o o l s . .................•;.. ■ • • • 3 Rural Supervision . . . . ...... ...................................................... Music, New Y ork University D egree...................... 1 Teacher Training, State College D e g r e e . . . . ....... 1 Elementary Schools, Township, Univ. Pittsburgh . Degree . . . . . . . . . ........................................ 1 Rural High School t e a c h e r s , . . . . . , . ............ ; ........... ..................: 3 Rural Minister ........ ........................................................................ 1 Total Number in Rural Field............ .. . 105 or 72.4 per cent. City Graded; Elementary S ch o o ls...................................................' 1 6 Principal City Elem. School...................................... ; 1 Business ....... . . . v . , ' .3 Foreign Missionary .................................. 1 Married, young women.......................................... 12 A t school 1926-1927,: ,. , . . . , ___, ___ __ ____. , . •> . , . . 7 . University P e n n s y l v a n i a , ............. 1 University California .................................. '............. 1 University Columbia. ................................................. 1 28 T he N ormal S chool H erald Also Headmaster of St. Thomas Choir School. , University Pittsburgh ........ Mont Alto Forestry School.......................... Dickinson College Irving College ........ ............. cent°tal ^ aCtiVMeS ° thCr than Rural Teaching 40 or 27.6 per 1 ht VC f l j f l the data t0 classify the married ladies as rural or urban home makers but I feel sure that the maTori y a rt ^ Wm - influence d H a-n n ah A . K ieffer , A. M. B k ecto r ° f Rural Education 19 2 0 - December 31, 1926. BETTER RURAL SCHOOLS MEAN A GREATER PENNSYLVANIA H a n n a h A . K ieffer , Director of Rural Education. ■ B H f l f l ■ effort f l made to list parents which would enable them to become better acquainted with their State Special references were given,on the taxation problem. P This; .year the writer shall quote various factllw h ich may aid m ra workers m the field in molding a more intelligem rurll n i r a is c h O o i ° mUSt aid “ There mhhh B page 225. B B bringin& about legislation for better class districts in the . State; about 1400 B BB BsSHIHB B * HIB B W ereI needbut y ■> ^ o new teachers a year 2800 rural teachers, would be needed yearly. Our Normal schools graduated 2675 June, 1926 Approxi m atdy three per Cent. 1o j these had special training fo r^ u ral schools, Research Department P. S. E. A, 1026 S We have 8,519 one-room elementary 'schools in the State with IS c h o o T S m a rS e ^ ^ BH BD IH »fHH H w Pennsylvania — I ;; Coy. Pmchot, .Educational «uryeysi .page 3 & : g / ■ ' Tenure is a problem that must be solved by the teaching protession and the. public working together. Business men say that BBR 1HBB B B IB B f l B H B H H i t plant that has 1 thirty per cent. turnover cannot be more-than seventy per •cenfgefficient. On-this basis, T he N ormal S chool H erald 29 mittee of, the P. S> E. A., and will you express your wishes to _!_HSH «at 4- TJon-ieKiircr ? your representative and1 senator Harrisburg? v(;:Some one has- said that ninety-two per cent of all the popu­ lation in the open country are the direct descendants- of t e pioneers of Pennsylvania. flH H H I “The rural schools are taught by teachers of the least amount of preparation, experience and maturity of age. These teachers receive the least- amount of salary per month and teach the least number of months giving them the least annual salary. • Statistics reveal that a relatively less number of rural children of the elementary schools complete the course in the elementary schools and enter high school.” A Rural Education Program for ^ Penn., B. S. E. A. Jour., D ecem ber’26. ’ Y et according to the Pennsylvania Bureau of Elections, 46.0 ot the voting population in Pennsylvania availed themselves of the opportunity to participate in a democratic form of government in November. Harrisburg Evening News Editorial, Dec. 29, 1926. Repeated studies have shown that earning power increases with education. Educated citizens should vote. “Uneducated laborers earn on the average $500 per year for forty years-, a total of $20,000. High School graduates earn on the average of $1,000 per year for forty years, a total of $40,000. . This education required 12 years-of school of 180 days each, a total of- 2,160 days in school. I f 2,160 d a p -a t school add $20,000 to the income for,-life, then each day ah'school adds $9.02«, * ? > * - ‘ ^ The child-that stays out of school to earn less than $9,02 a day is losing money, not making money.” National Education Asso­ ciation Research-Bulletin, pp. 94, Vol. I l l , No. 3, May, 1925. I t ' has been assumed that ¡farming is the occupation in which education counts least. Investigations conducted in farm states as Georgia, Indiana, Illinois,. Iowa, Wisconsin, Ohio, New York, Washington, and Maryland indicatelthat this assumption is un­ justified by the facts, m arn in g Power and Education, W orld’s Work, July 1923, pp. 245. The facts for Kansas given below are similar to those found in every ;isjate investigated: Education of Farmers ; ; Annual Earnings Common School .................................................................... $ 422.00 High School .........................................................■ ••••■ ......... 554.00 859.00 College Partial Course---1,452.00 Completed' College Course N. E. A. Bulletin Research Vol. I l l , No. 3, May, 1925. 30 T he N ormal S chool H erald The farm falls short of contributing its proportionate share of the Nation’s leaders. Each {,000,000 people born in rural sections, produced 233 notable men and women. Each i,000,000. people born in urban sections produced i.Jfei notable men and women in Whoig; "Who in 1923. The" Texas. Educational Survey showed city pupils superior p r rural children from twelve, to |tw entv ? per cent. School and* Society, V olt 22-19^5 pp. .425. “Agriculture is Am erica’s biggest industry. In term of invest­ ment it bulks ^ r g e r than all the country’s manufacturies, rail­ roads and mine's put together. Farms and farm property include one-fifth of our entire national wealth a’nd the products of agri­ culture make up half of the total .value of our . export, trade.. The purchasing power of agriculture fig enormous. Farmers and farm workers buy nearly ten billion dollars worth of goods ; ‘andEervic.es- produced by people off the farms. On the other hand -farming Supplies materials to other industries- upon which about one-half of our factory workers depend for their living, d he farmer who owned his farm during the five year period gfjFom 1920^1925,; had a return of 1.7'pircent. The great difficulty , with farming has bcen a lag between the upward curves of prices and costs, ; In other industries high costs of labor and materials has been more than offset by an almost incredible reduction in costs of manufacture effected through increased- efficiency and economics of large scale machine production. Farm labói costs -after decades of stability rose 45 per cent, between 1900 and 1910, and 1910-1920 had gone up 50 per cent" more. - Costf o^j materials, farm machinery, fertilizer, building and construction rose 40 -per cent, tp 19x0, and 100 per cent, more between i ? | J # 11 1920. Capital cost lor the farmer including ta^-gs.and interest, jumped 211 per cent, in the 5900-1920 period. The farmer had done little through increased technical efficiency to offset the burden of expense/ Since 1850/ the horse power ■ Which each farm, worker has^at his .disposal has doubled and ■fke “ aeffipgry he uses has increased nearly ten times, amount 01 food, stuffs ,produced per worker rose only 24 per cent, from 1880 to i9 io f and "in the following ten yeaf#|actUally declined;' thrpp. per cent. In manufacturing the output per worker was increased stbout 43 per cent, between 1919 and 1924, The average Automobile worker mow produces 400 per cent, more in a day than he did ten years ago. In reduction of wastes and duplications and inefficiencies of distribution, the farm industry has been backward. While the cost o f production on the American farm went-up 175 per cent. T he N ormal S chool H erald 31 from 1900. to 1923, the wholesale prices; of farm products during that period’went up a bare too per cent,. ■ . >; The farm industry apart from the big cooperative organiza­ tions, has just thrown the products wildly at a market it not know anything about and had not attempted to influence. The prices for 80 per cent, of American farm output— cotton, wheat, corn, tobacco, hogs, and cattle are subject to a world market in which American exports are dominant for only T w o; cotton anti;tobacco.; The surplus question iS;a matter of inter­ national competition as well as domestic production and sales. The Farm Issue moves toward a Climax. Evans Clark, New York Times, Januaryg, 1926. . _ A constructive suggestion comes from the article, New Chem­ istry solves, Farm Problems;:’ by Wm. H t .Hale, Dearborn Inde­ pendent, October 2, 1926: , j “ In the past the organic chemical manufacturers have drawn mainly for their raw produets from coal, coal tar, natural gaS and wood distillates. . . t, . », ■ . ' ■: , ■As the chemists become acquainted with the carbohydrates,-.. there need be no fear but that they shall absorb the entire supply. The time is not far away when the feeding of corn to hogs will be classed with that unholy act o f feeding raw bituminous-coal to a furnace for heat. . ■ . Agriculture -supply centres o fa g r i-c e n tre s- will call for a , grouping .of farms. Men of talent 'and scientific training g|all ¿lirect the researches,, economics and?.|inances necessary for suecessful farming. The farmer is primarily a manufacturer of carbohydrates and » h at, particular form known as cellulose which comprises the large portion of his, forest and the waste' from grains will go directly from nature into: the.manufacturing establishments.Cotton for example consists of 96 to 97 per cent, pure cellulose;: and brings a price of eighteen cents a pound. Norway Spruce when-subjected to special treatment is delivered today as a 94 to. 95 pet cent, pure' cellulose at a price of. five and one-half ‘cents a pound. .From thefipruce ffibrelghe. best of artificial .' .silk can be made.” Pennsylvania is a leading state in manufacturing and possessed of fine farm s. . It hasi.jan industrial and agricultural population capable of being educated to lead the nation in both industries but better rural schools must be made possible by; the concerted action of - urban aiid rural leaders,. A rural civilization, not a peasant population should be built upon the fertile soil of Penn­ sylvania. Dr. Qfis Caldwell of the Lincoln Experimental School in an address before the Pennsylvania State - Teachers Association recommended as minimum for every child in the Commonwealth 32 T he N ormal S chool H erald the nine year curriculum based on three years as Primary, three years as Intermediate and three years as Junior High, in ad­ dition a diffentiated secondary education for all those who could “. arrange for it. Dr. J. J. Tigert, U. S: Commissioner of Education says that the' farm youth will be best qualified for citizenship through an educational process that' gives him the mastery of the tools of learning, a knowledge of his true relation to the various groups which make up the world social order and a knowledge o f the interdependence of social and occupational groups; a knowledge of the real possibilities and requirements in the major groups of occupations through which men serve and gain a livelihood, and an opportunity’'to test hi#:ability and: congeniality for char­ acteristic tasks in these occupations»; freedom to choose his field of service and opportunity for efficient training through a school curriculum that specifically relates to his chosen field of service; knowledge that functions in physical efficiency and habits that conserve health; moral courage that comes of understandingphysical vigor and a feeling of self reliance that comes through guidance that successful mastery of problems becomes habitual. Restrict him through inferior training, through a prematurely specialized training, through a distortion of the ¡facts of life in our social order and you deny him individual opportunity to achieve, you make him suspicious through ignorance, you make him discontented and therefore a potential social danger, and you deny to the nation, with no gain to the group into which he happened to be born, a portion of the genius to which it had first claim. Deny him these things through inequality of edu­ cational opportunity and you pervert the institution we have set up as. an agency of democracy to the uses of suppression of individual freedom. Rural America, December 1926, pp. 9. I trust every teacher reading these quotations will then turn to the Rural Education Program for Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania School -Journal, December,pigae,, and. study it with care. A ct! A c t ! A ct in the interest of better rural ■ schools- and a greater Pennsylvania. RURAL SCHOOL COMMUNITY HISTORY FILE I 927 seniors discussed this project at length in class. The discussion was ¡summarized by Earl R. Shank and submitted for the benefit of rural teachers who may be interested* in a similar project. One o f the most educative and interesting ' activities for the children of the different types of rural schools is the assembling of a community history file. Rural Pennsylvania has a wealth of T he N ormal S chool H erald 33 information which" will be lost to future generations if data i | | •not gathered in a scientific way and filed. Among the headings for a community history file the following are suggestive: Theistory- of Indian life in the community. Thè eatly settlers: nationality, reasons for coming, methods for settlement, claims of land, etc. . . . . Copies'can be made of deeds, legends and stones of com­ munity life, (always: give reference and date of reference o f ’ original copy). . History of the school, the church and different community organizations: . History of local industries, if any exist. . ■ , Copies! of maps' of the community can be made to show H farming and forested areas at different periods, etc. Kodak pictures of historical places, fine old buildings, pumps,,.; mills, old doorways, etc. ; samplers,' china, furniture records. Kodak pictures of old residents who give any data should ac­ company their manuscript, providing they consent to the Old books, records and furniture found in the different homes with the consent of the owners; a list should be made and filed, so they will be available for research work with the consent of the owner. Other topics' and heading may be included as the children and teachers develop the project. W ho should assemble thi| material ? The project belongs- in the fifth year work in history and when once you catch the Spirit and vision of the project, you are apt to be a devotee for life. The upper grades will always assist and help to get- the endorse­ ment of the entire community. Children- will get acquainted with the fine antiques- and prevent ; their being sacrificed to antique collectors; The relics of the Pennsylvania pioneers should be kept in the homes of their descendants and appreciated and preserved by them. ;. A ,I w C The project or unit of work is purposeful and will motivate the local history subject matter which the children are- expected to acquire. Attitudes, appreciation and- skills will be developed as they use private, local and .State libVariefe in“ a scientific way (reference and date of reference b S th 'o f the1 original and thè party making the report are essential). . . . Duplicate files for the county superintendent's' office and the Rural Department of State Normal'School would be a very worthy contribution’ t’O-'thè files of both places:- and- a- real aid to the edu­ cational progress^of the community itself. Why* should these- community files' be started?_ Research workers find- it very' difficult t

,. ........................ Supervisor Health; Education Harriet Tooke, Mus,ip B ........................................S u p e rv iso r Music Mary A. Votfk, M. A ,...................... Supervisor Reading Edna Stamy Fox, Bi ; S . . . . . . . . Supervisor W riting and Geography