10,180

2012 Survey

Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Association of Research Libraries / Texas A&M University
www.libqual.org

2012 Survey

Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Contributors
Colleen Cook
McGill University

David Green
Association of Research Libraries

Fred Heath
University of Texas

Martha Kyrillidou
Association of Research Libraries

Bruce Thompson
Texas A&M University

Gary Roebuck
Association of Research Libraries

Association of Research Libraries / Texas A&M University
www.libqual.org

Association of Research Libraries
21 Dupont Circle, Suite 800
Washington, DC 20036
Phone 202-296-2296
Fax 202-872-0884
http://www.libqual.org
Copyright © 2012 Association of Research Libraries

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

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1

Introduction
1.1

Acknowledgements
This notebook contains information from the 2012 administration of the LibQUAL+® protocol. The material on the
following pages is drawn from the analysis of responses from the participating institutions collected in 2012.
The LibQUAL+® project requires the skills of a dedicated group. We would like to thank several members of the
LibQUAL+® team for their key roles in the development of this service. From Texas A&M University, the
qualitative leadership of Yvonna Lincoln has been key to the project's integrity. The behind-the-scenes roles of Bill
Chollet and others from the library Systems and Training units were also formative in the early years. From the
Association of Research Libraries, we are appreciative of the past contributions of Consuella Askew, MaShana
Davis, Richard Groves, Kaylyn Groves, Amy Hoseth, Kristina Justh, Mary Jackson, Jonathan Sousa, and Benny Yu.
A New Measures initiative of this scope is possible only as the collaborative effort of many libraries. To the
directors and liaisons at all participating libraries goes the largest measure of gratitude. Without your commitment,
the development of LibQUAL+® would not have been possible. We would like to extend a special thank you to all
administrators at the participating consortia and libraries that are making this project happen effectively across
various institutions.
We would like to acknowledge the role of the Fund for the Improvement of Post-secondary Education (FIPSE), U.S.
Department of Education, which provided grant funds of $498,368 over a three-year period (2001-03). We would
also like to acknowledge the support of the National Science Foundation (NSF) for its grant of $245,737 over a
three-year period (2002-04) to adapt the LibQUAL+® instrument for use in the science, math, engineering, and
technology education digital library community, a project known as DigiQUAL. We would like to express our
thanks for the financial support that has enabled the researchers engaged in this project to exceed all of our
expectations in stated goals and objectives and deliver a remarkable assessment tool to the library community.

Colleen Cook
McGill University

David Green
Association of Research Libraries

Fred Heath
University of Texas

Martha Kyrillidou
Association of Research Libraries

Bruce Thompson
Texas A&M University

Gary Roebuck
Association of Research Libraries

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

1.2

LibQUAL+®: A Project from StatsQUAL®
I would personally like to say a word about the development of LibQUAL+® over the last few years and to thank
the people that have been involved in this effort. LibQUAL+® would not have been possible without the many
people who have offered their time and constructive feedback over the years for the cause of improving library
services. In a sense, LibQUAL+® has built three kinds of partnerships: one between ARL and Texas A&M
University, a second one among the participating libraries and their staff, and a third one comprising the thousands
of users who have provided their valuable survey responses over the years.
LibQUAL+® was initiated in 2000 as an experimental project for benchmarking perceptions of library service
quality across 13 ARL libraries under the leadership of Fred Heath and Colleen Cook, then both at Texas A&M
University Libraries. It matured quickly into a standard assessment tool that has been applied at more than 1,000
libraries. Through 2010, we have had 1,492 surveys implemented in over 20 countries, 20 language translations,
and well over 1 million surveys. About 40% of the users who respond to the survey provide rich comments about
the ways they use their libraries.
There have been numerous advancements over the years. In 2005, libraries were able to conduct LibQUAL+® over
a two session period (Session I: January to May and Session II: July to December). The LibQUAL+® servers were
moved from Texas A&M University to an external hosting facility under the ARL brand known as StatsQUAL®.
Through the StatsQUAL® gateway we will continue to provide innovative tools for libraries to assess and manage
their environments in the coming years. In 2006, we added an experimental version of the LibQUAL+® Analytics
(for more information, see Section 1.6). Between 2007 and 2010 we incorporated additional languages including
non-roman languages like Chinese, Greek, Hebrew, and Japanese.
In 2008, we started experimenting with a new technology platform that incorporates many desired enhancements
and tested a shorter version of the LibQUAL+® survey known as LibQUAL+® Lite. In 2010, we launched the new
platform in our operational environment after researching extensively the LibQUAL+® Lite behavior [see:
Kyrillidou, M. (2009). Item Sampling in Service Quality Assessment Surveys to Improve Rates and Reduce
Respondent Burden: The 'LibQUAL+® Lite' Randomized ControlTrial (RCT) (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved
from ].
In 2010, we introduced a participation fee that rewards systematic periodic participation in LibQUAL+® in a way
that the implementation fee gets reduced when a library implements the protocol on an annual or biennial basis. In
2011, we introduced a Membership Subscription fee to support access to the data repository for those years that
libraries do not implement a survey and for future enhancement of LibQUAL+® Analytics.
LibQUAL+® findings have engaged thousands of librarians in discussions with colleagues and ARL on what these
findings mean for local libraries, for their regions, and for the future of libraries across the globe. Consortia have
supported their members’ participation in LibQUAL+® in order to offer an informed understanding of the changes
occurring in their shared environment. Summary highlights have been published on an annual basis showcasing the
rich array of information available through LibQUAL+®:
LibQUAL+® 2011 Survey Highlights


LibQUAL+® 2010 Survey Highlights


LibQUAL+® 2009 Survey Highlights


LibQUAL+® 2008 Survey Highlights


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LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

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LibQUAL+® 2007 Survey Highlights


LibQUAL+® 2006 Survey Highlights

LibQUAL+® 2005 Survey Highlights

LibQUAL+® 2004 Survey Highlights

LibQUAL+® 2003 Survey Highlights

Summary published reports have also been made available:


The socio-economic and technological changes that are taking place around us are affecting the ways users interact
with libraries. We used to think that libraries could provide reliable and reasonably complete access to published
and scholarly output, yet we now know from LibQUAL+® that users have an insatiable appetite for content. No
library can ever have sufficient information content that would come close to satisfying this appetite.
The team at ARL and beyond has worked hard to nurture the community that has been built around LibQUAL+®.
We believe that closer collaboration and sharing of resources will bring libraries nearer to meeting the ever
changing needs of their demanding users. It is this spirit of collaboration and a willingness to view the world of
libraries as an organic, integrated, and cohesive environment that can bring forth major innovations and break new
ground. Innovation and aggressive marketing of the role of libraries in benefiting their communities strengthen
libraries.
In an example of collaboration, LibQUAL+® participants are sharing their results within the LibQUAL+®
community with an openness that nevertheless respects the confidentiality of each institution and its users.
LibQUAL+® participants are actively shaping our Share Fair gatherings, our in-person events, and our
understanding of how the collected data can be used. LibQUAL+® offers a rich resource that can be viewed using
many lenses, should be interpreted in multiple ways, and is a powerful tool libraries can use to understand their
environment.
LibQUAL+® is a community mechanism for improving libraries and I hope we see an increasing number of
libraries utilizing it successfully in the years to come. I look forward to your continuing active involvement in
helping us understand the many ways we can improve library services.
With warm regards,
Martha Kyrillidou, PhD
Senior Director, ARL Statistics and Service Quality Programs
Association of Research Libraries

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

1.3

LibQUAL+®: Defining and Promoting Library Service Quality
What is LibQUAL+®?

LibQUAL+® is a suite of services that libraries use to solicit, track, understand, and act upon users’ opinions of
service quality. These services are offered to the library community by the Association of Research Libraries
(ARL).The program’s centerpiece is a rigorously tested Web-based survey paired with training that helps libraries
assess and improve library services, change organizational culture, and market the library. The survey instrument
measures library users’ minimum, perceived, and desired service levels of service quality across three dimensions:
Affect of Service, Information Control, and Library as Place. The goals of LibQUAL+® are to:
•
•
•
•
•
•

Foster a culture of excellence in providing library service
Help libraries better understand user perceptions of library service quality
Collect and interpret library user feedback systematically over time
Provide comparable assessment information from peer institutions
Identify best practices in library service
Enhance library staff members’ analytical skills for interpreting, and acting on data

Since 2000, more than 1,000 libraries have participated in LibQUAL+®, including college and university libraries,
community college libraries, health sciences libraries, academic law libraries, and public libraries---some through
various consortia, others as independent participants. LibQUAL+® has expanded internationally, with participating
institutions in Africa, Asia, Australia and Europe. It has been translated into a number of languages, including
Afrikaans, Chinese (Traditional), Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Norwegian,
Spanish, Swedish, and Welsh. The growing LibQUAL+® community of participants and its extensive dataset are
rich resources for improving library services.
How will LibQUAL+® benefit your library?

Library administrators have successfully used LibQUAL+® survey data to identify best practices, analyze deficits,
and effectively allocate resources. Benefits to participating institutions include:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•

Institutional data and reports that enable you to assess whether your library services are meeting user
expectations
Aggregate data and reports that allow you to compare your library’s performance with that of peer
institutions
Workshops designed for LibQUAL+® participants
Access to an online library of LibQUAL+® research articles
The opportunity to become part of a community interested in developing excellence in library services

LibQUAL+® gives your library users a chance to tell you where your services need improvement so you can
respond to and better manage their expectations. You can develop services that better meet your users’ expectations
by comparing your library’s data with that of peer institutions and examining the practices of those libraries that are
evaluated highly by their users.
How is the LibQUAL+® survey conducted?

Conducting the LibQUAL+® survey requires little technical expertise on your part. Use our online Management
Center to set up and track the progress of your survey. You invite your users to take the survey by distributing the
URL for your library’s Web form via e-mail or posting a link to your survey on the library’s Web site. Respondents
complete the survey form and their answers are sent to the LibQUAL+® database. The data are analyzed and
presented to you in reports describing your users’ desired, perceived, and minimum expectations of service.

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LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

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What are the origins of the LibQUAL+® survey?

The LibQUAL+® survey evolved from a conceptual model based on the SERVQUAL instrument, a popular tool for
assessing service quality in the private sector. The Texas A&M University Libraries and other libraries used
modified SERVQUAL instruments for several years; those applications revealed the need for a newly adapted tool
that would serve the particular requirements of libraries. ARL, representing the largest research libraries in North
America, partnered with Texas A&M University Libraries to develop, test, and refine LibQUAL+®. This effort was
supported in part by a three-year grant from the U.S. Department of Education’s Fund for the Improvement of
Post-Secondary Education (FIPSE).

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

1.4

Web Access to Data
Data summaries from the 2012 iteration of the LibQUAL+® survey will be available to project participants online
in the Data Repository via the LibQUAL+® survey management site:


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1.5

Explanation of Charts and Tables
A working knowledge of how to read and derive relevant information from the tables and charts used in your
LibQUAL+® results notebook is essential. In addition to the explanatory text below, you can find a self-paced
tutorial on the project web site at:


Both the online tutorial and the text below are designed to help you understand your survey results and present and
explain those results to others at your library.
Radar Charts

Radar charts are commonly used throughout the following pages to display both aggregate results and results from
individual institutions. Basic information about radar charts is outlined below, and additional descriptive
information is included throughout this notebook.
What is a radar chart?

Radar charts are useful when you want to look at several different factors all related to one item. Sometimes called
“spider charts” or “polar charts”, radar charts feature multiple axes or “spokes” along which data can be plotted.
Variations in the data are shown by distance from the center of the chart. Lines connect the data points for each
series, forming a spiral around the center.
In the case of the LibQUAL+® survey results, each axis represents a different survey question. Questions are
identified by a code at the end of each axis. The three dimensions measured by the survey are grouped together on
the radar charts, and each dimension is labeled: Affect of Service (AS), Information Control (IC), and Library as
Place (LP).
Radar charts are used in this notebook to present the item summaries (the results from the 22 core survey questions).
How to read a radar chart

Radar charts are an effective way to show strengths and weaknesses graphically by enabling you to observe
symmetry or uniformity of data. Points close to the center indicate a low value, while points near the edge indicate a
high value. When interpreting a radar chart, it is important to check each individual axis as well as the chart’s
overall shape in order to gain a complete understanding of its meaning. You can see how much data fluctuates by
observing whether the spiral is smooth or has spikes of variability.
Respondents’ minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality are plotted on each axis of your
LibQUAL+® radar charts. The resulting “gaps” between the three levels are shaded in blue, yellow, green, and red.
Generally, a radar graph shaded blue and yellow indicates that users’ perceptions of service fall within the “zone of
tolerance”; the distance between minimum expectations and perceptions of service quality is shaded in blue, and the
distance between their desired and perceived levels of service quality is shown in yellow. When users’ perceptions
fall outside the “zone of tolerance,” the graph will include areas of red and green shading. If the distance between
users’ minimum expectations and perceptions of service delivery is represented in red, that indicates a negative
service adequacy gap score. If the distance between the desired level of service and perceptions of service delivery
is represented in green, that indicates a positive service superiority gap score.
Means

The mean of a collection of numbers is their arithmetic average, computed by adding them up and dividing by their
total number.
In this notebook, means are provided for users’ minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality for each

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

item on the LibQUAL+® survey. Means are also provided for the general satisfaction and information literacy
outcomes questions.
Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is a measure of the spread of data around their mean. The standard deviation (SD) depends on
calculating the average distance of each score from the mean. If all users rated an item identically, the SD would be
zero. Larger SDs indicate more disparate opinions of the users about library service quality.
In this notebook, standard deviations are provided for every mean presented in the tables. In a very real sense, the
SD indicates how well a given numerical mean does at representing all the data. If the SD of the scores about a
given mean was zero, the mean perfectly represents everyone’s scores, and all the scores and the mean are all
identical!
Service Adequacy

The service adequacy gap score is calculated by subtracting the minimum score from the perceived score on any
given question, for each user. Both means and standard deviations are provided for service adequacy gap scores on
each item of the survey, as well as for each of the three dimensions of library service quality. In general, service
adequacy is an indicator of the extent to which you are meeting the minimum expectations of your users. A negative
service adequacy gap score indicates that your users’ perceived level of service quality is below their minimum
level of service quality and is printed in red.
Service Superiority

The service superiority gap score is calculated by subtracting the desired score from the perceived score on any
given question, for each user. Both means and standard deviations are provided for service superiority gap scores on
each item of the survey, as well as for each of the three dimensions of library service quality. In general, service
superiority is an indicator of the extent to which you are exceeding the desired expectations of your users. A
positive service superiority gap score indicates that your users’ perceived level of service quality is above their
desired level of service quality and is printed in green.
Sections with charts and tables are omitted from the following pages when there are three or fewer individuals in a
specific group.
In consortia notebooks, institution type summaries are not shown if there is only one library for an institution type.
Individual library notebooks are produced separately for each participant.

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1.6

A Few Words about LibQUAL+® 2012
Libraries today confront escalating pressure to demonstrate value and impact. As Cullen (2001) has noted,
Academic libraries are currently facing their greatest challenge since the explosion in tertiary education
and academic publishing which began after World War II... [T]he emergence of the virtual university,
supported by the virtual library, calls into question many of our basic assumptions about the role of the
academic library, and the security of its future. Retaining and growing their customer base, and focusing
more energy on meeting their customers' expectations is the only way for academic libraries to survive in
this volatile environment. (pp. 662-663)
Today, "A measure of library quality based solely on collections has become obsolete" (Nitecki, 1996, p. 181).
These considerations have prompted the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) to sponsor a number of "New
Measures" initiatives. The New Measures efforts represent a collective determination on the part of the ARL
membership to augment the collection-count and fiscal input measures that comprise the ARL Index and ARL
Statistics, to date the most consistently collected statistics for research libraries, with outcome measures such as
assessments of service quality and satisfaction. One New Measures Initiative is the LibQUAL+® service (Cook,
Heath & B. Thompson, 2002, 2003; Heath, Cook, Kyrillidou & Thompson, 2002; Kyrillidou & Cook, 2008;
Kyrillidou, Cook, & Rao, 2008; Thompson, Cook & Heath, 2003; Thompson, Cook & Thompson, 2002;
Thompson, Kyrillidou & Cook, 2007a, 2007b, 2008).
Within a service-quality assessment model, "only customers judge quality; all other judgments are essentially
irrelevant" (Zeithaml, Parasuraman, Berry, 1990, p. 16). LibQUAL+® was modeled on the 22-item SERVQUAL
tool developed by Parasuraman, Berry and Zeithaml (Parasuraman, Berry & Zeithaml, 1991). However,
SERVQUAL has been shown to measure some issues not particularly relevant in libraries, and to not measure some
issues of considerable interest to library users.
The final 22 LibQUAL+® items were developed through several iterations of studies involving a larger pool of 56
items. The selection of items employed in the LibQUAL+® survey has been grounded in the users' perspective as
revealed in a series of qualitative studies involving a larger pool of items. The items were identified following
qualitative research interviews with student and faculty library users at several different universities (Cook, 2002a;
Cook & Heath, 2001).
LibQUAL+® is not just a list of 22 standardized items. First, LibQUAL+® offers libraries the ability to select five
optional local service quality assessment items. Second, the survey includes a comments box soliciting open-ended
user views. Almost half of the people responding to the LibQUAL+® survey provide valuable feedback through the
comments box. These open-ended comments are helpful for not only (a) understanding why users provide certain
ratings, but also (b) understanding what policy changes users suggest, because many users feel the obligation to be
constructive. Participating libraries are finding the real-time access to user comments one of the most useful devices
in challenging library administrators to think outside of the box and develop innovative ways for improving library
services.
LibQUAL+® is one of 11 ways of listening to users, called a total market survey. As Berry (1995) explained,
When well designed and executed, total market surveys provide a range of information unmatched by any
other method... A critical facet of total market surveys (and the reason for using the word 'total') is the
measurement of competitors' service quality. This [also] requires using non-customers in the sample to rate
the service of their suppliers. (p. 37)
Although (a) measuring perceptions of both users and non-users, and (b) collecting perceptions data with regard to
peer institutions can provide important insights Berry recommended using multiple listening methods and
emphasized that "Ongoing data collection... is a necessity. Transactional surveys, total market surveys, and
employee research should always be included" (Berry, 1995, p. 54).

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

LibQUAL+® Lite

In 2010, the LibQUAL+® Lite customization feature was introduced: a shorter version of the survey that takes less
time to fill in. The Lite protocol uses item sampling methods to gather data on all 22 LibQUAL+® core items, while
only requiring a given single user to respond to a subset of the 22 core questions. Every Lite user responds to one
“linking” item from each of the subscales (Affect of Service, Information Control, and Library as Place), and to a
randomly-selected subset of five items from the remaining 19 core LibQUAL+® items. However, all 22 core items
are completed by at least some users on a given campus. As a consequence, because individual Lite users only
complete a subset of the core items, survey response times are roughly cut in half, while the library still receives
data on every survey question. Each participating library sets a “Lite-view Percentage” to determine what
percentage of individuals will randomly receive the Lite versus the long version of the survey.
The mechanics of item sampling strategy and results from pilot testing are described in Martha Kyrillidou’s
dissertation. Findings indicate that LibQUAL+® Lite is the preferred and improved alternative to the long form of
22 core items that has been established since 2003. The difference between the long and the Lite version of the
survey is enough to result in higher participation rates ranging from 3.1 to 10.6 percent more for surveys that reduce
average response times from 10 to 6 minutes (Kyrillidou, 2009, Thompson, Kyrillidou & Cook, 2009a; Thompson,
Kyrillidou & Cook, 2009b).
Score Scaling

"Perceived" scores on the 22 LibQUAL+® core items, the three subscales, and the total score, are all scaled 1 to 9,
with 9 being the most favorable. Both the gap scores ("Adequacy" = "Perceived" - "Minimum"; "Superiority" =
"Perceived" - "Desired") are scaled such that higher scores are more favorable. Thus, an adequacy gap score of +1.2
on an item, subscale, or total score is better than an adequacy gap score of +1.0. A superiority gap score of -0.5 on
an item, subscale, or total score is better than a superiority gap score of -1.0.
Using LibQUAL+® Data

In some cases LibQUAL+® data may confirm prior expectations and library staff will readily formulate action plans
to remedy perceived deficiencies. But in many cases library decision-makers will seek additional information to
corroborate interpretations or to better understand the dynamics underlying user perceptions.
For example, once an interpretation is formulated, library staff might review recent submissions of users to
suggestion boxes to evaluate whether LibQUAL+® data are consistent with interpretations, and the suggestion box
data perhaps also provide user suggestions for remedies. User focus groups also provide a powerful way to explore
problems and potential solutions. A university-wide retreat with a small-group facilitated discussion to solicit
suggestions for improvement is another follow-up mechanism that has been implemented in several LibQUAL+®
participating libraries.
Indeed, the open-ended comments gathered as part of LibQUAL+® are themselves useful in fleshing out insights
into perceived library service quality. Respondents often use the comments box on the survey to make constructive
suggestions on specific ways to address their concerns. Qualitative analysis of these comments can be very fruitful.
In short, LibQUAL+® is not 22 items. LibQUAL+® is 22 items plus a comments box!
Cook (2002b) provided case study reports of how staff at various libraries have employed data from prior renditions
of LibQUAL+®. Heath, Kyrillidou, and Askew edited a special issue of the Journal of Library Administration (Vol.
40, No. 3/4) reporting additional case studies on the use of LibQUAL+® data to aid the improvement of library
service quality. This special issue has also been published by Hayworth Press as a monograph. Kyrillidou (2008)
edited a compilation of articles that complements and provides an updated perspective on these earlier special
issues. These publications can be ordered by sending an email to libqual@arl.org. Numerous other articles have
been published in the literature and a good number of references can be located on the LibQUAL+® publication
page search engine under ‘Related articles.’

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2012 Data Screening

The 22 LibQUAL+® core items measure perceptions of total service quality, as well as three sub-dimensions of
perceived library quality: (a) Service Affect (9 items, such as "willingness to help users"); (b) Information Control (8
items, such as "a library Web site enabling me to locate information on my own" and "print and/or electronic journal
collections I require for my work"); and (c) Library as Place (5 items, such as "a getaway for study, learning, or
research").
However, as happens in any survey, in 2012 some users provided incomplete data, inconsistent data, or both. In
compiling the summary data reported here, several criteria were used to determine which respondents to omit from
these analyses.
1. Complete Data. The Web software that presents the core items monitors whether a given user has completed
all items. On each of these items, in order to submit the survey successfully, users must provide a rating of (a)
minimally-acceptable service, (b) desired service, and (c) perceived service or rate the item "not applicable"
("N/A"). If these conditions are not met, when the user attempts to leave the Web page presenting the core items, the
software shows the user where missing data are located, and requests complete data. The user may of course
abandon the survey without completing all the items. Only records with complete data on the presented core items
and where respondents chose a "user group,"if applicable, were retained in summary statistics.
2. Excessive "N/A" Responses. Because some institutions provided access to a lottery drawing for an
incentive (e.g., an iPod) for completing the survey, some users might have selected "N/A" choices for all or most of
the items rather than reporting their actual perceptions. Or, some users may have views on such a narrow range of
quality issues that their data are not very informative. It was decided that records of the long version of the survey
containing more than 11 "N/A"responses and records of the Lite version containing more than 4 “N/A” responses
should be eliminated from the summary statistics.
3. Excessive Inconsistent Responses. On the LibQUAL+® survey, user perceptions can be interpreted by
locating "perceived" results within the "zone of tolerance" defined by data from the "minimum" and the "desired"
ratings. For example, a mean "perceived" rating of 7.5 on the 1-to-9 (9 is highest) scale might be very good if the
mean "desired" rating is 6.0. But a 7.5 perception score is less satisfactory if the mean "desired" rating is 8.6, or if
the mean "minimum" rating is 7.7.

One appealing feature of such a "gap measurement model" is that the rating format provides a check for
inconsistencies (i.e., score inversions) in the response data (Thompson, Cook & Heath, 2000). Logically, on a given
item the "minimum" rating should not be higher than the "desired" rating on the same item. For each user a count of
such inconsistencies was made. Records of the long version of the survey containing more than 9 logical
inconsistencies and records of the Lite version containing more than 3 logical inconsistencies were eliminated from
the summary statistics.
LibQUAL+® Norms

An important way to interpret LibQUAL+® data is by examining the zones of tolerance for items, the three subscale
scores, and the total scores. However, the collection of such a huge number of user perceptions has afforded us with
the unique opportunity to create norms tables that provide yet another perspective on results.
Norms tell us how scores "stack up" within a particular user group. For example, on the 1-to-9 (9 is highest) scale,
users might provide a mean "perceived" rating of 6.5 on an item, "the printed library materials I need for my work."
The same users might provide a mean rating on "minimum" for this item of 7.0, and a mean service-adequacy "gap
score" (i.e., "perceived" minus "minimum") of -0.5.
The zone-of-tolerance perspective suggests that this library is not doing well on this item, because "perceived" falls
below "minimally acceptable." This is important to know. But there is also a second way (i.e., normatively) to
interpret the data. Both perspectives can be valuable.

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

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A total market survey administered to more than 100,000 users, as was LibQUAL+® in 2004 and 2005, affords the
opportunity to ask normative questions such as, "How does a mean 'perceived' score of 6.5 stack up among all
individual users who completed the survey?", or "How does a mean service-adequacy gap score of -0.5 stack up
among the gap scores of all institutions participating in the survey?"
If 70 percent of individual users generated "perceived" ratings lower than 6.5, 6.5 might not be so bad. And if 90
percent of institutions had service-adequacy gap scores lower than -0.5 (e.g., -0.7, -1.1), a mean gap score of -0.5
might actually be quite good. Users simply may have quite high expectations in this area. They may also
communicate their dissatisfaction by rating both (a) "perceived" lower and (b) "minimum" higher. This does not
mean that a service-adequacy gap score of -0.5 is necessarily a cause for celebration. But a service-adequacy gap
score of -0.5 on an item for which 90 percent of institutions have a lower gap score is a different gap score than the
same -0.5 for a different item in which 90 percent of institutions have a higher service-adequacy gap score.
Only norms give us insight into this comparative perspective. And a local user-satisfaction survey (as against a total
market survey) can never provide this insight.
Common Misconception Regarding Norms. An unfortunate and incorrect misconception is that norms make
value statements. Norms do not make value statements! Norms make fact statements. If you are a forest ranger, and
you make $25,000 a year, a norms table might inform you of the fact that you make less money than 85 percent of
the adults in the United States.

But if you love the outdoors, you do not care very much about money, and you are very service-oriented, this fact
statement might not be relevant to you. Or, in the context of your values, you might interpret this fact as being quite
satisfactory.
LibQUAL+® Norms Tables. Of course, the fact statements made by the LibQUAL+® norms are only valuable if
you care about the dimensions being evaluated by the measure. More background on LibQUAL+® norms is
provided by Cook and Thompson (2001), and Cook, Heath and B. Thompson (2002). LibQUAL+® norms are
available on the LibQUAL+® Web site at::

Response Rates

At the American Library Association (ALA) Midwinter Meeting in San Antonio in January 2000, participants were
cautioned that response rates on the final LibQUAL+® survey would probably range from 25-33 percent. Higher
response rates can be realized (a) with shorter surveys that (b) are directly action-oriented (Cook, Heath & R.L.
Thompson, 2000). For example, a very high response rate could be realized by a library director administering the
following one-item survey to users:
Instructions. Please tell us what time to close the library every day. In the future we will close at whatever
time receives the most votes.
Should we close the library at?
(A) 10 p.m.

(B) 11 p.m.

(C) midnight

(D) 2 p.m.

Lower response rates will be expected for total market surveys measuring general perceptions of users across
institutions, and when an intentional effort is made to solicit perceptions of both users and non-users. Two
considerations should govern the evaluation of LibQUAL+® response rates.
Minimum Response Rates. Response rates are computed by dividing the number of completed surveys at an
institution by the number of persons asked to complete the survey. However, we do not know the actual response
rates on LibQUAL+®, because we do not know the correct denominators for these calculations.

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 16 of 101

For example, given inadequacy in records at schools, we are not sure how many e-mail addresses for users are
accurate. And we do not know how many messages to invite participation were actually opened. In other words,
what we know for LibQUAL+® is the "lower-bound estimate" of response rates.
For example, if 200 out of 800 solicitations result in completed surveys, we know that the response rate is at least 25
percent. But because we are not sure whether 800 e-mail addresses were correct or that 800 e-mail messages were
opened, we are not sure that 800 is the correct denominator. The response rate involving only correct e-mail
addresses might be 35 or 45 percent. We don't know the exact response rate.
Representativeness Versus Response Rate. If 100 percent of the 800 people we randomly selected to complete our
survey did so, then we can be assured that the results are representative of all users. But if only 25 percent of the
800 users complete the survey, the representativeness of the results is not assured. Nor is unrepresentativeness
assured.

Representativeness is actually a matter of degree. And several institutions each with 25 percent response rates may
have data with different degrees of representativeness.
We can never be sure about how representative our data are as long as not everyone completes the survey. But we
can at least address this concern by comparing the demographic profiles of survey completers with the population
(Thompson, 2000). At which university below would one feel more confident that LibQUAL+® results were
reasonably representative?
Alpha University

Completers (n=200 / 800)
Gender
Students 53% female
Faculty 45% female
Disciplines
Liberal Arts 40%
Science 15%
Other 45%

Population (N=16,000)
Gender
Students 51% female
Faculty 41% female
Disciplines
Liberal Arts 35%
Science 20%
Other 45%
Omega University

Completers (n=200 / 800)
Gender
Students 35% female
Faculty 65% female
Disciplines
Liberal Arts 40%
Science 20%
Other 40%

Population (N=23,000)
Gender
Students 59% female
Faculty 43% female
Disciplines
Liberal Arts 15%
Science 35%
Other 50%

The persuasiveness of such analyses is greater as the number of variables used in the comparisons is greater. The
LibQUAL+® software has been expanded to automate these comparisons and to output side-by-side graphs and
tables comparing sample and population profiles for given institutions. Show these to people who question result
representativeness.
However, one caution is in order regarding percentages. When total n is small for an institution, or within a
particular subgroup, huge changes in percentages can result from very small shifts in numbers.
LibQUAL+® Analytics

The LibQUAL+® Analytics is a new tool that permits participants to dynamically create institution-specific tables
and charts for different subgroups and across years. The current interface grants access to 2004-2012 statistical data
and unifies the legacy Institution Explorer (a summary of all questions and dimension means for any combination of

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 17 of 101

user groups and disciplines) and Longitudinal Analysis (allows participants to perform longitudinal comparisons of
their data across survey years) modules to provide a one-stop dynamic shop to interactively analyze results and
benchmark with other institutions.
Participants can refine the data by selecting specific years, user groups, and disciplines, view and save the selection
in various tables and charts, and download their datasets for further manipulation in their preferred software.has two
sections:
These current version of LibQUAL+® Analytics is only the beginning of our effort to provide more customized
analysis. More features are in development based on feedback we receive from our participants. For a subscription
to LibQUAL+® Analytics, email libqual@arl.org.
Survey Data

In addition to the notebooks, the norms, and the Analytics, LibQUAL+® also makes available (a) raw survey data in
SPSS and (b) raw survey data in Excel for all participating libraries. Additional training using the SPSS data file is
available as a follow-up workshop and through the Service Quality Evaluation Academy (see below), which also
offers training on analyzing qualitative data. The survey comments are also downloadable in various formats from
the Web site.
ARL Service Quality Evaluation Academy

LibQUAL+® is an important tool in the New Measures toolbox that librarians can use to improve service quality.
But, even more fundamentally, the LibQUAL+® initiative is more than a single tool. LibQUAL+® is an effort to
create a culture of data-driven service quality assessment and service quality improvement within libraries.
Such a culture must be informed by more than one tool, and by more than only one of the 11 ways of listening to
users. To facilitate a culture of service quality assessment, and to facilitate more informed usage of LibQUAL+®
data, the Association of Research Libraries has created the ARL Service Quality Evaluation Academy. For more
information about the Academy, see the LibQUAL+® Events page at


The intensive, five-day Academy teaches both qualitative and quantitative skills that library staff can use to evaluate
and generate service-quality assessment information. The Academy is one more resource for library staff who would
like to develop enhanced service-quality assessment skills.
Library Assessment Conference

The growing community of practice related to library assessment is convening regularly in North America through
the biennial Library Assessment Conference. The first gathering of this community took place in 2006 in
Charlottesville, VA. The proceedings and recent information is available at


For more information, about LibQUAL+® or the Association of Research Libraries’ Statistics and Assessment
program, see:




LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 18 of 101

References

Berry, L.L. On Great Service: A Framework For Action. New York: The Free Press, 1995.
Cook, Colleen C., Fred Heath, and Bruce Thompson. LibQUAL+™ from the UK Perspective. 5th Northumbria
International Conference Proceedings, Durham, UK, July, 2003.
Cook, Colleen C. (Guest Ed.). “Library Decision-Makers Speak to Their Uses of Their LibQUAL+™ Data: Some
LibQUAL+™ Case Studies.” Performance Measurement and Metrics, 3 (2002b).
Cook, Colleen C. “A Mixed-Methods Approach to the Identification and Measurement of Academic Library Service
Quality Constructs: LibQUAL+™.” (PhD diss., Texas A&M University, 2001) Dissertation Abstracts
International, 62 (2002A): 2295A (University Microfilms No. AAT3020024).
Cook, Colleen C., and Fred Heath. “Users' Perceptions of Library Service Quality: A ’LibQUAL+™’ Qualitative
Study.” Library Trends, 49 (2001): 548-84.
Cook, Colleen C., Fred Heath, and Bruce Thompson. “’Zones of tolerance’ in Perceptions of Library Service
Quality: A LibQUAL+™ Study.” portal: Libraries and the Academy, 3 (2003): 113-123.
Cook, Colleen C., Fred Heath and Bruce Thompson.. “Score Norms for Improving Library Service Quality: A
LibQUAL+™ Study.” portal: Libraries and the Academy, 2 (2002): 13-26.
Cook, Colleen C., Fred Heath, and Russell L. Thompson. “A Meta-Analysis of Response Rates in Web- or
Internet-based Surveys.” Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60 (2000): 821-36.
Cook, Colleen C., and Bruce Thompson. “Psychometric Properties of Scores from the Web-based LibQUAL+™
Study of Perceptions of Library Service Quality.” Library Trends, 49 (2001): 585-604.
Cook, C., Bruce Thompson, and Martha Kyrillidou. (2010, May). Does using item sampling methods in library
service quality assessment affect score norms?: A LibQUAL+® Lite study.
. Paper presented at the 2nd Qualitative
and Quantitative Methods in Libraries (QQML 2010) International Conference, Chania (Crete), Greece,
May 27, 2010.
Cullen, Rowena. “Perspectives on User Satisfaction Surveys.” Library Trends, 49 (2002): 662-86.
Heath, F., Martha Kyrillidou. and Consuella A. Askew (Guest Eds.). “Libraries Report on Their LibQUAL+®
Findings: From Data to Action.” Journal of Library Administration 40 (3/4) (2004).
Heath, F., Colleen C. Cook, Martha Kyrillidou, and Bruce Thompson. “ARL Index and Other Validity Correlates of
LibQUAL+™ Scores.” portal: Libraries and the Academy, 2 (2002): 27-42.
Kyrillidou, M. The Globalization of Library Assessment and the Role of LibQUAL+®. From Library Science to
Information Science: Studies in Honor of G. Kakouri (Athens, Greece: Tipothito-Giorgos Dardanos, 2005).
[In Greek]
Kyrillidou, Martha. “Library Assessment As A Collaborative Enterprise.” Resource Sharing and Information
Networks, 18 ½ (2005-2006): 73-87.
Kyrillidou, Martha. (2006). “Measuring Library Service Quality: A Perceived Outcome for Libraries. This chapter
appears in Revisiting Outcomes Assessment in Higher Education. Edited by Peter Hernon, Robert E.
Dugan, and Candy Schwartz (Westport, CT: Library Unlimited, 2006): 351-66.

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Kyrillidou, Martha. (Guest Ed.). “LibQUAL+® and Beyond: Library assessment with a focus on library
improvement.” Performance Measurement and Metrics, 9 (3) (2008).
Kyrillidou, M. “Item Sampling in Service Quality Assessment Surveys to Improve Response Rates and Reduce
Respondent Burden: The “LibQUAL+® Lite” Randomized Control Trial (RCT)” (PhD diss., University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009).

Kyrillidou, Martha and Colleen C. Cook. “The evolution of measurement and evaluation of libraries: a perspective
from the Association of Research Libraries.” Library Trends 56 (4) (Spring 2008): 888-909.
Kyrillidou, Martha and Colleen C. Cook and S. Shyam Sunder Rao. “Measuring the Quality of Library Service
through LibQUAL+®.” In Academic Library Research: Perspectives and Current Trends. Edited by Marie
L. Radford and Pamela Snelson (Chicago, IL: ACRL/ALA, 2008): 253-301.
Kyrillidou, M., Terry Olshen, Fred Heath, Claude Bonnelly, and Jean-Pierre Côte. “Cross-Cultural Implementation
of LibQUAL+™: the French Language Experience. 5th Northumbria International Conference
Proceedings (Durham, UK, 2003): 193-99.
Kyrillidou, M., Colleen Cook. and Bruce Thompson. (2010, May). Does using item sampling methods in library
service quality assessment affect zone of tolerance boundaries?: A LibQUAL+® Lite study
. Paper presented at the 2nd Qualitative
and Quantitative Methods in Libraries (QQML 2010) International Conference, Chania (Crete), Greece,
May 27, 2010.
Kyrillidou, M. and Mark Young. ARL Statistics 2003-04. Washington, DC: Association of Research Libraries,
2005.
Nitecki, D.A. “Changing the Concept and Measure of Service Quality in Academic Libraries.” The Journal of
Academic Librarianship, 22 (1996): 181-90.
Parasuraman, A., Leonard Berry, and Valerie Zeithaml. “Refinement and Reassessment of the SERVQUAL Scale
Journal of Retailing, 67 (1991): 420-50.
Thompson, B. “Representativeness Versus Response Rate: It Ain't the Response Rate!.” Paper presented at the
Association of Research Libraries (ARL) Measuring Service Quality Symposium on the New Culture of
Assessment: Measuring Service Quality, Washington, DC, October 2002.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Fred Heath. “The LibQUAL+™ Gap Measurement Model: The Bad, he Ugly,
and the Good of Gap Measurement.” Performance Measurement and Metrics, 1 (2002): 165-78.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Fred Heath. “Structure of Perceptions of Service Quality in Libraries: A
LibQUAL+™ Study.” Structural Equation Modeling, 10 (2003): 456-464.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Russell L. Thompson. Reliability and Structure of LibQUAL+™ Scores:
Measuring Perceived Library Service Quality. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 2 (2002): 3-12.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Martha Kyrillidou. (2005). Concurrent validity of LibQUAL+® scores: What
do LibQUAL+® scores measure? Journal of Academic Librarianship, 31: 517-22.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Martha Kyrillidou. “Using Localized Survey Items to Augment Standardized
Benchmarking Measures: A LibQUAL+® Study. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 6(2) (2006): 219-30.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Martha Kyrillidou. “Stability of Library Service Quality Benchmarking

Page 19 of 101

Page 20 of 101

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Norms Across Time and Cohorts: A LibQUAL+® Study.” Paper presented at the Asia-Pacific Conference
of Library and Information Education and Practice (A-LIEP), Singapore, April 3-4 2006.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Martha Kyrillidou. “How Can You Evaluate the Integrity of Your Library
Assessment Data: Intercontinental LibQUAL+® Analysis Used as Concrete Heuristic Examples.” Paper
presented at the Library Assessment Conference: Building Effective, Sustainable, and Practical
Assessment, Charlottesville, VA, August 4-6, 2006.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Martha Kyrillidou. “On-premises Library versus Google™-Like Information
Gateway Usage Patterns: A LibQUAL+® Study.” portal: Libraries and the Academy 7 (4) (Oct 2007a):
463-480.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Martha Kyrillidou. “User library service expectations in health science vs.
other settings: a LibQUAL+® Study.” Health Information and Libraries Journal 24 (8) Supplement 1,
(Dec 2007b): 38-45.
Thompson, B., Colleen C. Cook, and Martha Kyrillidou. “Library Users Service Desires: a LibQUAL+® Study.”
Library Quarterly 78 (1) (Jan 2008): 1-18.
Thompson, B., Martha Kyrillidou, and Colleen Cook. “Item sampling in service quality assessment surveys to
improve response rates and reduce respondent burden: The "LibQUAL+® Lite" example.” Performance
Measurement & Metrics, 10 (1) (2009): 6-16.
Thompson, B., Martha Kyrillidou, and Colleen Cook. “Equating scores on Lite and long library user survey forms:
The LibQUAL+® Lite randomized control trials.” Performance Measurement & Metrics, 10 (3) (2009):
212-219.
Thompson, B., Martha Kyrillidou, and Colleen Cook. (2010, May). “Does using item sampling methods in library
service quality assessment compromise data integrity?: A LibQUAL+® Lite study.
”. Paper presented at the 2nd Qualitative
and Quantitative Methods in Libraries (QQML 2010) International Conference, Chania (Crete), Greece,
May 27, 2010.
Thompson, B., Martha Kyrillidou, and Colleen Cook (forthcoming). “Does using item sampling methods in library
service quality assessment compromise data integrity or zone of tolerance interpretation?: A LibQUAL+®
Lite Study.” 2010 Library Assessment Conference: Building Effective, Sustainable, Practical Assessment.
Baltimore MD, October 25-27, 2010. (Washington DC: Association of Research Libraries, 2011)
Zeithaml, Valerie, A. Parasuraman, and Leonard L. Berry. Delivering Quality Service: Balancing Customer
Perceptions and Expectations. New York: Free Press, 1990.

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

1.7

Page 21 of 101

Library Statistics for Clarion University of Pennsylvania
The statistical data below were provided by the participating institution in the online Representativeness* section.
Definitions for these items can be found in the ARL Statistics: .
Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When statistical data
is missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.

1.8

Volumes held:

474,723

Volumes added during year - Gross:

9,024

Total number of serial titles currently received,:

14,577

Total library expenditures (in U.S. $):

$2,448,732

Personnel - professional staff, FTE:

11

Personnel - support staff, FTE:

13

Contact Information for Clarion University of Pennsylvania
The person below served as the institution's primary LibQUAL+® liaison during this survey implementation.

Name:
Title:
Address:

Phone:
Email:

Mary Buchanan
University Librarian
Carlson Library
Clarion University of PA
840 Wood St.
Clarion, PENNSYLVANIA 16214
USA
814-393-1811
mbuchanan@clarion.edu

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 22 of 101

1.9

Survey Protocol and Language for Clarion University of Pennsylvania
The data below indicate the number of valid surveys collected by language and long/Lite breakdowns.
Lite

Total
(by Language)

English
(American)

Count
% of Protocol
% of Language
% of Total Cases

787
100.00%
100.00%
100.00

787
100.00%
100.00%
100.00

Total
(by Survey
Protocol)

Count
% of Protocol
% of Language
% of Total Cases

787
100.00%
100.00%
100.00

787
100.00%
100.00%
100.00

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

2

Page 23 of 101

Demographic Summary for Clarion University of Pennsylvania
2.1

Respondents by User Group
Respondent
n

Respondent
%

First year

182

23.13%

Second year

129

16.39%

Third year

140

17.79%

Fourth year

122

15.50%

31

3.94%

1

0.13%

605

76.87%

Masters

92

11.69%

Doctoral

1

0.13%

Non-degree or Undecided

0

0.00%

93

11.82%

14

1.78%

Associate Professor

5

0.64%

Assistant Professor

User Group
Undergraduate

Fifth year and above
Non-degree
Sub Total:

Graduate

Sub Total:

Faculty
Professor

19

2.41%

Lecturer

3

0.38%

Adjunct Faculty

8

1.02%

Other Academic Status

4

0.51%

53

6.73%

Administrator

1

0.13%

Manager, Head of Unit

0

0.00%

Public Services

4

0.51%

Systems

0

0.00%

Technical Services

0

0.00%

Other

5

0.64%

10

1.27%

0

0.00%

26

3.30%

26

3.30%

787

100.00%

Sub Total:

Library Staff

Sub Total:

Staff
Research Staff
Other Staff Positions
Sub Total:

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All

User Group: All

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 24 of 101

2.2

Population and Respondents by User Sub-Group
The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by sub-group (e.g. First year, Masters, Professor),
based on user responses to the demographic questions at the end of the survey instrument and the demographic data
provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*.
The chart maps the percentage of respondents for each user subgroup in red. Population percentages for each user
subgroup are mapped in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each user sub-group for the general
population (N) and for survey respondents (n).
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.

First year (Undergraduate)
Second year (Undergraduate)
Third year (Undergraduate)
Fourth year (Undergraduate)
Fifth year and above (Undergraduate)

User Sub-Group

Non-degree (Undergraduate)
Masters (Graduate)
Doctoral (Graduate)
Non-degree or Undecided (Graduate)
Professor (Faculty)
Associate Professor (Faculty)
Assistant Professor (Faculty)
Lecturer (Faculty)
Adjunct Faculty (Faculty)
Other Academic Status (Faculty)
0

Respondents Profile by User Sub-Group
Population Profile by User Sub-Group

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

4

8

12

16

20

Percentage

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

24

28

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 25 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

First year (Undergraduate)

1,921

27.90

182

24.23

3.66

Second year (Undergraduate)

1,185

17.21

129

17.18

0.03

Third year (Undergraduate)

1,135

16.48

140

18.64

-2.16

Fourth year (Undergraduate)

1,217

17.67

122

16.25

1.43

9

0.13

31

4.13

-4.00

57

0.83

1

0.13

0.69

987

User Sub-Group

Fifth year and above (Undergraduate)
Non-degree (Undergraduate)

14.33

92

12.25

2.08

Doctoral (Graduate)

0

0.00

1

0.13

-0.13

Non-degree or Undecided (Graduate)

9

0.13

0

0.00

0.13

Professor (Faculty)

99

1.44

14

1.86

-0.43

Associate Professor (Faculty)

52

0.76

5

0.67

0.09

Assistant Professor (Faculty)

93

1.35

19

2.53

-1.18
-0.30

Masters (Graduate)

Lecturer (Faculty)
Adjunct Faculty (Faculty)
Other Academic Status (Faculty)

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

7

0.10

3

0.40

115

1.67

8

1.07

0.60

0

0.00

4

0.53

-0.53

6,886

100.00

751

100.00

0.00

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 26 of 101

2.3

Population and Respondents by Standard Discipline
The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the LibQUAL+® standard discipline categories. The
chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for each discipline are mapped
in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general population (N) and for survey
respondents (n).
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.

Agriculture / Environmental Studies
Architecture
Business
Communications / Journalism
Education
Engineering / Computer Science

Discipline

General Studies
Health Sciences
Humanities
Law
Military / Naval Science
Other
Performing & Fine Arts
Science / Math
Social Sciences / Psychology
Undecided
0

4

8

12

16

20

24

Percentage
Respondent Profile by Discipline
Population Profile by Discipline

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

28

32

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 27 of 101

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

137

1.99

6

0.80

1.19

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Business

920

13.36

98

13.08

0.28

Communications / Journalism

397

5.77

34

4.54

1.23

2,121

30.80

231

30.84

-0.04

Engineering / Computer Science

221

3.21

20

2.67

0.54

General Studies

370

5.37

13

1.74

3.64

Health Sciences

741

10.76

45

6.01

4.75

Humanities

159

2.31

35

4.67

-2.36

Law

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Military / Naval Science

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Other

455

6.61

98

13.08

-6.48

Performing & Fine Arts

127

1.84

5

0.67

1.18

Science / Math

443

6.43

72

9.61

-3.18

Social Sciences / Psychology

423

6.14

78

10.41

-4.27

Undecided

372

5.40

14

1.87

3.53

6,886

100.00

749

100.00

0.00

Discipline
Agriculture / Environmental Studies
Architecture

Education

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Population
N

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 28 of 101

2.4

Population and Respondents by Customized Discipline
The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the customized discipline categories supplied by the
participating library. The chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for
each discipline are mapped in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general
population (N) and for survey respondents (n).
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.

Biological Sciences
Business Administration (All majors)
Communication Science & Disorders
Computer/Information Science
Criminal Justice
Education/Human Services
Engineering/Industrial Technology
English
Environmental Sciences

Discipline

History
Liberal Arts/Studies
Library Science
Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications
Mathematics
Modern Languages
Nursing and Allied Health
Other
Physical Sciences/Chemistry
Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy
Psychology
Social Sciences
Undecided
Visual/Performing Arts
0

4

8

12

16

Percentage

Respondents Profile by User Sub-Group
Population Profile by User Sub-Group

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

20

24

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Discipline

Page 29 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

Biological Sciences

259

3.76

51

6.81

-3.05

Business Administration (All majors)

920

13.36

98

13.08

0.28

Communication Science & Disorders

396

5.75

50

6.68

-0.92

Computer/Information Science

157

2.28

17

2.27

0.01

34

0.49

9

1.20

-0.71

1,633

23.71

127

16.96

6.76

Engineering/Industrial Technology

64

0.93

3

0.40

0.53

English

76

1.10

23

3.07

-1.97

137

1.99

6

0.80

1.19

69

1.00

11

1.47

-0.47

Liberal Arts/Studies

370

5.37

13

1.74

3.64

Library Science

488

7.09

104

13.89

-6.80

Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications

397

5.77

34

4.54

1.23

Mathematics

50

0.73

7

0.93

-0.21

Modern Languages

14

0.20

1

0.13

0.07

741

10.76

45

6.01

4.75

59

0.86

48

6.41

-5.55

Physical Sciences/Chemistry

134

1.95

14

1.87

0.08

Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy

134

1.95

14

1.87

0.08

Psychology

209

3.04

35

4.67

-1.64

46

0.67

20

2.67

-2.00

Undecided

372

5.40

14

1.87

3.53

Visual/Performing Arts

127

1.84

5

0.67

1.18

6,886

100.00

749

100.00

0.00

Criminal Justice
Education/Human Services

Environmental Sciences
History

Nursing and Allied Health
Other

Social Sciences

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff, Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 30 of 101

2.5
Respondent Profile by Answer to the Question: The library that you use most
often:

4.00

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

590

75.93

Venango (Suhr)

92

11.84

Online only

95

12.23

777

100.00

The library that you use most often:
Clarion (Carlson)

Total:

2.6

Respondent Profile by Age:
This table shows a breakdown of survey respondents by age; both the number of respondents (n) and the percentage of
the total number of respondents represented by each age group are displayed.

4.00

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

3

0.39

18 - 22

532

68.47

23 - 30

98

12.61

31 - 45

65

8.37

46 - 65

77

9.91

Over 65

2

0.26

777

100.00

Age:
Under 18

Total:

2.7
4.00

Respondent Profile by Sex:
The table below shows a breakdown of survey respondents by sex, based on user responses to the demographic
questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*. The number and
percentage for each sex are given for the general population and for survey respondents.
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.
Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Female

4,439

64.46

552

71.04

Male

2,447

35.54

225

28.96

6,886

100.00

777

100.00

Sex:

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 31 of 101

3. Survey Item Summary for Clarion University of Pennsylvania
3.1

Core Questions Summary
This radar chart shows the aggregate results for the core survey questions. Each axis represents one question. A code to
identify each question is displayed at the outer point of each axis. While questions for each dimension of library service
quality are scattered randomly throughout the survey, on this chart they are grouped into sections: Affect of Service ,
Information Control, and Library as Place.
On each axis, respondents' minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality are plotted, and the resulting
"gaps" between the three levels (representing service adequacy or service superiority) are shaded in blue, yellow, green,
and red.
The following two tables show mean scores and standard deviations for each question, where n is the number of
respondents for each particular question. (For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this
notebook.)
AS-7

AS-6

AS-5

Affect of Service
AS-4

AS-8

AS-3

AS-9

IC-1

AS-2

AS-1

IC-2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

IC-3

LP-5

LP-4

IC-4

LP-3

IC-5
Information Control

Library as Place
LP-2

IC-6
IC-7
IC-8

LP-1

Perceived Less Than Minimum
Perceived Greater Than Minimum
Perceived Less Than Desired
Perceived Greater Than Desired

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 32 of 101

ID

Question Text

Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

AS-1

Employees who instill confidence in users

6.36

7.58

7.37

1.01

-0.21

177

AS-2

Giving users individual attention

6.07

7.15

7.12

1.05

-0.03

215

AS-3

Employees who are consistently courteous

7.09

8.15

8.00

0.91

-0.15

183

AS-4

Readiness to respond to users' questions

6.48

7.64

7.63

1.15

-0.01

165

AS-5

Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

7.30

8.13

7.79

0.49

-0.35

202

AS-6

Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

6.81

7.90

7.73

0.91

-0.17

753

AS-7

Employees who understand the needs of their users

6.74

7.70

7.58

0.84

-0.12

185

AS-8

Willingness to help users

6.72

7.80

7.72

1.00

-0.08

181

AS-9

Dependability in handling users' service problems

6.65

7.77

7.41

0.76

-0.36

177

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

6.76

7.88

7.67

0.91

-0.21

226

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate
information on my own

6.70

7.86

7.43

0.73

-0.43

213

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

6.09

7.31

7.38

1.30

0.07

185

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

6.14

7.47

7.28

1.14

-0.20

767

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access
needed information

6.57

7.82

7.50

0.93

-0.32

206

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find
things on my own

6.56

7.88

7.38

0.83

-0.50

200

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

6.63

7.86

7.29

0.66

-0.57

247

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

6.54

7.63

7.24

0.70

-0.39

216

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

6.44

7.84

7.42

0.98

-0.43

715

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

6.52

7.74

7.35

0.83

-0.39

169

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

7.01

8.03

7.83

0.82

-0.20

163

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

6.47

7.81

7.47

1.00

-0.34

195

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group
study

6.28

7.55

7.62

1.34

0.07

196

6.57

7.75

7.49

0.93

-0.25

777

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

ID

Question Text

Page 33 of 101

Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

AS-1

Employees who instill confidence in users

1.88

1.56

1.48

1.85

1.63

177

AS-2

Giving users individual attention

1.99

1.81

1.58

1.69

1.50

215

AS-3

Employees who are consistently courteous

1.79

1.23

1.31

1.78

1.35

183

AS-4

Readiness to respond to users' questions

2.05

1.61

1.44

1.76

1.48

165

AS-5

Employees who have the knowledge to answer
user questions

1.73

1.30

1.36

1.71

1.49

202

AS-6

Employees who deal with users in a caring
fashion

1.84

1.55

1.39

1.79

1.61

753

AS-7

Employees who understand the needs of their
users

1.69

1.57

1.34

1.72

1.60

185

AS-8

Willingness to help users

1.94

1.70

1.35

1.78

1.86

181

AS-9

Dependability in handling users' service problems

1.75

1.57

1.49

1.64

1.49

177

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

2.03

1.63

1.47

1.87

1.69

226

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate
information on my own

1.85

1.50

1.61

1.91

1.76

213

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

2.10

1.81

1.42

2.05

1.98

185

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

1.94

1.76

1.50

1.95

1.89

767

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access
needed information

1.82

1.61

1.53

1.91

1.83

206

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find
things on my own

1.73

1.32

1.45

1.77

1.62

200

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

1.77

1.46

1.40

1.80

1.60

247

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I
require for my work

1.90

1.68

1.68

1.99

1.80

216

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

1.96

1.61

1.64

2.11

2.04

715

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

2.13

1.77

1.91

2.34

2.05

169

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

1.72

1.36

1.43

1.87

1.63

163

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

1.94

1.49

1.56

2.16

1.91

195

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group
study

2.15

1.68

1.43

2.10

1.88

196

1.50

1.21

1.13

1.42

1.27

777

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 34 of 101

3.2

Core Question Dimensions Summary
On the chart below, scores for each dimension of library service quality have been plotted graphically. The exterior bars
represent the range of minimum to desired mean scores for each dimension. The interior bars represent the range of
minimum to perceived mean scores (the service adequacy gap) for each dimension of library service quality.

9

8

Mean

7

6

5

4

Affect of
Service

Information
Control

Library as
Place

Overall

Dimension

Range of Minimum to Desired
Range of Minimum to Perceived ("Adequacy Gap")

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 35 of 101

The following table displays mean scores for each dimension of library service quality measured by the LibQUAL+®
survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed explanation of the
headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their dimensions can be
found in Appendix A.

Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

6.72

7.79

7.62

0.90

-0.17

768

Information Control

6.41

7.66

7.36

0.95

-0.29

775

Library as Place

6.50

7.81

7.48

0.99

-0.33

729

6.57

7.75

7.49

0.93

-0.25

777

Dimension

Overall

The following table displays standard deviation for each dimension of library service quality measured by the
LibQUAL+® survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed
explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their
dimensions can be found in Appendix A.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

1.62

1.36

1.22

1.49

1.35

768

Information Control

1.64

1.38

1.25

1.61

1.48

775

Library as Place

1.77

1.41

1.47

1.89

1.75

729

1.50

1.21

1.13

1.42

1.27

777

Dimension

Overall

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 36 of 101

3.3

Local Question Summary
This table shows mean scores of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium, where n is the
number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the introduction
to this notebook.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

6.16

7.26

7.46

1.30

0.20

133

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

6.37

7.37

7.36

0.99

-0.01

139

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

6.55

7.67

7.54

0.99

-0.14

155

Library materials available when and where I need
them

6.95

7.93

7.54

0.59

-0.39

152

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

6.89

8.05

7.67

0.78

-0.38

130

Question Text

This table shows the standard deviations for each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium ,
where n is the number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see
the introduction to this notebook.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

2.33

2.00

1.49

2.11

1.81

133

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

2.08

1.85

1.70

1.92

1.91

139

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

1.91

1.74

1.62

2.00

1.78

155

Library materials available when and where I need
them

1.75

1.41

1.54

1.75

1.50

152

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

1.77

1.33

1.43

1.91

1.81

130

Question Text

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

3.4

Page 37 of 101

General Satisfaction Questions Summary

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the general satisfaction questions: Satisfaction with
Treatment, Satisfaction with Support, and Satisfaction with Overall Quality of Service, where n is the number of
respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the general satisfaction questions on the
LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a scale from 1-9.

Satisfaction Question

Mean

SD

n

In general, I am satisfied with the way in which I am treated at the library.

8.09

1.18

379

In general, I am satisfied with library support for my learning, research, and/or teaching needs.

7.71

1.37

398

How would you rate the overall quality of the service provided by the library?

7.82

1.18

777

3.5

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions Summary

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the information literacy outcomes questions, where
n is the number of respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the information literacy
outcomes questions on the LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a
scale from 1-9 with 1 being "strongly disagree" and 9 representing "strongly agree".

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions

Mean

SD

n

The library helps me stay abreast of developments in my field(s) of interest.

6.94

1.73

285

The library aids my advancement in my academic discipline or work.

7.46

1.50

327

The library enables me to be more efficient in my academic pursuits or work.

7.65

1.37

311

The library helps me distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy information.

7.11

1.64

311

The library provides me with the information skills I need in my work or study.

7.51

1.47

320

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 38 of 101

3.6

Library Use Summary

This chart shows a graphic representation of library use (both on the premises and electronically), as well as use of
non-library information gateways such as Yahoo™ and Google™. Bars represent the frequency with which respondents
report using these resources: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, or Never. The table below the chart displays the
number and percentage of respondents who selected each option.

100
90
80

Percentage

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Daily

Frequency

Weekly

Monthly

How often do you use
resources on library
premises?

Daily

How often do you use resources on library
premises?

How often do you access library resources
through a library Web page?

How often do you use YahooTM, GoogleTM,
or non-library gateways for information?

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Quarterly

How often do you access
library resources through
a library Web page?

Weekly

Never

How often do you use
YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for
information?

Monthly

Quarterly

Never

n/%

155

336

127

82

77

777

19.95%

43.24%

16.34%

10.55%

9.91%

100.00%

105

266

237

100

69

777

13.51%

34.23%

30.50%

12.87%

8.88%

100.00%

555

156

37

13

16

777

71.43%

20.08%

4.76%

1.67%

2.06%

100.00%

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

User Group: All (Excluding Library Staff)

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

4

Page 39 of 101

Undergraduate Summary for Clarion University of Pennsylvania

4.1

Demographic Summary for Undergraduate

4.1.1

Population and Respondent Profiles for Undergraduate by Standard Discipline

The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the LibQUAL+® standard discipline categories. The
chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for each discipline are mapped
in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general population (N) and for survey
respondents (n).

Agriculture / Environmental Studies
Architecture
Business
Communications / Journalism
Education

Discipline

Engineering / Computer Science
General Studies
Health Sciences
Humanities
Law
Military / Naval Science
Other
Performing & Fine Arts
Science / Math
Social Sciences / Psychology
Undecided
0

4

8

12

16

20

Percentage
Respondent Profile by Discipline
Population Profile by Discipline

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

24

28

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 40 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

137

2.48

6

0.99

1.49

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Business

772

13.98

90

14.88

-0.90

Communications / Journalism

334

6.05

31

5.12

0.92

1,383

25.04

145

23.97

1.07

Engineering / Computer Science

211

3.82

20

3.31

0.51

General Studies

370

6.70

13

2.15

4.55

Health Sciences

676

12.24

45

7.44

4.80

Humanities

120

2.17

27

4.46

-2.29

Law

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Military / Naval Science

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Other

278

5.03

72

11.90

-6.87

Performing & Fine Arts

102

1.85

2

0.33

1.52

Science / Math

383

6.93

68

11.24

-4.31

Social Sciences / Psychology

395

7.15

73

12.07

-4.92

Undecided

363

6.57

13

2.15

4.42

5,524

100.00

605

100.00

0.00

Discipline
Agriculture / Environmental Studies
Architecture

Education

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

4.1.2

Page 41 of 101

Population and Respondent Profiles for Undergraduate by Customized Discipline

The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the customized discipline categories supplied by the
participating library. The chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for
each discipline are mapped in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general
population (N) and for survey respondents (n).
Biological Sciences
Business Administration (All majors)
Communication Science & Disorders
Computer/Information Science
Criminal Justice
Education/Human Services
Engineering/Industrial Technology
English

Disciplines

Environmental Sciences
History
Liberal Arts/Studies
Library Science
Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications
Mathematics
Modern Languages
Nursing and Allied Health
Other
Physical Sciences/Chemistry
Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy
Psychology
Social Sciences
Undecided
Visual/Performing Arts

0

4

8

12

16

Percentage

Respondent Profile by Discipline
Population Profile by Discipline

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

20

24

28

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 42 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

Biological Sciences

235

4.25

50

8.26

-4.01

Business Administration (All majors)

772

13.98

90

14.88

-0.90

Communication Science & Disorders

278

5.03

33

5.45

-0.42

Computer/Information Science

148

2.68

17

2.81

-0.13

34

0.62

9

1.49

-0.87

1,383

25.04

112

18.51

6.52

Engineering/Industrial Technology

63

1.14

3

0.50

0.64

English

56

1.01

15

2.48

-1.47

137

2.48

6

0.99

1.49

62

1.12

11

1.82

-0.70

370

6.70

13

2.15

4.55

0

0.00

33

5.45

-5.45

334

6.05

31

5.12

0.92

29

0.52

5

0.83

-0.30

2

0.04

1

0.17

-0.13

676

12.24

45

7.44

4.80

0

0.00

39

6.45

-6.45

Physical Sciences/Chemistry

119

2.15

13

2.15

0.01

Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy

129

2.34

13

2.15

0.19

Psychology

199

3.60

34

5.62

-2.02

33

0.60

17

2.81

-2.21

Undecided

363

6.57

13

2.15

4.42

Visual/Performing Arts

102

1.85

2

0.33

1.52

5,524

100.00

605

100.00

0.00

Discipline

Criminal Justice
Education/Human Services

Environmental Sciences
History
Liberal Arts/Studies
Library Science
Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications
Mathematics
Modern Languages
Nursing and Allied Health
Other

Social Sciences

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

4.1.3

Page 43 of 101

Respondent Profile by Answer to the Question: The library that you use most often:

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

492

81.32

Venango (Suhr)

87

14.38

Online only

26

4.30

605

100.00

The library that you use most often:
Clarion (Carlson)

Total:

4.1.4

Respondent Profile by Age:

This table shows a breakdown of survey respondents by age; both the number of respondents (n) and the percentage of the
total number of respondents represented by each age group are displayed.
Respondents
n

Respondents
%

3

0.50

18 - 22

523

86.45

23 - 30

52

8.60

31 - 45

17

2.81

46 - 65

9

1.49

Over 65

1

0.17

605

100.00

Age:
Under 18

Total:

4.1.5

Respondent Profile by Sex:

The table below shows a breakdown of survey respondents by sex, based on user responses to the demographic questions
and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*. The number and percentage
for each sex are given for the general population and for survey respondents.
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.
Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Female

3,453

62.51

419

69.26

Male

2,071

37.49

186

30.74

5,524

100.00

605

100.00

Sex:

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 44 of 101

4.2

Core Questions Summary for Undergraduate
This radar chart shows the aggregate results for the core survey questions. Each axis represents one question. A code to
identify each question is displayed at the outer point of each axis. While questions for each dimension of library service
quality are scattered randomly throughout the survey, on this chart they are grouped into sections: Affect of Service ,
Information Control, and Library as Place.
On each axis, respondents' minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality are plotted, and the resulting "gaps"
between the three levels (representing service adequacy or service superiority) are shaded in blue, yellow, green, and red.
The following two tables show mean scores and standard deviations for each question, where n is the number of
respondents for each particular question. (For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this
notebook.)

AS-7

Affect of Service

AS-6

AS-5

AS-8

AS-4

AS-9

AS-3

IC-1

AS-2

IC-2

AS-1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
LP-5

IC-3

IC-4

LP-4

LP-3

IC-5
Information Control

Library as Place

IC-6

LP-2
IC-7

IC-8

LP-1

Perceived Less Than Minimum
Perceived Greater Than Minimum
Perceived Less Than Desired
Perceived Greater Than Desired

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

ID

Question Text

Page 45 of 101

Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

AS-1

Employees who instill confidence in users

6.21

7.42

7.18

0.97

-0.23

137

AS-2

Giving users individual attention

5.96

7.09

6.95

0.99

-0.14

176

AS-3

Employees who are consistently courteous

6.86

8.04

8.01

1.15

-0.03

140

AS-4

Readiness to respond to users' questions

6.44

7.60

7.61

1.17

0.01

134

AS-5

Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

7.18

8.09

7.81

0.63

-0.28

163

AS-6

Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

6.73

7.83

7.66

0.92

-0.17

593

AS-7

Employees who understand the needs of their users

6.62

7.67

7.56

0.94

-0.11

145

AS-8

Willingness to help users

6.62

7.74

7.61

0.99

-0.13

135

AS-9

Dependability in handling users' service problems

6.54

7.74

7.43

0.89

-0.31

140

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

6.46

7.66

7.55

1.09

-0.11

179

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate
information on my own

6.58

7.85

7.48

0.89

-0.37

161

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

6.20

7.40

7.42

1.22

0.01

151

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

5.96

7.37

7.24

1.28

-0.13

598

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

6.48

7.76

7.49

1.02

-0.27

172

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

6.28

7.81

7.34

1.05

-0.48

149

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

6.55

7.80

7.24

0.69

-0.56

195

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

6.42

7.49

7.24

0.82

-0.25

171

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

6.43

7.89

7.38

0.95

-0.51

596

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

6.69

7.92

7.46

0.78

-0.46

134

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

6.99

8.07

7.85

0.85

-0.23

137

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

6.48

7.86

7.46

0.98

-0.41

162

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group
study

6.18

7.50

7.60

1.43

0.10

164

6.46

7.69

7.46

1.00

-0.23

605

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 46 of 101

Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

AS-1 Employees who instill confidence in users

1.82

1.60

1.49

1.88

1.75

137

AS-2 Giving users individual attention

1.99

1.75

1.58

1.75

1.45

176

AS-3 Employees who are consistently courteous

1.83

1.31

1.20

1.70

1.27

140

AS-4 Readiness to respond to users' questions

2.01

1.60

1.49

1.78

1.46

134

AS-5 Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

1.78

1.35

1.30

1.66

1.43

163

AS-6 Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

1.84

1.55

1.40

1.78

1.59

593

AS-7 Employees who understand the needs of their users

1.70

1.56

1.39

1.70

1.59

145

AS-8 Willingness to help users

1.90

1.64

1.40

1.75

1.79

135

AS-9 Dependability in handling users' service problems

1.78

1.61

1.49

1.67

1.52

140

ID

Question Text

Affect of Service

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

2.13

1.75

1.54

1.91

1.75

179

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate information
on my own

1.86

1.45

1.60

1.80

1.67

161

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

2.09

1.68

1.40

2.00

1.83

151

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

1.94

1.78

1.50

1.93

1.90

598

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

1.84

1.67

1.48

1.87

1.83

172

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

1.75

1.34

1.48

1.75

1.63

149

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

1.81

1.46

1.43

1.80

1.54

195

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

1.94

1.74

1.65

1.89

1.70

171

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

1.94

1.56

1.63

2.10

2.02

596

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

2.13

1.70

1.89

2.40

2.08

134

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

1.69

1.28

1.36

1.77

1.49

137

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

1.94

1.45

1.61

2.21

1.93

162

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group study

2.12

1.66

1.43

2.06

1.83

164

1.51

1.21

1.11

1.42

1.24

605

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

4.3

Page 47 of 101

Core Question Dimensions Summary for Undergraduate
On the chart below, scores for each dimension of library service quality have been plotted graphically. The exterior bars
represent the range of minimum to desired mean scores for each dimension. The interior bars represent the range of
minimum to perceived mean scores (the service adequacy gap) for each dimension of library service quality.

9

8

Mean

7

6

5

4
Affect of
Service

Information
Control

Library as
Place

Overall

Dimension

Range of Minimum to Desired
Range of Minimum to Perceived ("Adequacy Gap")

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 48 of 101

The following table displays mean scores for each dimension of library service quality measured by the LibQUAL+®
survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed explanation of the
headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their dimensions can be
found in Appendix A.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

6.61

7.72

7.56

0.94

-0.16

598

Information Control

6.26

7.57

7.34

1.08

-0.23

605

Library as Place

6.49

7.86

7.48

0.98

-0.38

600

6.46

7.69

7.46

1.00

-0.23

605

Dimension

Overall

The following table displays standard deviation for each dimension of library service quality measured by the
LibQUAL+® survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed
explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their
dimensions can be found in Appendix A.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

1.61

1.35

1.21

1.48

1.32

598

Information Control

1.65

1.38

1.23

1.56

1.43

605

Library as Place

1.75

1.36

1.47

1.90

1.73

600

1.51

1.21

1.11

1.42

1.24

605

Dimension

Overall

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

4.4

Page 49 of 101

Local Question Summary for Undergraduate

This table shows mean scores of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium, where n is the
number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the introduction
to this notebook.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

6.04

7.14

7.31

1.28

0.18

108

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

6.45

7.56

7.34

0.89

-0.22

106

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

6.41

7.53

7.49

1.08

-0.04

126

Library materials available when and where I need
them

6.78

7.86

7.54

0.76

-0.32

129

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

6.74

8.06

7.69

0.95

-0.37

103

Question Text

This table displays the standard deviations of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium ,
where n is the number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see
the introduction to this notebook.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

2.38

1.99

1.53

2.15

1.77

108

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

2.08

1.75

1.74

1.88

1.90

106

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

1.97

1.82

1.62

2.01

1.75

126

Library materials available when and where I need
them

1.69

1.35

1.46

1.75

1.53

129

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

1.85

1.36

1.34

1.84

1.78

103

Question Text

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 50 of 101

4.5

General Satisfaction Questions Summary for Undergraduate

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the general satisfaction questions: Satisfaction
with Treatment, Satisfaction with Support, and Satisfaction with Overall Quality of Service, where n is the number of
respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the general satisfaction questions on the
LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a scale from 1-9.

Mean

SD

n

In general, I am satisfied with the way in which I am treated at the library.

8.11

1.14

296

In general, I am satisfied with library support for my learning, research, and/or teaching needs.

7.73

1.36

309

How would you rate the overall quality of the service provided by the library?

7.78

1.18

605

Satisfaction Question

4.6

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions Summary for Undergraduate

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the information literacy outcomes questions, where
n is the number of respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the information literacy
outcomes questions on the LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a
scale from 1-9 with 1 being "strongly disagree" and 9 representing "strongly agree".
Mean

SD

n

The library helps me stay abreast of developments in my field(s) of interest.

6.94

1.69

226

The library aids my advancement in my academic discipline or work.

7.37

1.51

245

The library enables me to be more efficient in my academic pursuits or work.

7.56

1.43

241

The library helps me distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy information.

7.06

1.53

239

The library provides me with the information skills I need in my work or study.

7.53

1.40

259

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

4.7

Page 51 of 101

Library Use Summary for Undergraduate

This chart shows a graphic representation of library use (both on the premises and electronically), as well as use of
non-library information gateways such as Yahoo™ and Google™. Bars represent the frequency with which respondents
report using these resources: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, or Never. The table below the chart displays the
number and percentage of respondents who selected each option.

100

90

80

70

Percentage

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Daily

Weekly

Frequency

Monthly

How often do you use
resources on library
premises?

How often do you access
library resources through
a library Web page?

Daily

How often do you use resources on library
premises?

How often do you access library resources
through a library Web page?

How often do you use YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for information?

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Quarterly

Weekly

Never

How often do you use
YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for
information?

Monthly

Quarterly

Never

n/%

138

301

97

47

22

605

22.81%

49.75%

16.03%

7.77%

3.64%

100.00%

54

195

210

89

57

605

8.93%

32.23%

34.71%

14.71%

9.42%

100.00%

444

120

23

7

11

605

73.39%

19.83%

3.80%

1.16%

1.82%

100.00%

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Undergraduate

User Group: Undergraduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 52 of 101

5

Graduate Summary for Clarion University of Pennsylvania

5.1

Demographic Summary for Graduate

5.1.1

Population and Respondent Profiles for Graduate by Standard Discipline

The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the LibQUAL+® standard discipline categories. The
chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for each discipline are mapped
in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general population (N) and for survey
respondents (n).

Agriculture / Environmental Studies
Architecture
Business
Communications / Journalism
Education

Discipline

Engineering / Computer Science
General Studies
Health Sciences
Humanities
Law
Military / Naval Science
Other
Performing & Fine Arts
Science / Math
Social Sciences / Psychology
Undecided
0

10

20

30

40

50

Percentage
Respondent Profile by Discipline
Population Profile by Discipline

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

60

70

80

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 53 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

Agriculture / Environmental Studies

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Architecture

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

117

11.75

5

5.43

6.31

46

4.62

3

3.26

1.36

668

67.07

67

72.83

-5.76

Engineering / Computer Science

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

General Studies

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Health Sciences

40

4.02

0

0.00

4.02

Humanities

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Law

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Military / Naval Science

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

105

10.54

16

17.39

-6.85

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

11

1.10

1

1.09

0.02

Social Sciences / Psychology

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Undecided

9

0.90

0

0.00

0.90

996

100.00

92

100.00

0.00

Discipline

Business
Communications / Journalism
Education

Other
Performing & Fine Arts
Science / Math

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 54 of 101

5.1.2

Population and Respondent Profiles for Graduate by Customized Discipline

The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the customized discipline categories supplied by the
participating library. The chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for
each discipline are mapped in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general
population (N) and for survey respondents (n).
Biological Sciences
Business Administration (All majors)
Communication Science & Disorders
Computer/Information Science
Criminal Justice
Education/Human Services
Engineering/Industrial Technology
English

Disciplines

Environmental Sciences
History
Liberal Arts/Studies
Library Science
Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications
Mathematics
Modern Languages
Nursing and Allied Health
Other
Physical Sciences/Chemistry
Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy
Psychology
Social Sciences
Undecided
Visual/Performing Arts

0

10

20

30

40

Percentage

Respondent Profile by Discipline
Population Profile by Discipline

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

50

60

70

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 55 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

11

1.10

1

1.09

0.02

Business Administration (All majors)

117

11.75

5

5.43

6.31

Communication Science & Disorders

105

10.54

15

16.30

-5.76

Computer/Information Science

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Criminal Justice

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

192

19.28

5

5.43

13.84

Engineering/Industrial Technology

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

English

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Environmental Sciences

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

History

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Liberal Arts/Studies

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

476

47.79

62

67.39

-19.60

46

4.62

3

3.26

1.36

Mathematics

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Modern Languages

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

40

4.02

0

0.00

4.02

Other

0

0.00

1

1.09

-1.09

Physical Sciences/Chemistry

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Psychology

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Social Sciences

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Undecided

9

0.90

0

0.00

0.90

Visual/Performing Arts

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

996

100.00

92

100.00

0.00

Discipline
Biological Sciences

Education/Human Services

Library Science
Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications

Nursing and Allied Health

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 56 of 101

5.1.3

Respondent Profile by Answer to the Question: The library that you use most often:

The library that you use most often:

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

37

39.78

0

0.00

56

60.22

93

100.00

Clarion (Carlson)
Venango (Suhr)
Online only

Total:

5.1.4

Respondent Profile by Age:

This table shows a breakdown of survey respondents by age; both the number of respondents (n) and the percentage of the
total number of respondents represented by each age group are displayed.
Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Under 18

0

0.00

18 - 22

8

8.60

23 - 30

43

46.24

31 - 45

24

25.81

46 - 65

18

19.35

Over 65

0

0.00

93

100.00

Age:

Total:

5.1.5

Respondent Profile by Sex:

The table below shows a breakdown of survey respondents by sex, based on user responses to the demographic questions
and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*. The number and percentage
for each sex are given for the general population and for survey respondents.
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.
Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Female

782

78.51

77

82.80

Male

214

21.49

16

17.20

996

100.00

93

100.00

Sex:

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

5.2

Page 57 of 101

Core Questions Summary for Graduate
This radar chart shows the aggregate results for the core survey questions. Each axis represents one question. A code to
identify each question is displayed at the outer point of each axis. While questions for each dimension of library service
quality are scattered randomly throughout the survey, on this chart they are grouped into sections: Affect of Service ,
Information Control, and Library as Place.
On each axis, respondents' minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality are plotted, and the resulting "gaps"
between the three levels (representing service adequacy or service superiority) are shaded in blue, yellow, green, and red.
The following two tables show mean scores and standard deviations for each question, where n is the number of
respondents for each particular question. (For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this
notebook.)

AS-7

Affect of Service

AS-6

AS-5

AS-8

AS-4

AS-9

AS-3

IC-1

AS-2

IC-2

AS-1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
LP-5

IC-3

IC-4

LP-4

LP-3

IC-5
Information Control

Library as Place

IC-6

LP-2
IC-7

IC-8

LP-1

Perceived Less Than Minimum
Perceived Greater Than Minimum
Perceived Less Than Desired
Perceived Greater Than Desired

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 58 of 101

ID

Question Text

Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

AS-1

Employees who instill confidence in users

6.52

8.04

7.83

1.30

-0.22

23

AS-2

Giving users individual attention

6.67

7.07

7.53

0.87

0.47

15

AS-3

Employees who are consistently courteous

7.25

8.40

7.90

0.65

-0.50

20

AS-4

Readiness to respond to users' questions

6.30

7.75

7.50

1.20

-0.25

20

AS-5

Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

7.75

8.55

8.00

0.25

-0.55

20

AS-6

Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

6.90

8.14

7.90

1.00

-0.24

84

AS-7

Employees who understand the needs of their users

7.63

8.21

7.88

0.25

-0.33

24

AS-8

Willingness to help users

6.77

8.04

7.77

1.00

-0.27

26

AS-9

Dependability in handling users' service problems

7.28

8.00

7.28

0.00

-0.72

18

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

7.96

8.70

8.22

0.26

-0.48

27

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate
information on my own

7.34

8.21

7.83

0.48

-0.38

29

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

5.77

6.92

7.15

1.38

0.23

13

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

6.88

8.04

7.53

0.65

-0.52

93

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

7.11

8.26

7.74

0.63

-0.53

19

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

7.44

8.19

7.48

0.04

-0.70

27

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

6.78

8.09

7.44

0.66

-0.66

32

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

7.20

8.70

7.35

0.15

-1.35

20

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

6.54

7.98

7.52

0.98

-0.46

52

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

5.71

7.00

6.71

1.00

-0.29

14

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

7.00

8.40

7.70

0.70

-0.70

10

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

6.70

8.15

7.95

1.25

-0.20

20

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group
study

7.31

8.15

7.23

-0.08

-0.92

13

6.99

8.12

7.65

0.66

-0.47

93

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 59 of 101

Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

AS-1 Employees who instill confidence in users

2.23

1.36

1.27

1.89

0.95

23

AS-2 Giving users individual attention

1.91

2.15

1.60

1.06

2.13

15

AS-3 Employees who are consistently courteous

1.55

0.82

1.12

1.69

1.05

20

AS-4 Readiness to respond to users' questions

2.32

1.97

1.40

1.74

1.94

20

AS-5 Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

1.59

0.69

1.08

1.07

0.76

20

AS-6 Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

1.89

1.54

1.21

1.88

1.49

84

AS-7 Employees who understand the needs of their users

1.28

1.25

1.23

1.75

1.46

24

AS-8 Willingness to help users

2.05

1.82

1.34

1.81

2.01

26

AS-9 Dependability in handling users' service problems

1.41

1.50

1.36

1.37

1.02

18

ID

Question Text

Affect of Service

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

1.02

0.61

0.97

1.46

1.25

27

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate information
on my own

1.70

1.18

1.39

1.94

1.54

29

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

2.31

2.33

1.57

2.63

2.59

13

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

1.73

1.48

1.46

1.94

1.77

93

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

1.52

1.10

1.37

1.54

1.39

19

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

1.53

1.24

1.34

1.37

1.27

27

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

1.83

1.59

1.32

1.98

1.91

32

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

1.54

0.57

2.08

2.66

2.28

20

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

2.04

1.43

1.38

1.95

1.78

52

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

2.13

1.57

1.33

1.88

1.38

14

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

1.76

0.70

1.06

1.49

1.25

10

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

2.20

1.27

1.32

2.00

1.74

20

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group study

1.18

1.41

1.83

1.85

1.98

13

1.40

1.09

1.16

1.38

1.22

93

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 60 of 101

5.3

Core Question Dimensions Summary for Graduate
On the chart below, scores for each dimension of library service quality have been plotted graphically. The exterior bars
represent the range of minimum to desired mean scores for each dimension. The interior bars represent the range of
minimum to perceived mean scores (the service adequacy gap) for each dimension of library service quality.

9

8

Mean

7

6

5

4
Affect of
Service

Information
Control

Library as
Place

Overall

Dimension

Range of Minimum to Desired
Range of Minimum to Perceived ("Adequacy Gap")

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 61 of 101

The following table displays mean scores for each dimension of library service quality measured by the LibQUAL+®
survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed explanation of the
headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their dimensions can be
found in Appendix A.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

6.95

8.04

7.74

0.79

-0.30

92

Information Control

7.10

8.18

7.59

0.49

-0.59

93

Library as Place

6.64

7.97

7.50

0.86

-0.47

58

6.99

8.12

7.65

0.66

-0.47

93

Dimension

Overall

The following table displays standard deviation for each dimension of library service quality measured by the
LibQUAL+® survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed
explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their
dimensions can be found in Appendix A.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

1.67

1.38

1.23

1.47

1.34

92

Information Control

1.52

1.22

1.32

1.72

1.58

93

Library as Place

1.85

1.25

1.18

1.58

1.42

58

1.40

1.09

1.16

1.38

1.22

93

Dimension

Overall

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 62 of 101

5.4

Local Question Summary for Graduate

This table shows mean scores of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium, where n is the
number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the introduction
to this notebook.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

6.40

7.60

7.90

1.50

0.30

10

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

6.25

7.20

7.55

1.30

0.35

20

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

7.33

8.80

8.00

0.67

-0.80

15

Library materials available when and where I need
them

7.88

8.63

8.25

0.38

-0.38

8

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

7.38

8.19

7.94

0.56

-0.25

16

Question Text

This table displays the standard deviations of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium ,
where n is the number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see
the introduction to this notebook.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

2.80

2.55

1.20

2.32

2.63

10

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

1.80

1.58

1.23

1.87

1.23

20

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

1.40

0.41

1.60

1.84

1.74

15

Library materials available when and where I need
them

1.36

0.52

0.89

0.92

0.74

8

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

1.36

1.38

1.18

1.26

1.39

16

Question Text

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

5.5

Page 63 of 101

General Satisfaction Questions Summary for Graduate

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the general satisfaction questions: Satisfaction
with Treatment, Satisfaction with Support, and Satisfaction with Overall Quality of Service, where n is the number of
respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the general satisfaction questions on the
LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a scale from 1-9.

Mean

SD

n

In general, I am satisfied with the way in which I am treated at the library.

7.98

1.30

43

In general, I am satisfied with library support for my learning, research, and/or teaching needs.

7.60

1.46

50

How would you rate the overall quality of the service provided by the library?

7.90

1.20

93

Satisfaction Question

5.6

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions Summary for Graduate

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the information literacy outcomes questions, where
n is the number of respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the information literacy
outcomes questions on the LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a
scale from 1-9 with 1 being "strongly disagree" and 9 representing "strongly agree".
Mean

SD

n

The library helps me stay abreast of developments in my field(s) of interest.

7.17

1.95

29

The library aids my advancement in my academic discipline or work.

8.00

1.30

45

The library enables me to be more efficient in my academic pursuits or work.

8.08

0.98

37

The library helps me distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy information.

7.38

1.77

45

The library provides me with the information skills I need in my work or study.

7.50

1.70

30

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 64 of 101

5.7

Library Use Summary for Graduate

This chart shows a graphic representation of library use (both on the premises and electronically), as well as use of
non-library information gateways such as Yahoo™ and Google™. Bars represent the frequency with which respondents
report using these resources: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, or Never. The table below the chart displays the
number and percentage of respondents who selected each option.

100

90

80

70

Percentage

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Daily

Weekly

Frequency

Monthly

How often do you use
resources on library
premises?

How often do you access
library resources through
a library Web page?

Daily

How often do you use resources on library
premises?

How often do you access library resources
through a library Web page?

How often do you use YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for information?

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Quarterly

Weekly

Never

How often do you use
YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for
information?

Monthly

Quarterly

Never

n/%

8

19

10

12

44

93

8.60%

20.43%

10.75%

12.90%

47.31%

100.00%

32

46

14

1

0

93

34.41%

49.46%

15.05%

1.08%

0 %

100.00%

62

21

6

2

2

93

66.67%

22.58%

6.45%

2.15%

2.15%

100.00%

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Graduate

User Group: Graduate

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

6

Page 65 of 101

Faculty Summary for Clarion University of Pennsylvania

6.1

Demographic Summary for Faculty

6.1.1

Population and Respondent Profiles for Faculty by Standard Discipline

The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the LibQUAL+® standard discipline categories. The
chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for each discipline are mapped
in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general population (N) and for survey
respondents (n).

Agriculture / Environmental Studies
Architecture
Business
Communications / Journalism
Education

Discipline

Engineering / Computer Science
General Studies
Health Sciences
Humanities
Law
Military / Naval Science
Other
Performing & Fine Arts
Science / Math
Social Sciences / Psychology
Undecided
0

5

10

15

20

25

Percentage
Respondent Profile by Discipline
Population Profile by Discipline

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

30

35

40

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 66 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

Agriculture / Environmental Studies

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Architecture

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Business

31

8.47

3

5.77

2.70

Communications / Journalism

17

4.64

0

0.00

4.64

Education

70

19.13

19

36.54

-17.41

Engineering / Computer Science

10

2.73

0

0.00

2.73

General Studies

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Health Sciences

25

6.83

0

0.00

6.83

Humanities

39

10.66

8

15.38

-4.73

Law

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Military / Naval Science

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Other

72

19.67

10

19.23

0.44

Performing & Fine Arts

25

6.83

3

5.77

1.06

Science / Math

49

13.39

3

5.77

7.62

Social Sciences / Psychology

28

7.65

5

9.62

-1.97

0

0.00

1

1.92

-1.92

366

100.00

52

100.00

0.00

Discipline

Undecided

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

6.1.2

Page 67 of 101

Population and Respondent Profiles for Faculty by Customized Discipline

The chart and table below show a breakdown of survey respondents by discipline, based on user responses to the
demographic questions and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section.
This section shows survey respondents broken down based on the customized discipline categories supplied by the
participating library. The chart maps percentage of respondents for each discipline in red. Population percentages for
each discipline are mapped in blue. The table shows the number and percentage for each discipline, for the general
population (N) and for survey respondents (n).
Biological Sciences
Business Administration (All majors)
Communication Science & Disorders
Computer/Information Science
Criminal Justice
Education/Human Services
Engineering/Industrial Technology
English

Disciplines

Environmental Sciences
History
Liberal Arts/Studies
Library Science
Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications
Mathematics
Modern Languages
Nursing and Allied Health
Other
Physical Sciences/Chemistry
Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy
Psychology
Social Sciences
Undecided
Visual/Performing Arts

0

4

8

12

Percentage

Respondent Profile by Discipline
Population Profile by Discipline

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

16

20

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 68 of 101

Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

%N - %n

Biological Sciences

13

3.55

0

0.00

3.55

Business Administration (All majors)

31

8.47

3

5.77

2.70

Communication Science & Disorders

13

3.55

2

3.85

-0.29

Computer/Information Science

9

2.46

0

0.00

2.46

Criminal Justice

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

58

15.85

10

19.23

-3.38

1

0.27

0

0.00

0.27

20

5.46

8

15.38

-9.92

Environmental Sciences

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

History

7

1.91

0

0.00

1.91

Liberal Arts/Studies

0

0.00

0

0.00

0.00

Library Science

12

3.28

9

17.31

-14.03

Mass Media Arts, Journalism, & Communications

17

4.64

0

0.00

4.64

Mathematics

21

5.74

2

3.85

1.89

Modern Languages

12

3.28

0

0.00

3.28

Nursing and Allied Health

25

6.83

0

0.00

6.83

Other

59

16.12

8

15.38

0.74

Physical Sciences/Chemistry

15

4.10

1

1.92

2.18

5

1.37

1

1.92

-0.56

Psychology

10

2.73

1

1.92

0.81

Social Sciences

13

3.55

3

5.77

-2.22

0

0.00

1

1.92

-1.92

25

6.83

3

5.77

1.06

366

100.00

52

100.00

0.00

Discipline

Education/Human Services
Engineering/Industrial Technology
English

Political Science, Sociology, Philosophy

Undecided
Visual/Performing Arts

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

6.1.3

Page 69 of 101

Respondent Profile by Answer to the Question: The library that you use most often:

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

44

83.02

Venango (Suhr)

3

5.66

Online only

6

11.32

53

100.00

The library that you use most often:
Clarion (Carlson)

Total:

6.1.4

Respondent Profile by Age:

This table shows a breakdown of survey respondents by age; both the number of respondents (n) and the percentage of the
total number of respondents represented by each age group are displayed.
Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Under 18

0

0.00

18 - 22

0

0.00

23 - 30

2

3.77

31 - 45

17

32.08

46 - 65

33

62.26

Over 65

1

1.89

53

100.00

Age:

Total:

6.1.5

Respondent Profile by Sex:

The table below shows a breakdown of survey respondents by sex, based on user responses to the demographic questions
and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*. The number and percentage
for each sex are given for the general population and for survey respondents.
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.
Population
N

Population
%

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Female

204

55.74

37

69.81

Male

162

44.26

16

30.19

366

100.00

53

100.00

Sex:

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 70 of 101

6.2

Core Questions Summary for Faculty
This radar chart shows the aggregate results for the core survey questions. Each axis represents one question. A code to
identify each question is displayed at the outer point of each axis. While questions for each dimension of library service
quality are scattered randomly throughout the survey, on this chart they are grouped into sections: Affect of Service ,
Information Control, and Library as Place.
On each axis, respondents' minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality are plotted, and the resulting "gaps"
between the three levels (representing service adequacy or service superiority) are shaded in blue, yellow, green, and red.
The following two tables show mean scores and standard deviations for each question, where n is the number of
respondents for each particular question. (For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this
notebook.)

AS-7

Affect of Service

AS-6

AS-5

AS-8

AS-4

AS-9

AS-3

IC-1

AS-2

IC-2

AS-1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
LP-5

IC-3

IC-4

LP-4

LP-3

IC-5
Information Control

Library as Place

IC-6

LP-2
IC-7

IC-8

LP-1

Perceived Less Than Minimum
Perceived Greater Than Minimum
Perceived Less Than Desired
Perceived Greater Than Desired

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

ID

Question Text

Page 71 of 101

Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

AS-1

Employees who instill confidence in users

7.54

8.38

8.31

0.77

-0.08

13

AS-2

Giving users individual attention

6.22

7.44

8.11

1.89

0.67

18

AS-3

Employees who are consistently courteous

8.23

8.54

7.92

-0.31

-0.62

13

AS-4

Readiness to respond to users' questions

7.38

8.00

8.00

0.63

0.00

8

AS-5

Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

7.62

7.92

7.77

0.15

-0.15

13

AS-6

Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

7.24

8.16

8.18

0.94

0.02

50

AS-7

Employees who understand the needs of their users

6.42

7.00

7.33

0.92

0.33

12

AS-8

Willingness to help users

7.46

8.00

8.69

1.23

0.69

13

AS-9

Dependability in handling users' service problems

7.64

8.27

8.27

0.64

0.00

11

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

7.93

8.67

7.80

-0.13

-0.87

15

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate
information on my own

6.50

6.92

6.75

0.25

-0.17

12

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

5.50

7.21

7.57

2.07

0.36

14

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

6.77

7.70

7.42

0.64

-0.28

53

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

6.64

7.55

7.45

0.82

-0.09

11

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

7.56

8.31

7.69

0.13

-0.63

16

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

7.25

7.94

7.63

0.38

-0.31

16

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

7.20

8.00

7.35

0.15

-0.65

20

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

6.30

7.27

7.93

1.64

0.66

44

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

5.85

7.08

7.23

1.38

0.15

13

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

6.82

7.00

8.09

1.27

1.09

11

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

5.80

6.30

6.90

1.10

0.60

10

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group
study

6.55

7.55

8.27

1.73

0.73

11

6.94

7.76

7.75

0.80

-0.01

53

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 72 of 101

Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

AS-1 Employees who instill confidence in users

1.51

1.19

1.03

1.69

1.50

13

AS-2 Giving users individual attention

2.13

2.18

1.23

1.49

1.37

18

AS-3 Employees who are consistently courteous

1.09

0.97

2.25

2.39

2.26

13

AS-4 Readiness to respond to users' questions

2.33

0.93

0.93

1.85

0

8

AS-5 Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

1.45

1.61

1.30

1.68

1.63

13

AS-6 Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

1.73

1.50

1.41

1.79

1.88

50

AS-7 Employees who understand the needs of their users

1.98

2.13

0.89

1.98

2.15

12

AS-8 Willingness to help users

2.37

2.31

0.48

2.45

2.43

13

AS-9 Dependability in handling users' service problems

1.63

1.10

0.90

1.69

1.10

11

ID

Question Text

Affect of Service

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

1.10

0.62

1.37

1.85

1.73

15

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate information
on my own

2.20

2.47

1.36

2.26

2.52

12

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

2.38

2.67

1.45

2.23

2.65

14

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

1.95

1.80

1.61

2.11

2.03

53

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

2.01

1.63

1.57

1.54

1.22

11

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

1.31

1.08

1.45

1.93

1.71

16

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

1.29

1.39

1.20

1.63

1.66

16

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

1.77

1.59

1.57

2.21

2.01

20

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

2.13

2.14

1.45

1.99

1.95

44

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

2.38

2.29

2.31

2.66

2.73

13

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

2.36

2.37

1.45

1.90

1.81

11

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

1.55

1.89

1.20

1.91

2.17

10

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group study

2.98

2.38

0.90

2.72

2.45

11

1.52

1.40

1.02

1.48

1.43

53

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

6.3

Page 73 of 101

Core Question Dimensions Summary for Faculty
On the chart below, scores for each dimension of library service quality have been plotted graphically. The exterior bars
represent the range of minimum to desired mean scores for each dimension. The interior bars represent the range of
minimum to perceived mean scores (the service adequacy gap) for each dimension of library service quality.

9

8

Mean

7

6

5

4
Affect of
Service

Information
Control

Library as
Place

Overall

Dimension

Range of Minimum to Desired
Range of Minimum to Perceived ("Adequacy Gap")

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 74 of 101

The following table displays mean scores for each dimension of library service quality measured by the LibQUAL+®
survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed explanation of the
headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their dimensions can be
found in Appendix A.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

7.20

7.99

8.09

0.89

0.11

52

Information Control

6.91

7.80

7.45

0.53

-0.35

53

Library as Place

6.32

7.17

7.78

1.47

0.61

46

6.94

7.76

7.75

0.80

-0.01

53

Dimension

Overall

The following table displays standard deviation for each dimension of library service quality measured by the
LibQUAL+® survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed
explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their
dimensions can be found in Appendix A.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

1.60

1.45

1.11

1.68

1.61

52

Information Control

1.58

1.43

1.23

1.72

1.63

53

Library as Place

2.04

2.01

1.32

1.88

1.94

46

1.52

1.40

1.02

1.48

1.43

53

Dimension

Overall

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

6.4

Page 75 of 101

Local Question Summary for Faculty

This table shows mean scores of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium, where n is the
number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the introduction
to this notebook.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

6.70

8.10

8.20

1.50

0.10

10

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

5.56

5.78

7.67

2.11

1.89

9

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

8.00

8.43

8.00

0

-0.43

7

Library materials available when and where I need
them

7.92

8.15

6.92

-1.00

-1.23

13

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

7.44

7.67

7.78

0.33

0.11

9

Question Text

This table displays the standard deviations of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium ,
where n is the number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see
the introduction to this notebook.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

1.70

1.66

1.32

1.84

1.52

10

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

2.92

2.82

2.35

2.37

2.47

9

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

1.00

0.98

1.83

1.91

2.23

7

Library materials available when and where I need
them

2.25

2.19

2.36

1.47

1.42

13

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

1.24

1.00

1.30

1.32

1.17

9

Question Text

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 76 of 101

6.5

General Satisfaction Questions Summary for Faculty

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the general satisfaction questions: Satisfaction
with Treatment, Satisfaction with Support, and Satisfaction with Overall Quality of Service, where n is the number of
respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the general satisfaction questions on the
LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a scale from 1-9.

Mean

SD

n

In general, I am satisfied with the way in which I am treated at the library.

8.52

0.64

27

In general, I am satisfied with library support for my learning, research, and/or teaching needs.

7.88

1.28

26

How would you rate the overall quality of the service provided by the library?

8.25

0.87

53

Satisfaction Question

6.6

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions Summary for Faculty

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the information literacy outcomes questions, where
n is the number of respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the information literacy
outcomes questions on the LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a
scale from 1-9 with 1 being "strongly disagree" and 9 representing "strongly agree".
Mean

SD

n

The library helps me stay abreast of developments in my field(s) of interest.

7.33

1.61

18

The library aids my advancement in my academic discipline or work.

7.64

1.44

25

The library enables me to be more efficient in my academic pursuits or work.

7.96

1.11

23

The library helps me distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy information.

7.14

2.38

22

The library provides me with the information skills I need in my work or study.

8.06

1.26

18

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

6.7

Page 77 of 101

Library Use Summary for Faculty

This chart shows a graphic representation of library use (both on the premises and electronically), as well as use of
non-library information gateways such as Yahoo™ and Google™. Bars represent the frequency with which respondents
report using these resources: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, or Never. The table below the chart displays the
number and percentage of respondents who selected each option.

100

90

80

70

Percentage

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Daily

Weekly

Frequency

Monthly

How often do you use
resources on library
premises?

How often do you access
library resources through
a library Web page?

Daily

How often do you use resources on library
premises?

How often do you access library resources
through a library Web page?

How often do you use YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for information?

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Quarterly

Weekly

Never

How often do you use
YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for
information?

Monthly

Quarterly

Never

n/%

8

13

12

13

7

53

15.09%

24.53%

22.64%

24.53%

13.21%

100.00%

18

21

5

4

5

53

33.96%

39.62%

9.43%

7.55%

9.43%

100.00%

32

12

5

2

2

53

60.38%

22.64%

9.43%

3.77%

3.77%

100.00%

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Faculty

User Group: Faculty

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 78 of 101

7

Library Staff Summary for Clarion University of Pennsylvania
7.1

Demographic Summary for Library Staff

7.1.1

Respondent Profile by Answer to the Question: The library that you use most often:

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Clarion (Carlson)

6

60.00

Venango (Suhr)

2

20.00

Online only

2

20.00

10

100.00

The library that you use most often:

Total:

7.1.2

Respondent Profile by Age:

This table shows a breakdown of survey respondents by age; both the number of respondents (n) and the percentage of the
total number of respondents represented by each age group are displayed.
Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Under 18

0

0.00

18 - 22

4

40.00

23 - 30

0

0.00

31 - 45

2

20.00

46 - 65

4

40.00

Over 65

0

0.00

10

100.00

Age:

Total:

7.1.3

Respondent Profile by Sex:

The table below shows a breakdown of survey respondents by sex, based on user responses to the demographic questions
and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*. The number and percentage
for each sex are given for the general population and for survey respondents.
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.
Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Female

9

90.00

Male

1

10.00

10

100.00

Sex:

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

7.2

Page 79 of 101

Core Questions Summary for Library Staff
This radar chart shows the aggregate results for the core survey questions. Each axis represents one question. A code to
identify each question is displayed at the outer point of each axis. While questions for each dimension of library service
quality are scattered randomly throughout the survey, on this chart they are grouped into sections: Affect of Service ,
Information Control, and Library as Place.
On each axis, respondents' minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality are plotted, and the resulting "gaps"
between the three levels (representing service adequacy or service superiority) are shaded in blue, yellow, green, and red.
The following two tables show mean scores and standard deviations for each question, where n is the number of
respondents for each particular question. (For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this
notebook.)

AS-7

Affect of Service

AS-6

AS-5

AS-8

AS-4

AS-9

AS-3

IC-1

AS-2

IC-2

AS-1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
LP-5

IC-3

IC-4

LP-4

LP-3

IC-5
Information Control

Library as Place

IC-6

LP-2
IC-7

IC-8

LP-1

Perceived Less Than Minimum
Perceived Greater Than Minimum
Perceived Less Than Desired
Perceived Greater Than Desired

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 80 of 101

ID

Question Text

Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

AS-1

Employees who instill confidence in users

0

AS-2

Giving users individual attention

7.00

8.25

7.25

0.25

-1.00

4

AS-3

Employees who are consistently courteous

5.50

9.00

9.00

3.50

0.00

2

AS-4

Readiness to respond to users' questions

7.50

9.00

6.50

-1.00

-2.50

2

AS-5

Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

5.50

7.00

7.50

2.00

0.50

2

AS-6

Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

7.10

8.80

7.90

0.80

-0.90

10

AS-7

Employees who understand the needs of their users

7.00

8.50

7.00

0.00

-1.50

2

AS-8

Willingness to help users

7.75

8.75

7.75

0.00

-1.00

4

AS-9

Dependability in handling users' service problems

6.25

8.25

7.25

1.00

-1.00

4

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

5.00

8.00

7.67

2.67

-0.33

3

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate
information on my own

6.33

8.33

4.00

-2.33

-4.33

3

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

4.33

7.00

6.00

1.67

-1.00

3

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

5.70

7.30

7.20

1.50

-0.10

10

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

6.67

7.67

8.33

1.67

0.67

3

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

6.50

9.00

9.00

2.50

0.00

2

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

6.67

7.67

8.00

1.33

0.33

3

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

6.00

7.67

5.67

-0.33

-2.00

3

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

5.50

8.00

7.10

1.60

-0.90

10

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

6.50

8.50

5.00

-1.50

-3.50

2

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

6.75

8.25

8.25

1.50

0.00

4

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

5.00

9.00

6.00

1.00

-3.00

2

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group
study

5.00

6.50

6.50

1.50

0.00

2

6.17

8.03

7.18

1.01

-0.86

10

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

ID

Question Text

Page 81 of 101

Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

AS-1 Employees who instill confidence in users

0

AS-2 Giving users individual attention

1.41

0.96

1.50

1.71

2.16

4

AS-3 Employees who are consistently courteous

0.71

0

0

0.71

0

2

AS-4 Readiness to respond to users' questions

0.71

0

0.71

0

0.71

2

AS-5 Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

0.71

1.41

0.71

0

2.12

2

AS-6 Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

1.37

0.42

1.10

1.55

1.37

10

AS-7 Employees who understand the needs of their users

0

0.71

1.41

1.41

2.12

2

AS-8 Willingness to help users

0.50

0.50

1.26

0.82

1.41

4

AS-9 Dependability in handling users' service problems

0.96

0.96

0.50

0.82

1.15

4

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

1.00

0

0.58

1.53

0.58

3

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate information
on my own

1.53

1.15

1.73

3.06

2.89

3

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

1.15

1.73

1.00

2.08

2.00

3

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

1.77

1.49

1.87

2.32

2.56

10

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

0.58

1.15

0.58

0.58

0.58

3

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

2.12

0

0

2.12

0

2

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

1.53

1.53

1.00

1.15

2.52

3

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

0

1.15

1.53

1.53

1.73

3

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

1.18

1.15

1.73

2.17

2.08

10

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

0.71

0.71

1.41

0.71

2.12

2

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

1.71

0.96

0.96

1.00

0.82

4

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

0

0

1.41

1.41

1.41

2

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group study

2.83

2.12

2.12

0.71

0

2

1.03

0.79

0.92

1.21

1.32

10

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 82 of 101

7.3

Core Question Dimensions Summary for Library Staff
On the chart below, scores for each dimension of library service quality have been plotted graphically. The exterior bars
represent the range of minimum to desired mean scores for each dimension. The interior bars represent the range of
minimum to perceived mean scores (the service adequacy gap) for each dimension of library service quality.

9

8

Mean

7

6

5

4
Affect of
Service

Information
Control

Library as
Place

Overall

Dimension

Range of Minimum to Desired
Range of Minimum to Perceived ("Adequacy Gap")

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 83 of 101

The following table displays mean scores for each dimension of library service quality measured by the LibQUAL+®
survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed explanation of the
headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their dimensions can be
found in Appendix A.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

6.87

8.53

7.60

0.73

-0.93

10

Information Control

5.83

7.67

6.97

1.13

-0.70

10

Library as Place

5.75

8.05

6.95

1.20

-1.10

10

6.17

8.03

7.18

1.01

-0.86

10

Dimension

Overall

The following table displays standard deviation for each dimension of library service quality measured by the
LibQUAL+® survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed
explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their
dimensions can be found in Appendix A.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

1.03

0.55

0.77

1.34

1.24

10

Information Control

1.36

0.98

1.50

1.83

1.84

10

Library as Place

1.36

1.14

1.12

1.36

1.60

10

1.03

0.79

0.92

1.21

1.32

10

Dimension

Overall

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 84 of 101

7.4

Local Question Summary for Library Staff

This table shows mean scores of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium, where n is the
number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the introduction
to this notebook.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

6.50

8.00

8.00

1.50

0

2

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

4.00

5.00

4.00

0

-1.00

2

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

7.50

8.50

7.50

0

-1.00

2

Library materials available when and where I need
them

5.67

8.33

8.00

2.33

-0.33

3

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

6.00

8.00

7.00

1.00

-1.00

1

Question Text

Superiority
Mean

n

This table displays the standard deviations of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium ,
where n is the number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see
the introduction to this notebook.
Question Text

Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

2.12

0

0

2.12

0

2

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

2.83

2.83

0

2.83

2.83

2

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

0.71

0.71

2.12

2.83

1.41

2

Library materials available when and where I need
them

1.15

1.15

1.00

2.08

1.53

3

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

1

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

7.5

Page 85 of 101

General Satisfaction Questions Summary for Library Staff

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the general satisfaction questions: Satisfaction
with Treatment, Satisfaction with Support, and Satisfaction with Overall Quality of Service, where n is the number of
respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the general satisfaction questions on the
LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a scale from 1-9.

Mean

SD

n

In general, I am satisfied with the way in which I am treated at the library.

7.83

0.98

6

In general, I am satisfied with library support for my learning, research, and/or teaching needs.

8.00

1.41

4

How would you rate the overall quality of the service provided by the library?

8.00

0.47

10

Satisfaction Question

7.6

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions Summary for Library Staff

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the information literacy outcomes questions, where
n is the number of respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the information literacy
outcomes questions on the LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a
scale from 1-9 with 1 being "strongly disagree" and 9 representing "strongly agree".
Mean

SD

n

The library helps me stay abreast of developments in my field(s) of interest.

7.20

1.64

5

The library aids my advancement in my academic discipline or work.

7.25

0.50

4

The library enables me to be more efficient in my academic pursuits or work.

6.67

1.53

3

The library helps me distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy information.

7.00

2.00

3

The library provides me with the information skills I need in my work or study.

7.80

1.10

5

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 86 of 101

7.7

Library Use Summary for Library Staff

This chart shows a graphic representation of library use (both on the premises and electronically), as well as use of
non-library information gateways such as Yahoo™ and Google™. Bars represent the frequency with which respondents
report using these resources: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, or Never. The table below the chart displays the
number and percentage of respondents who selected each option.

100

90

80

70

Percentage

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Daily

Weekly

Frequency

Monthly

How often do you use
resources on library
premises?

How often do you access
library resources through
a library Web page?

Daily

How often do you use resources on library
premises?

How often do you access library resources
through a library Web page?

How often do you use YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for information?

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Quarterly

Weekly

Never

How often do you use
YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for
information?

Monthly

Quarterly

Never

n/%

5

0

2

1

2

10

50.00%

0 %

20.00%

10.00%

20.00%

100.00%

2

4

2

2

0

10

20.00%

40.00%

20.00%

20.00%

0 %

100.00%

5

5

0

0

0

10

50.00%

50.00%

0 %

0 %

0 %

100.00%

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Library Staff

User Group: Library Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

8

Page 87 of 101

Staff Summary for Clarion University of Pennsylvania
8.1

Demographic Summary for Staff

8.1.1

Respondent Profile by Answer to the Question: The library that you use most often:

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

17

65.38

Venango (Suhr)

2

7.69

Online only

7

26.92

26

100.00

The library that you use most often:
Clarion (Carlson)

Total:

8.1.2

Respondent Profile by Age:

This table shows a breakdown of survey respondents by age; both the number of respondents (n) and the percentage of the
total number of respondents represented by each age group are displayed.
Respondents
n

Respondents
%

Under 18

0

0.00

18 - 22

1

3.85

23 - 30

1

3.85

31 - 45

7

26.92

46 - 65

17

65.38

Over 65

0

0.00

26

100.00

Age:

Total:

8.1.3

Respondent Profile by Sex:

The table below shows a breakdown of survey respondents by sex, based on user responses to the demographic questions
and the demographic data provided by institutions in the online Representativeness section*. The number and percentage
for each sex are given for the general population and for survey respondents.
*Note: Participating institutions were not required to complete the Representativeness section. When population data is
missing or incomplete, it is because this data was not provided.
Sex:

Respondents
n

Respondents
%

19

73.08

7

26.92

26

100.00

Female
Male

Total:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 88 of 101

8.2

Core Questions Summary for Staff
This radar chart shows the aggregate results for the core survey questions. Each axis represents one question. A code to
identify each question is displayed at the outer point of each axis. While questions for each dimension of library service
quality are scattered randomly throughout the survey, on this chart they are grouped into sections: Affect of Service ,
Information Control, and Library as Place.
On each axis, respondents' minimum, desired, and perceived levels of service quality are plotted, and the resulting "gaps"
between the three levels (representing service adequacy or service superiority) are shaded in blue, yellow, green, and red.
The following two tables show mean scores and standard deviations for each question, where n is the number of
respondents for each particular question. (For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this
notebook.)

AS-7

Affect of Service

AS-6

AS-5

AS-8

AS-4

AS-9

AS-3

IC-1

AS-2

IC-2

AS-1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9
LP-5

IC-3

IC-4

LP-4

LP-3

IC-5
Information Control

Library as Place

IC-6

LP-2
IC-7

IC-8

LP-1

Perceived Less Than Minimum
Perceived Greater Than Minimum
Perceived Less Than Desired
Perceived Greater Than Desired

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

ID

Question Text

Page 89 of 101

Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

AS-1

Employees who instill confidence in users

6.75

8.00

8.00

1.25

0.00

4

AS-2

Giving users individual attention

7.17

8.33

8.00

0.83

-0.33

6

AS-3

Employees who are consistently courteous

8.50

8.80

8.20

-0.30

-0.60

10

AS-4

Readiness to respond to users' questions

7.33

8.00

8.33

1.00

0.33

3

AS-5

Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

8.17

8.33

6.50

-1.67

-1.83

6

AS-6

Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

7.54

8.12

7.85

0.31

-0.27

26

AS-7

Employees who understand the needs of their users

6.75

7.75

7.25

0.50

-0.50

4

AS-8

Willingness to help users

7.14

7.71

8.00

0.86

0.29

7

AS-9

Dependability in handling users' service problems

5.75

7.00

6.13

0.38

-0.88

8

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

7.60

8.80

8.40

0.80

-0.40

5

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate
information on my own

6.91

8.09

6.45

-0.45

-1.64

11

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

5.43

6.29

6.71

1.29

0.43

7

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

6.22

7.39

6.96

0.74

-0.43

23

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

8.00

8.75

6.75

-1.25

-2.00

4

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

6.63

7.13

7.25

0.63

0.13

8

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

7.00

8.50

7.50

0.50

-1.00

4

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

5.40

6.80

6.40

1.00

-0.40

5

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

6.52

7.35

7.04

0.52

-0.30

23

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

6.25

7.13

6.75

0.50

-0.38

8

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

8.00

8.40

7.00

-1.00

-1.40

5

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

6.33

7.33

6.67

0.33

-0.67

3

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group
study

6.38

7.63

7.75

1.38

0.13

8

6.86

7.68

7.26

0.39

-0.42

26

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 90 of 101

Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

AS-1 Employees who instill confidence in users

1.71

1.41

2.00

1.50

0.82

4

AS-2 Giving users individual attention

1.47

0.82

0.89

0.98

1.03

6

AS-3 Employees who are consistently courteous

1.27

0.63

1.75

1.06

1.26

10

AS-4 Readiness to respond to users' questions

0.58

1.00

0.58

1.00

1.53

3

AS-5 Employees who have the knowledge to answer user
questions

0.75

0.82

2.88

3.20

3.31

6

AS-6 Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

1.70

1.58

1.62

1.57

2.07

26

AS-7 Employees who understand the needs of their users

1.71

1.50

1.26

1.00

1.00

4

AS-8 Willingness to help users

1.21

1.38

0.82

0.90

1.60

7

AS-9 Dependability in handling users' service problems

1.16

1.41

1.73

1.19

2.17

8

ID

Question Text

Affect of Service

Information Control

IC-1

Making electronic resources accessible from my
home or office

0.89

0.45

0.89

0.84

1.14

5

IC-2

A library Web site enabling me to locate information
on my own

1.38

1.45

2.16

2.62

2.42

11

IC-3

The printed library materials I need for my work

0.98

1.38

1.70

1.89

2.57

7

IC-4

The electronic information resources I need

1.78

1.73

1.49

1.71

1.70

23

IC-5

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed
information

0.82

0.50

3.86

4.57

4.08

4

IC-6

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things
on my own

1.19

1.25

1.58

2.00

2.36

8

IC-7

Making information easily accessible for
independent use

0.82

0.58

1.29

1.29

1.83

4

IC-8

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require
for my work

1.14

1.64

1.34

0.71

1.52

5

Library as Place

LP-1

Library space that inspires study and learning

2.11

1.90

2.36

2.68

2.79

23

LP-2

Quiet space for individual activities

1.39

1.81

2.43

1.69

1.41

8

LP-3

A comfortable and inviting location

1.00

0.89

3.46

4.00

3.71

5

LP-4

A getaway for study, learning, or research

1.15

0.58

0.58

0.58

0.58

3

LP-5

Community space for group learning and group study

2.67

1.51

1.28

2.00

1.73

8

1.23

1.22

1.46

1.52

1.63

26

Overall:

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

8.3

Page 91 of 101

Core Question Dimensions Summary for Staff
On the chart below, scores for each dimension of library service quality have been plotted graphically. The exterior bars
represent the range of minimum to desired mean scores for each dimension. The interior bars represent the range of
minimum to perceived mean scores (the service adequacy gap) for each dimension of library service quality.

9

8

Mean

7

6

5

4
Affect of
Service

Information
Control

Library as
Place

Overall

Dimension

Range of Minimum to Desired
Range of Minimum to Perceived ("Adequacy Gap")

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 92 of 101

The following table displays mean scores for each dimension of library service quality measured by the LibQUAL+®
survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed explanation of the
headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their dimensions can be
found in Appendix A.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Affect of Service

7.40

8.03

7.66

0.26

-0.37

26

Information Control

6.44

7.49

6.90

0.46

-0.58

24

Library as Place

6.58

7.52

7.08

0.50

-0.44

25

6.86

7.68

7.26

0.39

-0.42

26

Dimension

Overall

The following table displays standard deviation for each dimension of library service quality measured by the
LibQUAL+® survey, where n is the number of respondents for each particular dimension. (For a more detailed
explanation of the headings, see the Introduction to this notebook.) A complete listing of the survey questions and their
dimensions can be found in Appendix A.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Affect of Service

1.43

1.25

1.46

1.29

1.62

26

Information Control

1.23

1.39

1.44

1.68

1.81

24

Library as Place

1.77

1.48

2.12

2.30

2.19

25

1.23

1.22

1.46

1.52

1.63

26

Dimension

Overall

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

8.4

Page 93 of 101

Local Question Summary for Staff

This table shows mean scores of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium, where n is the
number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see the introduction
to this notebook.
Minimum
Mean

Desired
Mean

Perceived
Mean

Adequacy
Mean

Superiority
Mean

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

7.20

7.60

8.20

1.00

0.60

5

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

6.75

6.75

6.25

-0.50

-0.50

4

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

5.86

7.00

6.86

1.00

-0.14

7

Library materials available when and where I need
them

8.00

8.00

8.50

0.50

0.50

2

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

8.50

8.50

4.00

-4.50

-4.50

2

Question Text

This table displays the standard deviations of each of the local questions added by the individual library or consortium ,
where n is the number of respondents for each particular question. For a more detailed explanation of the headings, see
the introduction to this notebook.
Minimum
SD

Desired
SD

Perceived
SD

Adequacy
SD

Superiority
SD

n

Access to materials from other libraries (Interlibrary
Loan)

1.48

1.67

0.84

1.87

1.95

5

Availability of assistance in addressing issues of
copyright and plagiarism

1.71

1.71

0.96

1.00

1.00

4

Availability of assistance to improve my research
skills

1.35

1.63

1.35

2.16

2.04

7

Library materials available when and where I need
them

1.41

1.41

0.71

0.71

0.71

2

Reliable mix of technology to help me complete my
work

0.71

0.71

4.24

4.95

4.95

2

Question Text

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 94 of 101

8.5

General Satisfaction Questions Summary for Staff

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the general satisfaction questions: Satisfaction
with Treatment, Satisfaction with Support, and Satisfaction with Overall Quality of Service, where n is the number of
respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the general satisfaction questions on the
LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a scale from 1-9.

Mean

SD

n

In general, I am satisfied with the way in which I am treated at the library.

7.23

1.96

13

In general, I am satisfied with library support for my learning, research, and/or teaching needs.

7.23

1.48

13

How would you rate the overall quality of the service provided by the library?

7.65

1.26

26

Satisfaction Question

8.6

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions Summary for Staff

This table displays the mean score and standard deviation for each of the information literacy outcomes questions, where
n is the number of respondents for each question. These scores are calculated from responses to the information literacy
outcomes questions on the LibQUAL+® survey, in which respondents rated their levels of general satisfaction on a
scale from 1-9 with 1 being "strongly disagree" and 9 representing "strongly agree".
Mean

SD

n

The library helps me stay abreast of developments in my field(s) of interest.

5.75

1.76

12

The library aids my advancement in my academic discipline or work.

6.83

1.70

12

The library enables me to be more efficient in my academic pursuits or work.

7.40

1.35

10

The library helps me distinguish between trustworthy and untrustworthy information.

6.80

2.17

5

The library provides me with the information skills I need in my work or study.

6.46

2.22

13

Information Literacy Outcomes Questions

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

8.7

Page 95 of 101

Library Use Summary for Staff

This chart shows a graphic representation of library use (both on the premises and electronically), as well as use of
non-library information gateways such as Yahoo™ and Google™. Bars represent the frequency with which respondents
report using these resources: Daily, Weekly, Monthly, Quarterly, or Never. The table below the chart displays the
number and percentage of respondents who selected each option.

100

90

80

70

Percentage

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
Daily

Weekly

Frequency

Monthly

How often do you use
resources on library
premises?

How often do you access
library resources through
a library Web page?

Daily

How often do you use resources on library
premises?

How often do you access library resources
through a library Web page?

How often do you use YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for information?

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Quarterly

Weekly

Never

How often do you use
YahooTM, GoogleTM, or
non-library gateways for
information?

Monthly

Quarterly

Never

n/%

1

3

8

10

4

26

3.85%

11.54%

30.77%

38.46%

15.38%

100.00%

1

4

8

6

7

26

3.85%

15.38%

30.77%

23.08%

26.92%

100.00%

17

3

3

2

1

26

65.38%

11.54%

11.54%

7.69%

3.85%

100.00%

Language: English (American)
Institution Type: College or University

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

Consortium: Keystone Library Network

User Group: Staff

User Group: Staff

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 96 of 101

Appendix A: LibQUAL+® Dimensions
LibQUAL+® measures dimensions of perceived library quality---that is, each survey question is part of a broader
category (a dimension), and scores within those categories are analyzed in order to derive more general information
about library users' perceptions of service. These dimensions were first based on the original SERVQUAL survey
instrument (the framework for the LibQUAL+® survey tool; for more information on the origins of LibQUAL+®,
go

to

).

The

LibQUAL+®

survey

dimensions

have

evolved

with

each

iteration, becoming more refined and focused for application to the library context. Dimensions for each iteration of
the LibQUAL+® survey are outlined below.
LibQUAL+® 2000 Dimensions

The 2000 iteration of the LibQUAL+® survey, which had 41 questions, measured eight separate dimensions:
·

Assurance (the knowledge and courtesy of employees, and their ability to convey trust and confidence)

·

Empathy (caring, individual attention)

·

Library as Place (library as a sanctuary/haven or site for learning and contemplation)

·

Reliability (ability to perform the promised service dependably and accurately)

·

Responsiveness (willingness to help customers and provide prompt service)

·

Tangibles (appearance of physical facilities, equipment, personnel and communications materials)

·

Instructions/Custom Items

·

Self-Reliance

LibQUAL+® 2001 Dimensions

After careful analysis of the results from the 2000 survey, the dimensions were further refined to re-ground the
SERVQUAL items in the library context. Four sub-dimensions resulted for the 2001 iteration:
·

Service Affect (nine items, such as “willingness to help users”)

·

Library as Place (five items, such as “a haven for quiet and solitude”)

·

Personal Control (six items, such as “website enabling me to locate information on my own”), and

·

Information Access (five items, such as “comprehensive print collections” and “convenient business
hours”)

LibQUAL+® 2002 and 2003 Dimensions

For the 2002 iteration of the LibQUAL+® survey, the dimensions were once again refined based on analysis of the
previous year's results. While the four dimensions were retained, their titles were changed slightly to more clearly
represent the questions and data. The same four dimensions were also used on the 2003 survey:
·

Access to Information

·

Affect of Service

·

Library as Place

·

Personal Control

LibQUAL+® 2004 - Present Dimensions

After the 2003 survey was completed, factor and reliability analyses on the resulting data revealed that two of the

LibQUAL+® 2012 Survey Results - Clarion University of Pennsylvania

Page 97 of 101

dimensions measured by the survey-Access to Information and Personal Control-had collapsed into one. The
following three dimensions have been measured since then: Affect of Service, Information Control, and Library as
Place. In addition, three core items were eliminated from the 2003 version of the survey, leaving 22 core items on
the final survey instrument.
The list below displays the dimensions used to present the results in the 2012 notebooks, along with the questions
that relate to each dimension. (Note: The questions below are those used in the College and University
implementation of the survey, American English version.)
Affect of Service

[AS-1]

Employees who instill confidence in users

[AS-2]

Giving users individual attention

[AS-3]

Employees who are consistently courteous

[AS-4]

Readiness to respond to users’ questions

[AS-5]

Employees who have the knowledge to answer user questions

[AS-6]

Employees who deal with users in a caring fashion

[AS-7]

Employees who understand the needs of their users

[AS-8]

Willingness to help users

[AS-9]

Dependability in handling users’ service problems

Information Control

[IC-1]

Making electronic resources accessible from my home or office

[IC-2]

A library Web site enabling me to locate information on my own

[IC-3]

The printed library materials I need for my work

[IC-4]

The electronic information resources I need

[IC-5]

Modern equipment that lets me easily access needed information

[IC-6]

Easy-to-use access tools that allow me to find things on my own

[IC-7]

Making information easily accessible for independent use

[IC-8]

Print and/or electronic journal collections I require for my work

Library as Place

[LP-1]

Library space that inspires study and learning

[LP-2]

Quiet space for individual activities

[LP-3]

A comfortable and inviting location

[LP-4]

A getaway for study, learning or research

[LP-5]

Community space for group learning and group study

True

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http://www.libqual.org
Copyright © 2012 Association of Research Libraries