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BLOOMSBURG STATE COLLEGE
Bloomsburg
Pennsylvania
ANTHROPOLOGY NEWSLETTER
Vol. 7, No. 1
September 1982
Department of Philosophy/Anthropology
Welcome
faculty
We hope
changes
back to BSC and the Anthropology Newsletter. The anthropology
is looking forward to this year as a year of growth and rejuvenation.
that you will enjoy and benefit from this school year and fro r ...he
you will be seeing in our program.
The first change .... Meet our new faculty member, Dr. Gary Feinman, formerly
of Arizone State University. Gary is an archaeologist, currently specializing
in regional analysis of data from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Gary has dn
undergraduate degree from Michigan; he obtained his Ph.D. from CUNY in 1980.
He has been involved in field research in Missouri, Georgia, Tennessee, and
Arizona in addition to Mexico. He has published papers in The Journal of Field
Archaeology and American Antiquity and has co-authored a book entitled Ancient
Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. .He has also presented
numerous papers at conferences; he will be co-presenting a paper at the national
. meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Washington, D.C. in
December. Gary's credentials as a scholar are indeed excellent.
Gary also comes to us with an excellent reputation as an instructor. His
classes at ASU were large; his student evaluations were enthusiastic; and faculty
recommendations were unanimous in their praise of him as a teacher. This
semester, he will be teaching two sections of 46.100, a section of 46.200, and
46.301, Field Archaeology. He will soon be submitting proposals for several new
courses in anthropology, including a World Prehistory course, a principles of
archaeology course, and a series course called the Archaeology of Selected Areas,
which will be available for multiple credit. He also hopes to revive the long
moribund Cultural Dynamics course and to introduce an Economic Anthropology course.
The latter course would deal with tribal and peasant exchange systems as well as
the economic problems of third world nations. Hopefully, he will be able to
shift the field archaeology course into a summer offering.
Gary's wife, Linda, also has an undergraduate degree in anthropology (from
Montana) and a Master's degree in archaeology from ASU. Together they are a
formidable team. Gary and Linda have been in Bloomsburg since the end of June,
so they have become well acquainted with Northeast Pennsylvania. They seem
happy with life here, and we hope they will continue to be pleased with BSC and
the surrounding area. And, oh, if you'd like to start a conversation with Gary,
bring up the Mets or the Jets.
Changes to come •... The anthropology curriculum will be taking on a new look
this year. 46.100 has already been relabeled Principles of Physical Anthropology,
a title which much more accurately reflects the content of that course than
General Anthropology. Several other courses currently on the books will be
dropped and others will be relabeled or renumbered in accordance with new college
guidelines. Prerequisites will be added or changed for several courses, too.
In the future, an additional physical anthropology course will be added as well.
The catalog selections next year should look very different.
2
The Anthropologist's Cookbook. This recipe is adapted from an article by Joyce
Westrip in the Proceedings of the 1981 Oxford Symposium on National & Regional
Styles of Cookery. Westrip tells how the Parsees or Zoroastrians took their
foods to India from Persia where those foods now enjoy widespread popularity and
have been adapted to the cuisines of various ethnic groups. The recipe is called
Akoorie or Parsee-style scrambled eggs. This recipe is dedicated to Bob Reeder,
who has a special spot in his heart for scrambled eggs.
2 tblsps butter
2 tblsps oil
6 medium onions, peeled &
sliced
4 coriander sprigs, chopped
8 fresh green chilies, chopped
3 medium tomatoes, diced
2 inch piece fresh ginger,
peeled & finely chopped
1 dozen eggs
3 tblsps milk
salt
Heat the butter and oil in a skillet. Then saute the onion slices until golden
brown. Remove and drain one-third of the onion. Remove skillet from heat. To
the remaining onion add three-quarters of the coriander, the chopped chilies,
two-thirds of the diced tomatoes, and the ginger. Beat the eggs lightly with
the salt and milk in a bowl. Then add to the onion mixture in the skillet and
cook over low heat, stirring constantly until scrambled. Transfer to a serving
platter immediately, garnish with reserved onion, tomato, and coriander.
Makes 6 - 8 servings.
What hath night to do with sleep? For 98% of the time humans have been on earth,
they have lived as hunters and gatherers. The modern industrial world is a very
recent phenomenon. Many of our physiological responses to the world are, therefore a product of the hunting and gathering way of life - and may be inappropriate
to modern existence. For instance, the immune response protected the hunter from
wounds and infections, but works against the surgeon's boldness in transplanting
vital organs. Another example is sleep patterns. There is evidence that the
body's internal clocks are set for nighttime sleep. But one-fifth of all American
workers now have nocturnal jobs, either continuously or on a rotating basis.
World War II seems to be to blame since the then unending demand for more equipment for war led to the widespread introduction of shift work in armament factories.
Since then we have as a society increasingly come to ignore the day-night cycle
of the natural world around us. Concurrently we have the jet airplane which can
whisk us across multiple time zones and confront our bodies with daylight when it
ought to be night.
·
(A recent survey has shown that there are 4.9 million TV sets turned on between
2:00 and 5:00 AM, one reason why many stations are turning to 24-hour broadcasting.)
According to physiologist Martin Moore-Ede, author of The Clocks That Time Us:
Physiology of the Circadian Timing System, we carry within us models of the earth's
rotation and the day-night cycle under which our species evolved. Internal
circadian, or approximately 24 hour, pacemakers lie within our brains precisely
scheduling our physiology and behavior in synchony with the day-night schedule.
Two major pacemakers seem to be responsible for the timing of sleep. One lies
within the suprachiasmatic nuclei, a pair of small (less than 1mm) clusters of
ten thousand nerve cells that lie in the hypothalamus just above the optic
chiasm, the place where the optic nerves cross over on their way back from the
eyes to the visual cortices of the brain. In the absence of external time cues,
3
this pacemaker tends to have a period of about 25 hours, but under normal
conditions it is reset by about an hour each day by the light-dark cycle via
a specialized bundle of nerves (the retina-hypothalamic tract) passing back
from the eyes. The other pacemaker, which Moore-Ede calls X since its exact
location is not known, accounts for the rhythms, such as body temperature
and plasma cortisol levels, that persist even in the absence of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. X has its own natural periodicity, longer than 24 hours, but
somewhat shorter than that of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Together these
two circadian pacemakers determine the timing and duration of sleep. The
suprachiasmatic nuclei play a key role in the consolidation of sleep
~o a
single episode initiated at a regular time of day. The X pacemaker ap~ ~ars
to be particularly responsible for arousal from sleep and thus is important
in determining the duration of sleep once it is initiated. This circadian
rhythm is hard to budge from its natural periodicity and timing.
For the transatlantic vacationer time changes which upset the circadian
rhythms are a nuisance. For the shift worker who has a rotating work schedule
between night and day, sleep pattern changes lead to multiple problems.
Fully 80% of such workers report problems with insomnia, fatigue, and malaise a chronic fate for those who run the industrial plants, emergency and security
services, and all the other enterprises we take for granted 24 hours a day.
Moore-Ede says that while a direct relationship cannot be proved, the Three
Mile Island nuclear power plant accident occurred at 4:00 AM with a crew that
had just rotated on to the night schedule. This is at the minimum point of
the daily cycle of alertness, when errors of omission and slowness to responding
to warning signals are most likely to occur.
Museum Notes: Until October 6 the American Museum of Natural History in New
York is featuring a display of items recently excavated at the site of the
Great Temple - Temple Mayor - of the Aztecs in Mexico City. The temple was
begun in 1325 AD and was the dominant structure in the Aztec capital,
Tenochtitlan. The temple was razed by the Spaniards in the early 16th century.
The actual site of the temple was forgotten as modern Mexico City was built
up over the Aztec center, though it was generally agreed that the Cathedral
of Mexico was built on top of the "pagan" ruin. Then in 1978 electrical
workers digging pits for electrical transformers near the Cathedral found a
huge oval stone monument with a relief carving of Coyolxauhqui, an important
figure in the Aztec panoply of deities. Subsequent excavations have revealed
numerous artifacts and the foundations of the temple.
On September 25 the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania is
featuring a day long series of lectures and discussions led by the curators
of the museum, each of whom will speak on his or her research interests.
Subjects will range from ancient China to modern radiography, from trade routes
to early cities. Four behind-the-scenes tours will be made available to give
a glimpse of the museum not ordinarily open to the public. Registration for
the program is $22.
Help! We could use volunteers to provide articles, reviews, and ideas to
the Anthropology Newsletter. If you have any ideas, please contact Dave
Minderhout in 219 BCH. Also, if you would like to be added to the mailing
list, contact Dave.
Office Hours:
Gary Feinman, 9-12 MWF (Boyer Garage)
Dave Minderhout, MTWTF 11, MW at 1 (219 BCH)
Bob Reeder, MTWF at 11, 5:30 to 6:30 PM W (219 BCH)
Bloomsburg
Pennsylvania
ANTHROPOLOGY NEWSLETTER
Vol. 7, No. 1
September 1982
Department of Philosophy/Anthropology
Welcome
faculty
We hope
changes
back to BSC and the Anthropology Newsletter. The anthropology
is looking forward to this year as a year of growth and rejuvenation.
that you will enjoy and benefit from this school year and fro r ...he
you will be seeing in our program.
The first change .... Meet our new faculty member, Dr. Gary Feinman, formerly
of Arizone State University. Gary is an archaeologist, currently specializing
in regional analysis of data from the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Gary has dn
undergraduate degree from Michigan; he obtained his Ph.D. from CUNY in 1980.
He has been involved in field research in Missouri, Georgia, Tennessee, and
Arizona in addition to Mexico. He has published papers in The Journal of Field
Archaeology and American Antiquity and has co-authored a book entitled Ancient
Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. .He has also presented
numerous papers at conferences; he will be co-presenting a paper at the national
. meeting of the American Anthropological Association in Washington, D.C. in
December. Gary's credentials as a scholar are indeed excellent.
Gary also comes to us with an excellent reputation as an instructor. His
classes at ASU were large; his student evaluations were enthusiastic; and faculty
recommendations were unanimous in their praise of him as a teacher. This
semester, he will be teaching two sections of 46.100, a section of 46.200, and
46.301, Field Archaeology. He will soon be submitting proposals for several new
courses in anthropology, including a World Prehistory course, a principles of
archaeology course, and a series course called the Archaeology of Selected Areas,
which will be available for multiple credit. He also hopes to revive the long
moribund Cultural Dynamics course and to introduce an Economic Anthropology course.
The latter course would deal with tribal and peasant exchange systems as well as
the economic problems of third world nations. Hopefully, he will be able to
shift the field archaeology course into a summer offering.
Gary's wife, Linda, also has an undergraduate degree in anthropology (from
Montana) and a Master's degree in archaeology from ASU. Together they are a
formidable team. Gary and Linda have been in Bloomsburg since the end of June,
so they have become well acquainted with Northeast Pennsylvania. They seem
happy with life here, and we hope they will continue to be pleased with BSC and
the surrounding area. And, oh, if you'd like to start a conversation with Gary,
bring up the Mets or the Jets.
Changes to come •... The anthropology curriculum will be taking on a new look
this year. 46.100 has already been relabeled Principles of Physical Anthropology,
a title which much more accurately reflects the content of that course than
General Anthropology. Several other courses currently on the books will be
dropped and others will be relabeled or renumbered in accordance with new college
guidelines. Prerequisites will be added or changed for several courses, too.
In the future, an additional physical anthropology course will be added as well.
The catalog selections next year should look very different.
2
The Anthropologist's Cookbook. This recipe is adapted from an article by Joyce
Westrip in the Proceedings of the 1981 Oxford Symposium on National & Regional
Styles of Cookery. Westrip tells how the Parsees or Zoroastrians took their
foods to India from Persia where those foods now enjoy widespread popularity and
have been adapted to the cuisines of various ethnic groups. The recipe is called
Akoorie or Parsee-style scrambled eggs. This recipe is dedicated to Bob Reeder,
who has a special spot in his heart for scrambled eggs.
2 tblsps butter
2 tblsps oil
6 medium onions, peeled &
sliced
4 coriander sprigs, chopped
8 fresh green chilies, chopped
3 medium tomatoes, diced
2 inch piece fresh ginger,
peeled & finely chopped
1 dozen eggs
3 tblsps milk
salt
Heat the butter and oil in a skillet. Then saute the onion slices until golden
brown. Remove and drain one-third of the onion. Remove skillet from heat. To
the remaining onion add three-quarters of the coriander, the chopped chilies,
two-thirds of the diced tomatoes, and the ginger. Beat the eggs lightly with
the salt and milk in a bowl. Then add to the onion mixture in the skillet and
cook over low heat, stirring constantly until scrambled. Transfer to a serving
platter immediately, garnish with reserved onion, tomato, and coriander.
Makes 6 - 8 servings.
What hath night to do with sleep? For 98% of the time humans have been on earth,
they have lived as hunters and gatherers. The modern industrial world is a very
recent phenomenon. Many of our physiological responses to the world are, therefore a product of the hunting and gathering way of life - and may be inappropriate
to modern existence. For instance, the immune response protected the hunter from
wounds and infections, but works against the surgeon's boldness in transplanting
vital organs. Another example is sleep patterns. There is evidence that the
body's internal clocks are set for nighttime sleep. But one-fifth of all American
workers now have nocturnal jobs, either continuously or on a rotating basis.
World War II seems to be to blame since the then unending demand for more equipment for war led to the widespread introduction of shift work in armament factories.
Since then we have as a society increasingly come to ignore the day-night cycle
of the natural world around us. Concurrently we have the jet airplane which can
whisk us across multiple time zones and confront our bodies with daylight when it
ought to be night.
·
(A recent survey has shown that there are 4.9 million TV sets turned on between
2:00 and 5:00 AM, one reason why many stations are turning to 24-hour broadcasting.)
According to physiologist Martin Moore-Ede, author of The Clocks That Time Us:
Physiology of the Circadian Timing System, we carry within us models of the earth's
rotation and the day-night cycle under which our species evolved. Internal
circadian, or approximately 24 hour, pacemakers lie within our brains precisely
scheduling our physiology and behavior in synchony with the day-night schedule.
Two major pacemakers seem to be responsible for the timing of sleep. One lies
within the suprachiasmatic nuclei, a pair of small (less than 1mm) clusters of
ten thousand nerve cells that lie in the hypothalamus just above the optic
chiasm, the place where the optic nerves cross over on their way back from the
eyes to the visual cortices of the brain. In the absence of external time cues,
3
this pacemaker tends to have a period of about 25 hours, but under normal
conditions it is reset by about an hour each day by the light-dark cycle via
a specialized bundle of nerves (the retina-hypothalamic tract) passing back
from the eyes. The other pacemaker, which Moore-Ede calls X since its exact
location is not known, accounts for the rhythms, such as body temperature
and plasma cortisol levels, that persist even in the absence of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. X has its own natural periodicity, longer than 24 hours, but
somewhat shorter than that of the suprachiasmatic nuclei. Together these
two circadian pacemakers determine the timing and duration of sleep. The
suprachiasmatic nuclei play a key role in the consolidation of sleep
~o a
single episode initiated at a regular time of day. The X pacemaker ap~ ~ars
to be particularly responsible for arousal from sleep and thus is important
in determining the duration of sleep once it is initiated. This circadian
rhythm is hard to budge from its natural periodicity and timing.
For the transatlantic vacationer time changes which upset the circadian
rhythms are a nuisance. For the shift worker who has a rotating work schedule
between night and day, sleep pattern changes lead to multiple problems.
Fully 80% of such workers report problems with insomnia, fatigue, and malaise a chronic fate for those who run the industrial plants, emergency and security
services, and all the other enterprises we take for granted 24 hours a day.
Moore-Ede says that while a direct relationship cannot be proved, the Three
Mile Island nuclear power plant accident occurred at 4:00 AM with a crew that
had just rotated on to the night schedule. This is at the minimum point of
the daily cycle of alertness, when errors of omission and slowness to responding
to warning signals are most likely to occur.
Museum Notes: Until October 6 the American Museum of Natural History in New
York is featuring a display of items recently excavated at the site of the
Great Temple - Temple Mayor - of the Aztecs in Mexico City. The temple was
begun in 1325 AD and was the dominant structure in the Aztec capital,
Tenochtitlan. The temple was razed by the Spaniards in the early 16th century.
The actual site of the temple was forgotten as modern Mexico City was built
up over the Aztec center, though it was generally agreed that the Cathedral
of Mexico was built on top of the "pagan" ruin. Then in 1978 electrical
workers digging pits for electrical transformers near the Cathedral found a
huge oval stone monument with a relief carving of Coyolxauhqui, an important
figure in the Aztec panoply of deities. Subsequent excavations have revealed
numerous artifacts and the foundations of the temple.
On September 25 the University Museum at the University of Pennsylvania is
featuring a day long series of lectures and discussions led by the curators
of the museum, each of whom will speak on his or her research interests.
Subjects will range from ancient China to modern radiography, from trade routes
to early cities. Four behind-the-scenes tours will be made available to give
a glimpse of the museum not ordinarily open to the public. Registration for
the program is $22.
Help! We could use volunteers to provide articles, reviews, and ideas to
the Anthropology Newsletter. If you have any ideas, please contact Dave
Minderhout in 219 BCH. Also, if you would like to be added to the mailing
list, contact Dave.
Office Hours:
Gary Feinman, 9-12 MWF (Boyer Garage)
Dave Minderhout, MTWTF 11, MW at 1 (219 BCH)
Bob Reeder, MTWF at 11, 5:30 to 6:30 PM W (219 BCH)
Media of