an

UNDERGRADUATE

d

14TH ANNUAL ACADEMIC EXCELLENCE SERIES

research conference

GRADUATE

APRIL 11, 2019
10 A.M.-2 P.M.
GEMMELL MULTI-PURPOSE ROOM

Abstracts
ADKINS, A.N. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Particle Size Reduction
and Shape Formation by Chemical Etching.
See CROYLE, K.D.
AIKENS, M.A., KEHN, E.K., ZAWROTNIAK, K.A., and BOYDEN, S. Department of Biology and
Geosciences (Biology). Sapling Variation in Herbivory and Disease.
Life in the understory is difficult. In addition to competing with adult trees and understory plants for light,
water and nutrients, herbivores (e.g. deer, insects) and disease (e.g. bacteria, fungi) can decrease the
amount of leaf area available for photosynthesis, potentially limiting a sapling’s growth and its ability to
compete for space in the forest canopy. If the impact of Pennsylvania’s deer population is controlled, are
there certain tree species disproportionately affected by insect herbivory and disease that might indicate
likely composition of our future forests? Our study was conducted in late September, inside a 40-acre
deer exclosure in the Callen Run Research Area of Clear Creek State Forest. Leaves from 100 saplings
(red maple, black gum, sassafras and serviceberry) were sampled across hilltop and lowland areas,
assessing herbivory, disease, leaf color and general leaf health. Sapling height and soil samples were
assessed to see if herbivory or disease correlate to those parameters. We found that between species,
neither soil characteristics nor height had a significant effect on levels of herbivory or disease. However,
within a species soil characteristics can affect levels of herbivory and disease. Our findings suggest a
model where sapling herbivory may be highest in a tree’s preferred habitat. In that case, the competitive
advantage a sapling has may be negated by herbivory, helping maintain forest diversity.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
ALBERTINE, C.J. Keystone High School. Gender Inequality.
Gender is affected by war, economy, resources, physical geography and slaves. Two examples of societies
that fit gender inequality stereotypes are Athens and Mesopotamia. In Athens, gender equality was poor
and women were considered evil and owned little. However, there are some ancient societies that do not
have great inequality in gender roles. One exception may be Ancient Egypt where there was very little
inequality in gender. Another exception may be Sparta where women owned a lot more land than in other
societies.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
ALLIO, E., BALEWSKI, J., BOYLE, T., CESSNA, A., DEVINE, C., DOWD, G., KAPPEL, L., MISCOVICH, H.,
MOGLIA, N., PATRICK, J., RAGER, B., SMOYER, A., TERU, S., and VAN DYKE, M. Department of Economics.
Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
Clarion University students attended the National Model United Nations conference in New York City.
At this year’s conference, 14 students represented the Republic of Costa Rica delegation on several
committees to solve a wide range of global issues, along with other delegations who arrived from all parts
of the world. They have previously represented the Maldives and San Marino, along with several other
member states, with delegations of around twelve students. The students worked tirelessly to prepare
for the conference, researching not only their assigned topics, but also Costa Rica’s position on the topics
both presently and previously. These topics include climate change, international security efforts, sustainable development, human rights, the rights of refugees and internally displaced persons, environmental
improvement efforts and industrial development. They devoted the majority of the week caucusing
for support of their solutions and on drafting inclusive resolutions in order to solve the assigned topics.

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All students drafted, voted on and approved resolutions to complicated world issues. The conference
concluded with a closing awards ceremony in the general assembly hall of the United Nations.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Sandra Trejos
ALMERAB, A., and SINGH, N. Department of Management and Marketing. D2L Learning Management App
Adoption Behavior.
Learning management systems (LMS) such as D2L are extremely popular and helpful tools in higher
education system. They are usually accessible via laptops or PCs, which may or may not be the best way
in the mobile application era. The purpose of this study is to understand D2L Brightspace app adoption
behavior among undergraduate students. The online survey method will be used to collect data from
student population in one of the state universities in Pennsylvania. Random stratified sampling technique
will be utilized to minimize the sampling bias. Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology
(UTAUT) will be used to measure performance expectancy, effort expectancy and facilitating conditions,
along with satisfaction and hedonic motivation from existing scales, as the constructs have documented
validity. The five point Likert scale will be used to collect the responses as suggested in the literature.
This study is unique as UTAUT model has not been applied to understand D2L app adoption behavior,
which is so popular in educational institutions in Pennsylvania.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Nripendra Singh
ANDRES, S.J. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Biotic and Abiotic Controls over Japanese
Stiltgrass Invasion.
See HARRIS, T.E.
BAKER, A., JOHNSTON, S., and SULAS, D. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Low
Temperature Photoluminescence Mapping of Solar Cells.
Photoluminescence (PL) mapping provides spatial information about a semiconductor’s (photovoltaic’s)
defects, efficiency, bandgap, uniformity and other important properties. Near liquid helium temperatures,
photoluminescence peaks in the spectra become sharper than those observed at higher temperatures,
and transitions not resolved at room temperature become observable. An automation system was
designed to collect low temperature photoluminescence maps of solar cells to exploit the extra information obtained from cooling the sample being mapped. The photoluminescence spectra were collected
from the sample at different temperatures by inserting the sample in a helium-based closed-cycle cryostat.
Automation was developed in which a LabView application controls the low temperature PL mapping
process. This involved controlling the following mapping components: motion stages to scan the incoming
light source and optics, the temperature of the cryostat and the PL data collection via a spectrometer/
camera combination. The result of combining these components was a system that generates PL maps
at temperatures as low as ~8 K. A spatial filter was added to the system to remove signal generated from
anywhere other than the point of interest. This addition helped the system approach the theoretical
resolution achievable. The completed prototype will be used to study degradation of perovskite solar
cells among other types of solar cells.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. John Heard
BAKER, A.J. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectroscopic Analysis of Al-Cu-Fe Quasicrystalline Thin Film Layer.
See SMITH, K.N.
BALEWSKI, J. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.

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BARNHART, L.R. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Manipulation of the
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Microenvironment with a Mixed Population of Stromal Cell Substrate.
See HARMON, C.K.
BAUMCRATZ, M.L. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic
Management Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
See MULLIN, R.S.
BECKEY, J.L. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectroscopic Analysis of Al-Cu-Fe Quasicrystalline Thin Film Layer.
See SMITH, K.N.
BEICHNER, A., DUNN, M., HINDMAN, A., MCCLAY, T., and PRESTO, E. Department of Nursing. The Stop
Opioid Use in Pregnancy Program.
The rate of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) is increasing due to the ever-growing opioid epidemic
in the United States. NAS includes a list of health problems that neonates experience after birth due to the
withdrawal of opioids when they enter extrauterine life. Symptoms experienced by the neonates include
tremors, poor feeding, seizures, dehydration, irritability and unstable temperature. The highest rate of NAS
to occur in this area is in Clearfield County, with a rate of 16.9%. To decrease this problem, the researchers
propose to implement the Stop Opioid Use in Pregnancy Program (STOUP), with a goal of decreasing the
rate by 15% in one year after implementation. This is an educational program provided to pregnant women
discussing what NAS is, how they can prevent it and where to get help if they are in need of rehabilitation
services from opioid abuse. STOUP will be implemented in doctor’s offices, hospitals and other service
providers to women (e.g. Women Infants and Children). To evaluate the effectiveness, the researchers will
determine the rates of NAS in Clearfield County prior to implementing STOUP, then reevaluate the rates of
NAS seen in the county a year after STOUP has been used. A decline in the NAS rates will determine the
effectiveness of STOUP and if a more formal educational program is needed in other areas to decrease
NAS rates as well.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Robin Bilan
BERKHOUSE, J.M. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Caffeine Effects on
SH-Sy5y Neuronal Cell at Chronic and Acute Levels, Cytotoxic Vs. Neuroprotective.
See FOSTER, C.E.
BERKHOUSE, J.M. Department of Chemistry Mathematics and Physics (Chemistry). Characterization of Gas
Phase GC with the Addition of a New ECD Detector.
See GRAHAM, K.A.
BESSETTI, R.N. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Chemistry). Clarion University Crystal
Growing Competition 2018-19.
Crystals can be grown in many different shapes and sizes, depending on their chemical composition. Some
may exhibit jagged ridges, while others may form smooth edges or conform to the texture of a container.
Inorganic Chemistry courses investigate and learn about molecular geometry and crystalline lattices
related to the differing chemical composition of such crystals. The study of crystals is very important in
the field of chemistry because it gives insight into how atoms and molecules interact. Our project aimed
to make connections with science teachers in our area to bring excitement about the field of chemistry to
young kids. With our Crystal Growing competition, we also hoped to generate positive publicity for Clarion
University and interest in our science programs. Over the past three months we held four crystal formation
events and received a total of 157 entries that were presented to our panel of judges on Saturday, March
16th. Positive feedback from those who took part in our crystal growing competitions this year makes us
excited and hopeful to host another competition and increase participation next year.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jacqueline Knaust
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​ ESSETTI, R.N., FOSTER, C.F., SMITH, K.J., SMITH, M.F., and ZHU, J.M. Department of Biology and
B
Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Continuing the Isolation/Identification of a Novel Antimicrobial
Activity from Human Urine.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections encountered in health care
and account for more than 8.1 million visits to health care providers each year. Multi-drug resistant strains
of pathogenic bacterial infections, such as those involved in UTIs, are one of the top concerns of health
systems worldwide. This project incorporates chemical and biological techniques in the collection, isolation
and analysis of a component of human urine that has antimicrobial activity. Purification efforts through
distillation and solid phase extraction paired with killing tests on various bacterial strains have allowed
us to understand the chemical properties of the compound of interest. We have analyzed our compound
using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) as well as liquid chromatography time-of-flight
mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) at Huck Institute of the Life Sciences in an effort to identify the molecule(s)
that possess the antimicrobial activity. Once the molecule(s) has been identified, we will proceed with
further investigation into its inhibitory and bactericidal abilities and applications.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Douglas M. Smith
BICKEL, G., HOBSON, J., LONG, M., RAHALLA, E., and KETH, A. Department of Biology and Environmental
Geosciences (Biology). Viability and Longevity of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) Larval Populations in
Beeswax and Polyethylene Matrix.
Polyethylene is widely used in plastic production, which has become a significant source of pollution.
This project tested the use of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae in the elimination of polyethylene plastic. This insect was chosen because it typically consumes beeswax, which shares a functionally
similar structure to polyethylene. We compared the survival and successful metamorphosis of populations
of larvae living in a matrix of beeswax to those in a matrix of polyethylene. Twenty-five larvae were
separated into cups containing either wax or polyethylene beads. We hypothesized that the average
number of larvae that completed their life cycle in polyethylene would be equal to those in beeswax.
Our data showed that larvae eating polyethylene were as likely to make it to adulthood as those
consuming beeswax. This means that G. mellonella may be a viable method for reducing plastic waste.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Andrew Keth
BLANKENBUEHLER, A.K. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Study of Acute and Chronic
Effects of NSAIDS (Ibuprofen, Tylenol and Aspirin) on SH-SY5Y Neuronal Cells in Their Neuroprotective Ability
against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease.
See MEALY, B.R.
BONIFAY, K.N., FLEMING, M.J., SHAFFER, J.E., and WESTON, M.L. Department of Nursing. Lateral Violence
Amongst New ED Nurses.
The purpose of this research proposal is to identify and resolve the causes of lateral violence amongst
new nurses in the Emergency Department (ED). Lateral violence creates several problems for new nurses
in a high-stress environment like the ED, resulting in: harm to the patient; subpar Press Ganey Surverys,
which leads to a lack of grants for the hospital; a poor work environment; and decreased retention rate
of new registered nurses (RNs). Multiple research articles were examined and reviewed. These articles
discussed the effects that lateral violence had on the health care facility, nurse residency programs,
and the turnover rate of RNs. It was concluded that nurse residency programs are not only effective in
teaching new graduate nurses to deal with and eliminate lateral violence, but it also decreases the rate in
which nurses are leaving the profession. This saves the health care facility money and time spent in training
a new nurse.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Robin Bilan

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BOODJEH, S.E. Department of Psychology. The Examination of the Individual and Social Factors that
Influence Student-Athlete Depression at Clarion University.
Student-athletes in college take part in rigorous practice schedules, traveling for various competitions,
and lifting and exercising outside of playing their sport almost every day. Additionally, student-athletes
are expected to perform well academically and are expected to enrich themselves in extracurricular
activities on campus. Student-athletes encounter the stressors of a non-athletic college student along
with the stressors of the sport they participate in. There is a lack of research in the mentalhealth of
athletes, specifically depression. According to the few studies done on athletes’ depression, 1 out of 5
experienced depression, making this an important subject to study (Wolanin, Gross and Hong, 2015).
This study examines the predictors of athletes’ depression and the variables at both the social and
individual level. The individual factors examined were self-esteem, perceived social connectedness,
self-selected exercise intensity, self-care, perfectionism and body image. The social factors examined
were parental involvement and stigma. The biological sex may change the depression levels in athletes,
so this factor was also compared to the other variables that were studied. The goal was to obtain 100
undergraduates; 50 student-athletes and 50 non-athletes in the spring semester 2019. Participants
completed two kinds of questionnaires. One questionnaire measured multiple variables and was given
once. The second questionnaire was given once per week for five weeks to track participants’ exercise
routine, self-care routine and depression levels. The plan is to run data analyses by the end of March to
find the association between student-athlete depression and possible variables that influence it.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jin Qu
BOUCH, R.J. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies Raised
against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
See MASON, J.P.
BOUCH, R.J., BRZOZA-LEWIS, K., SMITH, D.M., and LEWIS, E.M. Departments of Biology and Geosciences
(Biology) and Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Chemistry). Further Characterization
and Expression of Non Structural Protein 3 in Mammalian Cells.
The Bluetongue virus (BTV) is a 27 serotype arbovirus that infects ruminants. Post infection, BTV
replicates in phagocytes and endothelial cells inducing an inflammatory immune response, eventually
leading to apoptosis. Previous studies have identified Non Structural Protein 3 (NS3) to play a primary role
in the apoptotic-inducing ability of BTV (REF). Within the proteome of BTV, there have been at least three
other non-structural proteins and 7 structural proteins identified, however, the NS3 function within the
viral cycle has not yet been completely characterized. To further investigate the function and role of NS3,
a series of biochemical and molecular techniques will be implemented. To achieve a non-viral, mammalian
expression system of NS3, a validated DNA construct containing the NS3 gene was produced and will be
transfected into African Green Monkey kidney epithelial cells (Veros) via lipofection. The expression system
will be verified through expression of the fluorescent marker Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in addition
to SDS PAGE/immunoblot analysis. In the event of successful transfection, cells expressing NS3 will be
evaluated for cell death. Using this mammalian expression system, further studies will hopefully allow for
the characterization of NS3 function and its role in cellular pathways.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Eric M. Lewis
BOYDEN, S. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Allelopathic Effects of Hay-Scented Fern
(Dennstaedtia punctilobula) on Pin Oak Germination and Growth.
See DRESSLER, R.
BOYDEN, S. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Decreased Densities of a Terrestrial
Salamander Associated with Forest Floor Habitats Dominated by Fern.
See ROBISON, A.L.

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BOYDEN, S. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Invasive Fern Roots Accelerate Leaf Litter
Decomposition Rates in Forests.
See SHEPHERD, B.L.
BOYDEN, S. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Sapling Variation in Herbivory and Disease.
See AIKENS, M.A.
BOYLE, T. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
BROOKS, A. Department of Biology and Geosciences. Temporal Attenuation of Abandoned Mine Drainage
within the Mill Creek Watershed.
See NARDI, A.
BROWN, P.A. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Understanding the Relationship and the
Affinity of the Hac1p Transcription Factor to a Novel UPRE.
See TALASKY, J.M.
BRUSH, N.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Mitochondrial Stress Response: Developing
a GeneticSscreen Utilizing 2,4-Dinitrophenol.
See SCHILL, C.N.
BRZOZA-LEWIS, K. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Annexin 1 Must be Pre-Added to
Apoptotic Cells not Macrophages to Effect Rapid Phagocytic Clearance.
See FETZER, C.
BRZOZA-LEWIS, K. Departments of Biology and Geosciences (Biology) and Department of Chemistry,
Mathematics and Physics (Chemistry). Further Characterization and Expression of Non Structural Protein 3 in
Mammalian Cells.
See BOUCH, R.J.
BRZOZA-LEWIS, K.L. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Manipulation of the
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Microenvironment with a Mixed Population of Stromal Cell Substrate.
See HARMON, C.K.
BUTINA, K.A., CESARIO, K.E., KHALE, J.D., REARICK, K.L., and WESTOVER, K.P. Department of Biology and
Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Discovery, Isolation and Propagation of a Lytic Bacteriophage for
Use in Phage Therapy Against Medically Significant Bacteria.
As pathogenic bacteria continue to evolve, antibiotic resistance is an increasing concern, and we are in dire
need of new treatment options for bacterial infections. Viruses that are specific to bacteria called bacteriophage present a promising solution to this issue. Bacteriophage are found distributed naturally throughout
the environment, particularly in soil. These viruses are capable of targeting specific bacterial cells, infecting
them and bursting the cells, essentially killing the bacterium. Bacteriophage can potentially be administered
to humans as an alternative to antibiotics in the process of “phage therapy.” This type of therapeutic
approach has many advantages over traditional antibiotic therapies. Significantly, the pathogenic bacteria
within the patient are incapable of developing any type of resistance to the bacteriophage. Furthermore,
bacteriophage are highly specific to the targeted organism(s), therefore they will not cause any harm
to the beneficial bacteria found throughout the human body. This project aims to discover, isolate and
propagate bacteriophage present in local soil samples that are effective in destroying medically significant
bacteria such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Chromobacterium violaceum, Bacillus
cereus, Proteus vulgris, Escherichia coli and Serratia marcescens. We have used standard microbiology
techniques to isolate bacteriophage from soil and water samples collected from various locations in
western Pennsylvania. We are currently in the process of screening them for effectiveness against the
aforementioned organisms.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Helen Hampikian
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CALDERWOOD, M.A., LANDERS, A.K., RODRIGUEZ, M.L., and ROSIEK, I.M. Department of English and
Modern Languages (English). Badassery, Books and the #MeToo Movement.
The members of Clarion’s Sigma Tau Delta chapter collaborated with Franklin Pierce University to
present a Roundtable Discussion at this year’s Sigma Tau Delta Conference in St. Louis Missouri.
The English students used their knowledge and discussion of literature as a way to support and advocate
for survivors of domestic and sexual violence. As trained advocates through PASSAGES and SAFE,
area organizations providing services to women and children who have experienced sexual or domestic
violence, these three students shared the voices of women, real and fictional, to open an active
conversation about awareness and advocacy, with a particular emphasis on the issues in a rural area.
With textual support from Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale and Maya Angelou’s I Know Why
the Caged Bird Sings, the topics of stereotypes, personal boundaries and gender roles were thoroughly
examined and actively discussed as audience members participated in their tellings and re-tellings.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Ellen Foster
CARTER, T.R., and SANTANA JIMENEZ, E. ​Department of Social Sciences (Psychology/Sociology)
Department of Modern Languages (Liberal Studies: Global Understanding).​The Amazing Journey of
Our Experience in Spain. ​

Studying abroad changed our lives. It made us have a new perspective of the world and gave us more
knowledge of different cultures. It was an experience totally different from our normal lives that we would
recommend for other people to try. We lived with a host family, we tried their food, went to school and
experienced life as if we were from there. We learned to use their transportation and travel through the
city. We went to museums, castles and cathedrals that helped us learn about the history while having fun.
Also, we got to see flamenco dancing which is very popular in Spain. Besides being able to completely
submerge ourselves in the culture, this was an experience that allowed us to grow mentally and personally.
It showed us that we are able to go anywhere in the world and that we should never limit ourselves to just
one place. It demonstrated to us that the world is at our feet and we should never be scared of going out
to explore. At the same time, since we were so far away from home, it made us appreciate our families and
friends even more. It made our relationship with them stronger. I was able to reconnect with family that I
had not seen in years and came back to the United States with friends from all over the world that we still
talk, today. Studying abroad completely changed my outlook on things, especially other cultures.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. William R. Naugle

CEBULA, R.M. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Detection of Borrelia
burgdorferi in Ticks in Clarion Borough.
See FOTTA, A.M.
CERCONE, A.D. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). Rails to Tubes: The History
of Mass Transport.
The world has always had a need to move and will keep doing so in the future. How did we, and how do
we, get from one place to another? The leading idea behind this content will be that mass transit is a key
to the infrastructure of any modern-day society. Whether it be land, air or sea based, all major countries
rely on the idea that a lot of people and things need to be moved from one part of the world to another.
Attendees will learn about the differences between modern-day systems that are in use and being
developed. The history behind past successful systems will also be discussed, including, but not limited
to, Stephenson’s rocket, Pennsylvania railroad, trans-Atlantic ships, electric vs diesel vs steam, highways
and turnpikes, and aircraft and Concorde.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jesse Haight
CESARIO, K.E. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Discovery, Isolation and
Propagation of a Lytic Bacteriophage for Use in Phage Therapy against Medically Significant Bacteria.
See BUTINKA, K.A.
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CESSNA, A. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
CESSNA, A., RADAKER, R., FINCH, B., and HOFFMAN, D. Department of Education (Secondary Education,
Social Studies). The Relationship between Music and War.
Let’s explore the relationship between war and music. Discover how music has been used as a promotional
tool and as a form of protest during times of strife. We took a look at different pieces of music that were
written about, or for, past wars. Our presentation evaluates the relationships between wars and different
pieces of music. The contrast between music made specifically for war and music made in protest of war
intended for the consumer is explored. For example, music being used for marching in the Civil War holds
contrast to Protest Music from the Vietnam era. We present our poster as a visual aid and guide for our
take on how war and music have related through the years.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jesse Haight
CHAPMAN, S., FIECHUK, A., and REESMAN, R. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology).
Effects of Fire Disturbance on Regeneration of Hardwoods.
Forest management practices have changed and improved over the years to positively affect the quality
of forest systems. To increase regeneration of tree and plants species, prescribed burning, one common
practice, is used to facilitate growth. However, does a forested site treated with a prescribed burn differ in
composition from an unburned site? In order to understand the effects of this management practice, we
need to determine the regeneration of species types and evaluate the heights classes of those species to
understand the effectiveness of prescribed burns versus unburned management areas.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
CHEESMAN, E. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Formation of Biofilms by Uropathogens
in Various Media.
See FETZER, C.
COLWELL, S., HILL, G., LONG, R., POLKA, B., RAGAN, S., and MILLER B.B. Department of Nursing. CAUTI
Prevention and Noninvasive Catheters.
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are common complications of indwelling catheter
use. The development of CAUTIs are not only detrimental to patients’ health but also an expense that is
not reimbursable for health care facilities. Based on these factors, several studies focused on indwelling
catheter maintenance have been implemented for the prevention of CAUTIs. However, there have been
limited studies on innovative external catheters and their effects on the CAUTI occurrences. This proposal
examines the effect of such devices on the prevalence of CAUTIs in the hospitals that utilize them
compared to those who chiefly rely on the more traditional indwelling catheters. The aim of this proposal
is to reduce CAUTI rates by using the least invasive catheter necessary to meet the individual needs of
patients. The expected outcome of this study is the reduction in indwelling catheter utilization will directly
result in decreasing CAUTI occurrences, benefiting patient safety while remaining cost-effective.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Robin Bilan
CROYLE, K.D., and ADKINS, A.N. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Particle Size
Reduction and Shape Formation by Chemical Etching.
It has been found that an Al-Pd-Mn alloy forms stable icosahedral quasicrystalline structures within a range
of compositions and temperatures. Our goal was to form perfect pentagonal dodecahedrons from this
alloy by etching nanoparticles ground from it with an acidic or basic solution. The results of this procedure
were analyzed using a scanning electron microscope. One application of our findings would be the
experimental study of three-dimensional particles with 5-fold rotational symmetry and the pattern
they make when packed closely together.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Chunfei Li
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DEETER, K. Department of Management and Marketing (Marketing). Recycling Awareness Program for
Clarion Area Youth.
See SPANG, P.
DELONG, E. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). The Effects of Deer Browsing on Understory
Composition in Clear Creek State Forest.
See MYERS, E.
DEVINE, C. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
DEVINE, C.R., EWING, J.M., and LARSON, A.J. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Geosciences).
Identifying the Effects of Historic Deforestation on the Deposition of Alluvial Sediments along the Clarion
River.
The geomorphology of rivers can provide information on both river and regional history. By examining
the sedimentation history of a river it is possible to learn more about the historical record. The Clarion River
in northwestern Pennsylvania has been settled for thousands of years. Historic deforestation during the
early twentieth century led to changes in erosion and energy of the Clarion basin. This change in erosion
and energy also led to depositional change which can be observed by coring into historic and prehistoric
river terraces. The purpose of this study was to identify depositional changes in the Clarion River caused
by historic land use. Soil cores were collected from river terraces on the eastern side of the Clarion River
in Clear Creek State Park. Grain size analysis was used to determine sedimentation changes caused by
historic settlement and deforestation. Samples were sieved in 10-cm increments to examine grain size
changes throughout the core. Results have shown the development of a second sediment package in the
soil cores. The second sediment package indicates increased grain sizes were being deposited at the time
that historical sedimentation began. This confirms the hypothesis that historic deforestation along the
Clarion River has affected the sedimentation processes of the river.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Brian Fritz
DISANTIS, N.J., PHILLIP, A.C., PYNE, A.R., and TOTIN, M.R. Department of Psychology. Perceived Stress of
Undergraduate Students at Clarion University of Pennsylvania in Accordance with Class Standing and Major.
This study surveyed Clarion University of Pennsylvania’s undergraduate students’ perceived stress levels
in comparison with academic major based off of two surveys. Three hundred and thirty-six people
participated in the surveys, with each person taking about four minutes to complete the overall survey.
Only three hundred and one entries were able to be used for the first survey and two hundred and ninetyfour were able to be used for the second survey. This was because some participants withdrew from the
survey before answering any questions, chose not to list a major, or stated that they were a post-undergraduate student. The scores for each survey were averaged based on twelve major groups as well as class
standing. In the College Undergraduate Stress Scale, the top three scoring major groups were Political/
Legal, Psychology/Rehabilitative Sciences and Speech Pathology. The top scoring major groups for the
University Stress Scale were Speech Pathology, Psychology/Rehabilitative Sciences and English/History.
The top scoring class standings for the College Undergraduate Stress Scale were sophomores and seniors
while the top scoring class standings for the University Stress Scale were juniors and seniors. A Spearman
Rho rank test was conducted to find out if both surveys produced similar ranks. When surveying for major,
the Spearman Rho was .46 (moderate positive correlation). When surveying for class standing, the
Spearman Rho was .24 (low positive correlation).
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jeanne Slattery
DODDS, C. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Identification of Biofilm-Forming Oral
Streptococci and Quantification of Biofilm Growth in Different Nutrient Environments.
See HOFFMAN, M.
11

DONZE, H.M., FABIAN, S.M., FANNIN, R.C., and MAPES, K.R. Department of Nursing. How Does the
Nurse-to-Patient Ratio Impact the Occurrence of Hospital Acquired Pressure Ulcers?
Hospital acquired pressure ulcers (HAPU) are preventable injuries to the skin or underlying tissue, usually
over the body’s bony prominences. HAPU are caused by the compression of cellular tissue and impaired
blood flow due to pressure, shear and friction to an at-risk area of the body. HAPU harm millions of
patients annually, costing U.S. hospitals billions of dollars each year. The purpose of this study is to
determine if nurse-to-patient ratios impact the occurrence of HAPU so that these never-events can be
prevented from happening. This research is important since it is presumed that smaller nurse-to-patient
ratios will allow nurses to provide better patient surveillance and care since previous research studies show
inconsistent results. This study will examine the protocols used in a western Pennsylvania hospital and
its ability to comply with multiple preventative measures. These preventative measures include skin
assessments, Braden risk assessments, nutritional therapy and repositioning. Betty Neuman’s Health Care
System Model helps explain the effects of stress and importance of stress reduction in nurses which could
be influenced by a high nurse-to-patient ratio. By decreasing the incidence of HAPU, medical professionals
can keep patients healthier and save hospitals money.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Robin Bilan
DOWD, G. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
DOWD, G.M. International Programs. Study Abroad: Trip of a Lifetime.
I present on experiences I had while on my study abroad in Ireland. From academics to living the everyday
life, I want to paint the picture of how it is to live in a country by yourself. The poster will show the background of the university I attended, experiences in Ireland, all of the countries I got to visit and general
background of Clarion’s study abroad program. I show all of the benefits study abroad brings and reveal
that the process to study abroad is as not as difficult as one would think.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. William R. Naugle
DOWLING, E. Department of Visual and Performing Arts (Art). National Council on Education for the Ceramic
Art–Claytopia.
See STONE, Z.
DRAKE, D. Department of Visual and Performing Arts (Art). National Council on Education for the Ceramic
Art–Claytopia.
See STONE, Z.
DRESSLER, R., MCELRATH, H.M., OPYRCHAL, M.T., and BOYDEN, S. Department of Biology and Geosciences
(Biology). Allelopathic Effects of Hay-Scented Fern (Dennstaedtia punctilobula) on Pin Oak Germination and
Growth.
Oaks have tremendous ecological and wildlife value in Northern Hardwood forests, yet regeneration
of oaks has declined drastically in Pennsylvania in recent decades due to our logging history and deer
overbrowsing. The expansion of hay-scented fern in our forest understories exacerbates this problem as it
outcompetes tree seedlings. Previous studies suggest that fern leaf or root material may chemically inhibit
neighboring plant growth, but the extent of allelopathy between hay-scented fern and oak species remains
unknown. Allelopathic effects of fern on pin oak germination and growth were tested by treating acorns
with de-ionized water, fern frond, or fern root extract. Seedling germination and biomass were compared.
Fern extracts did not have a significant effect on germination timing or success, but root extracts reduced
seedling biomass by 38%. These small differences in seedling size during stand establishment can affect
future forest composition and structure. Root allelopathy, as demonstrated by this experiment, may
significantly impact forest succession. Further research will determine the relative importance of indirect
competition for soil or light resources versus direct allelopathic interactions.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
12

DUNN, M. Department of Nursing. The Stop Opioid Use in Pregnancy Program.
See BEICHNER, A.
ELIAS, A. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). Using Discussion Based Learning
to Promote Communication in the Classroom.
See PIERCY, M.N.
EVANS, L., EVANS, T., MANN, B., and WRIGHT, T. Department of Nursing. The Use of Cannabidiol in Patients
with Schizophrenia.
Patients diagnosed with schizophrenia have various treatment options ranging from electric brain
stimulation to the more commonly prescribed oral medications. This being said, oral medications are
often discontinued by patients because of the large amount of side effects that come with these drugs.
The side effects experienced by patients are known as extrapyramidal effects and can range from
involuntary muscle spasms, tremors, generalized fatigue, disassociation and Parkinson’s-like symptoms
(Manseau, 2015). According to many repeat psychiatric admission patients, the termination of medications
is often what may cause schizophrenics to have symptom relapse and become readmitted to a psychiatric
health unit. Cannabidiol (CBD) oil is a relatively new dietary supplement over-the-counter sublingual
treatment option available in all 50 states. CBD oil has been used to treat a wide variety of conditions
such as muscle pain, epilepsy, rosacea, anxiety, depression and schizophrenia. The aim of this proposed
study is to determine if giving schizophrenia patients five drops of cannabidiol under the tongue in a
controlled setting would improve the symptoms of schizophrenia and decrease extrapyramidal effects.
The researchers propose that the results of the study may provide grounds for physicians to recommend
CBD oil as the first option in treatment for patients diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Robin Bilan
EVANS, T. Department of Nursing. The Use of Cannabidiol in Patients with Schizophrenia.
See EVANS, L.
EWING, J.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Geosciences). Identifying the Effects of Historic
Deforestation on the Deposition of Alluvial Sediments along the Clarion River.
See DEVINE, C.R.
EXLEY, L. Keystone High School. How Women’s Rights Affect Economic Systems.
Economic development is highly correlated with women’s rights. This poster discusses how the rights that
women have can affect a society. My study emphasizes how Egypt, Mesopotamia, Sparta and modern
day United States have changed economically after including women, which indicates their importance in
these cultures. Women’s rights led to the advancement of lives in these civilizations. Females having more
opportunities not only allowed tasks to be done quickly and more efficiently, but it also formed newer,
better ideas that could be spread throughout the community. As a result of the participation of females
in political and economic events, societies began to develop at a rapid rate.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
FABIAN, S.M. Department of Nursing. How Does the Nurse to Patient Ratio Impact the Occurrence of Hospital
Acquired Pressure Ulcers?
See DONZE, H.M.
FANNIN, R.C. Department of Nursing. How Does the Nurse to Patient Ratio Impact the Occurrence of Hospital
Acquired Pressure Ulcers?
See DONZE, H.M.

13

FETZER, C., CHEESMAN, E., SHOEMAKER, K., and SMITH, D.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences
(Biology). Formation of Biofilms by Uropathogens in Various Media.
Although Escherichia coli are normal micro-organisms of the human intestine, these flora are the major
cause of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in females between the ages of 20 and 40 years. Biofilms have been
shown to form on the lining of the bladder from E. coli strains acquired from hospital patients with UTIs.
These biofilms are formed of numerous bacterial cells and a matrix that locks these cells together. Low
nutrient availability on the lining of the bladder and the reliance the bacteria have on each other to survive
in such a harsh environment are the reason such uropathogens form biofilms. This causes the biofilm
bacteria to become dormant and to be especially resilient, even in the presence of antibiotics, and thus
able to cause recurrent infection after the antibiotics are discontinued. We are in the process of setting
up a mock bladder system to study biofilm formation in UTIs. We first identified which uropathogens
could form biofilms on bicarbonate-etched coverslips in the presence of various natural and synthetic
media. The formation of biofilms was measured by staining with crystal violet and viewed by light
microscopy. Micrographs were analyzed using the quantification of negative space. In the future, we plan
to assess how we can eliminate factors needed for the formation of biofilms and assess biofilm formation
on bladder epithelial cells in vitro. By eliminating factors required for biofilm formation, the treatment of
patients with urinary tract infections will ultimately be improved.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Douglas M. Smith
FETZER, C., PAREDES, M., WHISSINAND, M., SMITH, D.M., and BRZOZA-LEWIS, K. Department of Biology
and Geosciences (Biology). Annexin 1 Must be Pre-Added to Apoptotic Cells not Macrophages to Effect Rapid
Phagocytic Clearance.
People that cannot eliminate dead and dying cells can develop autoimmune diseases like systemic lupus
erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis. Annexins are a family that bind membranes in a calciumdependent manner. Annexin 1 can bind phosphatidylserine found on outer surface of dead/dying cells
and may assist immune cells like macrophages in recognizing and clearing these cells before an autoimmune attack can occur. Using the cancer cell line HL60, we differentiated the HL60 cells into macrophage- and neutrophil-like cells. Removing the serum from the medium causes the neutrophil-like cells
to die through a process known as apoptosis. With past funding, we have been able to show qualitatively
using microscopy that when annexin 1 is added to the HL60 neutrophils, HL60 macrophages phagocytose
these dead cells more efficiently than without annexin 1. In this study, we show that calcium is required and
that annexin 1 must be pre-added to apoptotic cells to affect their increased clearance rather than to the
macrophages suggesting the annexin 1 binding site is found on apoptotic neutrophils. These data suggest
that annexin 1 could be used as a potential therapy to assist the body in removal of dead and dying cells.
Uncovering more information about annexin 1 mediated clearance of apoptotic cells could lead to a new
treatment for autoimmune disorders.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Kristina Brzoza-Lewis
FIECHUK, A. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Effects of Fire Disturbance on Regeneration
of Hardwoods.
See CHAPMAN, S.
FINCH, B. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). The Relationship between Music
and War.
See CESSNA, A.
FISCHETTI, M.E., MEALY, B.R., and WHITE, W.T. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology).
Investigating Trade-Offs Between Reproductive Behavior and Wound Healing in a Slow Pace-Of-Life
Organism, Desmognathus Ochrophaeus (Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander).
In vertebrates, the trade-off between investment in current reproductive success and future survival is a
central tenet of life-history theory. All aspects of life carry a cost, from maintaining health to reproduction,
14

and it is assumed that some measures of fitness are in direct competition for limited resources. Of the
many possible trade-offs that exist, we are interested in the relationship between reproduction and
immunity, as these are key requirements for the survival of a species. Trade-offs between reproductive
investment and immunity have primarily been explored in fast pace-of-life organisms like rodents and
birds; however, much less is known about similar trade-offs in slow pace-of-life organisms. In particular,
Plethodontid salamanders like Desmognathus ochrophaeus have remarkably low energy requirements
compared to endotherms and even some other ectotherms. Together with their relatively long lifespans
and extended mating season, they offer a unique perspective into the context and timing of potential
trade-offs between reproduction and immunity. To better understand this relationship, we conducted two
experiments using D. ochrophaeus to examine the bidirectional interactions between mating and wound
healing, a biologically relevant and integrative aspect of immunity. If energetic trade-offs are utilized
to favor reproduction over immunity, we predict that wounded and unwounded salamanders will mate
at similar rates; whereas, wounded salamanders that also mate will heal more slowly than wounded
salamanders that do not mate. Alternatively, if their low-energy lifestyles promote the simultaneous
maintenance of reproduction and immunity, then we predict that both courtship and wound healing
will occur successfully.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jessica Thomas
FLEMING, M.J. Department of Nursing. Lateral Violence Amongst New ED Nurses.
See BONIFAY, K.N.
FOSTER, C.F. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Continuing the Isolation/
Identification of a Novel Antimicrobial Activity from Human Urine.
See BESSETTI, R.N.
FOSTER C.E., BERKHOUSE J.M., and HARRIGER A.L. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences
(Biology). Caffeine Effects on SH-Sy5y Neuronal Cell at Chronic and Acute Levels, Cytotoxic vs. Neuroprotective.
Caffeine has been shown to have a neuro protective mechanism on SH-Sy5y cells at a wide array of
concentrations against beta amyloid plaque toxicity. In addition, caffeine has also been shown to activate
the P13K/AKT pathway in protection against apoptosis in Parkinson’s disease models. But in contrast,
caffeine has also been known to have concentration-dependent nonenzymatic antioxidant potential and
decreased the basal levels of free radical generation. Excessive removal of intracellular reactive oxygen
species to non-physiological levels (or “antioxidative stress”), could be a cause of in vitro toxicity induced
by these drugs. The goal of our research is to elucidate between the effects of chronic and acute caffeine
concentrations on SH-Sy5y cells and to provide an insight into caffeine as a neuroprotective agent against
Alzheimer’s disease. Our data, through MTT enzymatic cell viability assay and through RT-PCR for gene
expressions of NF-kB and APP which serve as markers for the PI3/AKT pathway, suggests caffeine to have
acute neuroprotective effects while chronic effects of caffeine display a cytotoxic impact.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Natasha Dias
FOTTA, A.M., SHUTTLEWORTH, A.E., CEBULA, R.M., and MENNETTI, L.P. Department of Biology and
Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi in Ticks in Clarion Borough.
Lyme disease in western Pennsylvania is an issue most people in the area are very familiar with. The
disease is caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia burgdorferi, which is vectored within ticks, typically
of the Ixodes species. The bacteria can be spread to humans and pets when female ticks latch on to the
skin of their prey to consume blood. The objective of this study was to find the relative prevalence of Lyme
disease-carrying ticks in commonly used outdoor areas in the Clarion region. This was done by collecting
female ticks from within a three-mile radius of Clarion University. DNA was extracted from the ticks and
PCR was performed. PCR was examined using agarose-gel electrophoresis. The DNA was examined for the
presence of two bio-markers for Borrelia burgdorferi: flagellin B (flaB) and outer surface protein A (ospA).
These bio-markers are found in ticks carrying Borrelia burgdorferi. By identifying the number of female
15

ticks positive for flaB and/or ospA, the likelihood of a female tick carrying Lyme disease can be deduced.
This can provide important information to people that spend time outdoors within the Clarion borough.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Helen Hampikian
FRYER, L. Department of English and Modern Languages (English). A Semester in Chester, England.
I spent my spring 2018 semester at the University of Chester England. My presentation outlines the cultural
differences that I experienced, including food, people and urban life. I also present on the history of the
city, the excursions that I went on to Paris, Amsterdam, Rome and Florence. I present on the classes
that I took at the University of Chester. My semester abroad was a life-changing experience.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. William R. Naugle
FYE, A.J. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic Management
Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
See MULLIN, R.S.
GEYTENBEEK, S.M., GREENER, D.R., MANGLAVITI, M.M., and MILLER, M.J. Department of Biology and
Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Linking ERAD and the UPR: Developing A Genetic Screen Via
the Expression of Antitrypsin.
The accumulation of aberrant and aggregation-prone proteins within the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
can play a large role in cellular stress and physical manifestation of genetic disorders, such as Alpha-1
Antitrypsin Deficiency (ATD). While the disease states of ATD have been extensively studied, the
mechanism of misfolded protein removal within the ER is not fully understood. There are two biochemical
pathways that exist to manage these misfolded proteins: Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation
(ERAD) and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR). ERAD functions to identify newly synthesized
misfolded proteins and retro-translocates them out of the ER to be degraded by the 26S proteasome.
Under overwhelming stress conditions, the inducible UPR pathway acts as an intracellular transmembrane
signaling cascade to initiate specific gene expression. Prior studies revealed that the ADD66p protein is
essential in the assembly of the 26S proteasome; therefore, deletion of the ADD66 gene will disrupt
proteasome production in the ERAD pathway. Furthermore, the UPR targets the ADD66 gene during times
of ER stress. The stress-inducing agent of focus is the expression of A1PiZ, a mutant form of the human
gene A1Pi (Antitrypsin). Two wild-type yeast strains and a strain lacking ADD66 (add66Δ) were utilized.
The goal of this project is to determine if A1PiZ with add66Δ will result in a defective growth phenotype.
If a reproducible growth defect can be identified and used as a positive baseline control, then this
experimental method may be used to screen and identify new proteins involved in ERAD, UPR, or both.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Craig M. Scott
GRAHAM, K.A., BERKHOUSE, J.M., and HASBROUCK A.N. Department of Chemistry Mathematics and
Physics (Chemistry). Characterization of Gas Phase GC with the Addition of a New ECD Detector.
Atmospheric chemistry involves the study of volatile organic compounds including reactive biogenic
compounds (BVOCs) such as isoprene, terpenes and ketones which are emitted at an estimated 1.2 Pg
of carbon/year. Studying the chemistry occurring in the atmosphere requires specialized instrumentation
that can detect low concentrations of gas phase compounds, such as a gas chromatograph with a flame
ionization detector (GC-FID), which can separate a complex gas phase sample. Previously, we built a
gas-phase injection system for our GC to allow for direct gas phase analysis; however, the limit of
detection for the GC was not adequate to detect low concentrations. Therefore, the first objective of this
project was to lower the limit of detection using cryofocusing and optimize the system. The second
objective was to add an electron capture detector in series with the current FID to differentiate between
the more reactive compounds from the hydrocarbons that were measured using the FID.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Amanda Lockwood

16

GRATA, A. Keystone High School. The Differences of Athens and Sparta.
Physical geography has an intense impact on culture, especially in the times of ancient Athens and Sparta.
This paper adventures through how two Greek Polis, the Athenians and the Spartans, could develop
notably different cultures regardless of their physical proximity to one another. A series of political and
social factors very early in Greek history led these two cities to completely different locations on opinion.
This paper will discuss these societies’ differences in three main topics: government structures, perspective
on gender and the role of citizens.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
GREENER, D.R. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Linking ERAD and the
UPR: Developing A Genetic Screen Via the Expression of Antitrypsin.
See GEYTENBEEK, S.M.
GRIEBEL, I.A., and MORRISON, I.S. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies).
Should These Books be Banned?
This presentation explores the history of book banning in the United States. Using a timeline as a guide,
this poster shows the Top Ten Books that were banned every year and includes why they were banned.
This presentation serves as a way to explain changing cultural ideals in the United States.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jesse Haight
HACKU, R. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics, & Physics (Chemistry). Coordination Complexes of
Lanthanides and Tetrakis (4-pryidyl-N-oxide) Cyclobutane.
The novel tetrakis (4-pyridyl-N-oxide) cyclobutane was isolated and assessed for compatibility in a
heavy metal organic framework. Tetrakis (4-pyridyl) cyclobutane (TPCB) was prepared from a solid
state [2+2] photocycloaddition of two 1,2-bis (4-pyridyl) ethylene (BPE) molecules templated by
resorcinol. TPCB was isolated from the template crystalline mixture and reacted with hydrogen peroxide
to form tetrakis (4-pyridyl-N-oxide) cyclobutene (TPNO). TPNO was crystallized by slow evaporation
from aqueous solution after acetone layering. TPCB, BPE and TPNO were analyzed for boiling point
and by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. This work also improves upon the isolation
and quantification of TPCB from a mixture of TPCB and BPE.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jacqueline Knaust
HAMPIKIAN, H. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Pennsylvania Distribution
and Prevalence of Chytrid Fungus and Ranavirus in the Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens).
See HOFFMAN, C.
HARLAN, S., and RUSSELL, M. Department of Biology and Geosciences. The Creation of an IBI Model that is
Independent of Stream Size.
An Index of Biological Integrity (IBI) is a metric for evaluating the degree to which the biological
community of a stream is impaired by anthropogenic stressors. Most IBIs weigh three aspects of
community structure: species richness and composition, trophic composition and overall abundance.
These community aspects are then divided into multiple parameters that can be used to create a final
score. Most IBI models are dependent on the reference site that is used for a baseline. Reference sites
can confound results due to differences in stream size or biogeographic differences in the streams being
evaluated. The goal of this research is to modify IBI parameters and create an IBI model that yields scores
independent of stream size. We used a large dataset of fish assemblages in the Shenango River watershed for model development. For this evaluation process, two sites that display excellent fish communities
were used as reference sites, French Creek and the Little Shenango River. The two streams are different in
watershed area size (French Creek-1240 mi2, Little Shenango River-64.4 mi2). These reference sites were
then used to find IBI values for several sites along the Middle Shenango River. As a result, seven parameters

17

were selected for the final IBI model. The two sets of model values were not significantly different (p-value
of 0.594 and a correlation value of 88%). This project is the first step of many to create an IBI model that
can be applied to any stream without manipulating references sites.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Andrew Turner
HARMON, C.K., BARNHART, L.R., SMITH, D.M., and BRZOZA-LEWIS, K.L. Department of Biology and
Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Manipulation of the Hematopoietic Stem Cell Microenvironment
with a Mixed Population of Stromal Cell Substrate.
The hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) is a type of multipotent cell most abundant in the bone marrow.
These cells exhibit the capacity to self-renew or differentiate to produce the majority of blood cells found
in circulation including erythrocytes, thrombocytes and leukocytes. Regulation of hematopoiesis is critical
in order to maintain a healthy pool of progenitor cells while producing appropriate numbers of differentiated cell types to compensate for blood cell turnover. This regulation is conducted through a complex
combination of signaling molecules, cell-cell interactions and interactions with the extracellular matrix.
For this reason, culture of the HSC in vitro and outside of the native microenvironment within the bone
marrow leads to differentiation and loss of multipotency. To create an in vitro culture system for HSCs more
like the microenvironment of the bone marrow, we assessed stromal cells for their ability to support culture
of multipotent hematopoietic cells. Stromal cells were identified based on morphological characteristics
viewed microscopically. Colony-forming unit assays were performed on bone marrow aspirates cultured
with a stromal cell base which has been previously extracted from bone marrow to determine abundance
and frequency of HSCs. Further attempts to recreate microenvironment stimuli in a culture system may
have implications for research and personalized medicine.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Kristina Brzoza-Lewis
HARRIGER A.L. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Caffeine Effects on
SH-Sy5y Neuronal Cell at Chronic and Acute Levels, Cytotoxic Vs. Neuroprotective.
See FOSTER, C.E.
HARRIS, T.E., and ANDRES, S.J. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Biotic and Abiotic
Controls over Japanese Stiltgrass Invasion.
Japanese Stiltgrass (Microstegium vinimeum) is a mesic invasive grass that threatens native plant
abundance, habitat diversity and ecosystem processes of forests. Stiltgrass also forms dense monocultures
and has been shown to negatively impact forest regeneration. The purpose of this study was to examine a
possible cause for the spread of stiltgrass into the forest along Callen Run Road in Clear Creek State Forest.
Callen Run Road divides a pre-existing study area where the National Forest Service has established a
deer exclosure fence on one side of the road. We predicted that soil moisture was the main control for the
spread of stiltgrass and that stiltgrass would penetrate the forest farther on the side that had more soil
moisture. After comparing mean soil moisture on both sides of the road, we determined that there was no
difference between sides. The fact that there was no difference in soil moisture between the sides suggests
that accessibility of white-tailed deer to the plots may be a factor in stiltgrass’ ability to penetrate the
forest. Generally, the abundance of stiltgrass is higher in areas that white-tailed deer have access to
(Knight et al. 2009).
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
HASBROUCK A.N. Department of Chemistry Mathematics and Physics (Chemistry). Characterization of Gas
Phase GC with the Addition of a New ECD Detector.
See GRAHAM, K.A.
HILINSKI, M.E., Department of Human Services, Rehabilitation, Health and Sport Sciences (Clinical Mental
Health Counseling). All Aboard the Marrakesh Express: Global Counseling Identity Development in Action.
See MAZZOCCHI, G.M.
18

HILL, G. Department of Nursing. CAUTI Prevention and Noninvasive Catheters.
See COLWELL, S.
HINDMAN, A. Department of Nursing. The Stop Opioid Use in Pregnancy Program.
See BEICHNER, A.
HOBSON, J. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Viability and Longevity
of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) Larval Populations in Beeswax and Polyethylene Matrix.
See BICKEL, G.
HOFFMAN, C., HAMPIKIAN, H., and REGESTER, K. Pennsylvania Distribution and Prevalence of Chytrid
Fungus and Ranavirus in the Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens).
Pathogens have been identified within Pennsylvania which have been heavily implicated in amphibian
population declines worldwide. Described collectively as chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis/
Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bd/BSal) have been especially destructive to frog populations in
North and South America. Ranaviruses (RV) are a group of diverse, deadly viruses, which have also played
a role in numerous infections and population losses. The Eastern Newt (Notophthalmus viridescens) is a
broadly distributed habitat generalist suspected to pose a threat to other taxa as a disease vector.
The movement of these vectors over land facilitates the spread of pathogens to other bodies of water.
Through a statewide cooperative with citizen scientists, samples from the Eastern Newt were collected.
Each newt sampled was associated with its specific ecological region. Over a span of two years, 270
samples were collected to screen for Bd/Bsal via ventral surface swabs and RV via tail clipping. Samples
underwent DNA extraction followed by quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) analysis to screen
for the respective pathogens. Our results determined that Year 2016 samples had a 49% Bd and 19% RV
infection prevalence, while Year 2017 samples had a 35% Bd and 13% RV infection prevalence. The screened
samples yielded several strong positives for RV infection, but RV was less frequently found than Bd. None
of the sampled newts showed a positive result for Bsal. The relatively broad distribution of infection
prevalence for both pathogens statewide shows the reach of these infections. This may be cause for
concern and merits greater monitoring efforts to assess possible pathogen-associated amphibian
population fluctuations over time.
Faculty Sponsors: Drs. Helen Hampikian and Kurt Regester
HOFFMAN, D.E. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). Disillusion: How Media
Distorts the True Meaning of Mythology.
I present on how mythology is seen by people in today’s society. I will compare and contrast the gods and
goddesses from different mythologies with the way they would see them. My poster shows how media
changes gods and goddesses. The types of media I showcase are comic books, video games and movies.
I break down major events and gods and goddesses from various mythologies. The mythologies will be
Greek, Egyptian, Norse and Japanese Shintoism. My study ranges from how media changes major events
such as Ragnarok to the origins of gods like Kratos.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jesse Haight
HOFFMAN, D.E. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). The Relationship Between
Music and War.
See CESSNA, A.
HOFFMAN, M., THOMPSON J., THOMPSON, T., DODDS, C., and SMITH, D.M. Department of Biology
and Geosciences (Biology). Identification of Biofilm-Forming Oral Streptococci and Quantification of Biofilm
Growth in Different Nutrient Environments.
Tooth decay can lead to cavities (dental caries) with chronic discomfort, impaired digestion, trouble
focusing and absences from work or school. Over 90% of U.S. adults are affected by dental caries,
and only 48% of adults retain a full set of permanent teeth. Dental caries, periodontitis and other
19

dental diseases are caused by unmanaged bacterial biofilm growth in the mouth. Biofilms are complex
communities of adherent bacteria and a sticky matrix that surrounds them. These multi-layered communities
of multiple species of bacteria form on almost any surface in many environments. The bacteria primarily
responsible for the formation of dental plaque biofilms are strains of oral streptococci. The aim of this
study is to observe the complex mechanisms of biofilm formation with single and mixed strains of
streptococci obtained from human mouths. Last year, we isolated one good biofilm former. This year,
we were able to isolate three more strains of oral streptococci, cultured each as well as mixtures of the
strains over a period of four days and compared biofilm growth on the bottom of plastic wells by staining
with crystal violet. We then quantified the stained biofilm micrographs using ImageJ. After observing the
growth, we determined the two that worked best together and sent them out for genomic sequencing
in order to speciate them and will now test their ability to form plaque on teeth as well as observe their
growth in different nutrient environments.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Douglas M. Smith
INLOW, W.M. Department of Fine Arts (Art). The Development of a Poetry Portfolio and Chapbook.
A poem of mine was awarded second place in the English Association of the Pennsylvania State
Universities undergraduate poetry contest. Using a research grant, I was able to attend the weekendlong EAPSU conference, where I attended several sessions a day on various topics that included
Q&As with published writers, the art of political poetry and a roundtable about running literary
publications; I met award-winning poet Patricia Smith, as well as many undergraduate writers like
myself. The conference exposed me to new styles of poetry and great advice from established writers,
and this helped me develop a portfolio of poetry to send to graduate schools, as well as format the work
I have so far into a chapbook of my own. My poetry usually focuses on places that I have been, with special
emphasis on my home town of Osceola Mills. I often feel both attached to and repelled by Osceola, and in
my writing I explore this gray area.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Philip Terman
JOHNSTON, S. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Low Temperature
Photoluminescence Mapping of Solar Cells.
See BAKER, A.
JONES, E. Department of Visual and Performing Arts (Art). National Council on Education for the Ceramic
Art–Claytopia.
See STONE, Z.
JORDAN J.L. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Understanding the Relationship and the
Affinity of the Hac1p Transcription Factor to a Novel UPRE.
See TALASKY, J.M.
KAPPEL, E.L. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
KAPPEL, E.L. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic Management
Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
See MULLIN, R.S.
KAPPEL, E.L. Department of Economics. A Summer Abroad in Madrid, Spain.
Last summer, I studied abroad in Madrid, Spain, for ten weeks. During my time abroad, I took four classes
at the Universidad de Alcalá including Civilization and Culture, Introduction to Latin American Literature,
Contemporary Spain through Film, and Oral Communication of Spanish Traditions. These classes taught
me so much about Spanish culture and traditions while greatly improving my Spanish proficiency. I lived
with a host family and had a roommate from the University of Pittsburgh. On the weekends, I traveled to
20

Segovia, Toledo, Barcelona, Valencia, Malaga, Granada, Seville and Morocco. This experience taught me
many valuable skills that have benefitted me both inside and outside of the classroom. Flying 5,000 miles
away from home without knowing a single person and learning to adjust to a new language, culture,
environment and currency all proved to be a shock at first, but I adjusted within one to two weeks and
began to feel at home. Being out of my comfort zone forced me to adapt and I quickly made friends,
navigated across the country and excelled in the classroom. My study abroad experience greatly improved
my communication skills and adaptability, broadened my worldview and fostered personal growth.
I believe all of these qualities that I have developed through this experience will help me in my future
endeavors because I am not afraid of failure. I am so grateful to have had this opportunity, and I strongly
encourage other students to study abroad, given the chance.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Sandra Trejos
KAPPEL, E.L. Department of Economics. The Status of Women and Economic Development in Saudi Arabia.
Saudi Arabia is economically booming and their GDP is among the highest due to their oil and natural
resource-based economy, yet, it is said to be a very challenging place to be a woman. Limited studies have
been conducted to analyze the relationship between Saudi women and development; this paper aims to
add to the knowledge pool and determine the factors that explain this situation. Using multiple regression
analysis, this study shows empirical evidence on how the status of women affects economic development
in Saudi Arabia; the main hypothesis being that there will be a positive association between the two.
The PPP GDP per capita is explained by savings, trade, both male and female population, both male and
female life expectancy, female labor force, maternal mortality rate, women in parliament and the gender
parity index (GPI) in college enrollment. This paper enlightens the academic discussion by finding evidence
in support of the idea that although women in Saudi Arabia are investing in themselves, they are not being
proportionally absorbed into the labor force.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Sandra Trejos
KARG, K. Department of Management and Marketing. The Effects of Restaurant Service Quality on Customer
Satisfaction.
See MOSER, T.
KAYE, K.A. Keystone High School. Women: The Essence to Sparta.
While Sparta is traditionally glorified for its military successes and masculinity, my research portrays
women as the real economic backbone of Sparta. Women owned and took care of forty percent of all
agricultural land while men served in the military. Men in other civilizations believed that women were not
capable of owning land; however, the women of Sparta were very successful, not only at maintaining land,
but they were able to manage the entire Spartan economy. These unique women of antiquity were not
only remarkable estate holders, but were essential to the survival of Sparta.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
KEALEY, K.E. Department of Management and Marketing (Marketing). Understanding Millennials’
Motivations to Visit State Parks.
State parks’ scenic stretches of flowing rivers and large lakes are popular for canoeing, kayaking and
tubing, but how much of these attractions are of interest to millennials is understudied. This study aims
to understand millennials’ motivations to visit state parks and the influence of pictures of such outdoor
activities on social media. Push-pull theory helps establish the motivational factors such as sightseeing,
relaxation, and amenities using secondary data. This study is unique because it focuses on millennials’
motivations to visit state parks, which has not been studied much. The results will help with profiling
millennials on their interests in outdoor attractions and developing appropriate social media strategies.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Nripendra Singh
KEHN, E.K. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Sapling Variation in Herbivory and Disease.
See AIKENS, M.A.
21

KELLY, E., LUCAS, J., OCHS, S., SANKEY, S., and WEST, C. Department Nursing. Nurse Burnout Rates
in the Intensive Care Unit.
Nurse burnout rates are becoming a problem for nurses who work in the intensive care unit (ICU) due to
the high acuity of patients these nurses care for on a regular basis. As nursing burnout rates increase, this
places the patient at risk for adverse outcomes, which may prolong the length of stay. The objectives of
this study are to determine what factors may cause nurse burnout syndrome in the ICU and to identify the
nurse-to-patient ratio in the ICU. Current research has shown that the Maslach Burnout Survey Inventory
has become the gold standard in identifying burnout, and that some of the biggest stressors in leading to
burnout in nurses is poor nurse-to-patient ratio, an unhealthy work environment, managerial strategies and
personality traits. Upon completion of the study, it was made aware that although nurse burnout can be
easily identified, it is very difficult to manage and properly treat. Being unable to properly manage burnout has resulted in nurses leaving their respective positions for new ones or resulted in nurses leaving the
profession altogether. The purpose of this research is to identify what causes nurse burnout, how it affects
nurses, how it affects patients and what can be done to help in decreasing nurse burnout rates.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Robin Bilan
KELTZ, O., and MUSTAFA, A. Department of Management and Marketing (Marketing). Are Millennials
Brand-Loyal Toward Cafés?: Tri-Dimensional Approach.
The purpose of this study is to identify the factors which influence brand loyalty for local cafes in small
communities, such as Clarion, PA. Descriptive research design and survey method were used to collect
data from millennials at Clarion University of Pennsylvania using a 5-point Likert scale. Three-hundred
respondents were randomly selected using the stratified sampling technique. Tri-dimensional approach
was used to assess behavioral, attitudinal and cognitive loyalty in this study, which is a comprehensive
model having documented validity. Structural equation modeling using SPSS AMOS ver. 24 was utilized
to test the model fit and assess validity and reliability of the results. As suggested in previous literature,
these variables are expected to positively influence brand loyalty in this context. These data will help local
cafes, such as Michelle’s Café, grow its brand despite its highly competitive surroundings (i.e. Starbucks,
McDonald’s, etc.). This research looks to promote local businesses by enhancing customer loyalty using
appropriate marketing strategies.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Nripendra Singh
KELTZ, O.M. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic Management
Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
See MULLIN, R.S.
KENYON, C.K. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies Raised
against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
See MASON, J.P.
KETH, A.C. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies Raised
against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
See MASON, J.P.
KETH, A.C. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Viability and Longevity
of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) Larval Populations in Beeswax and Polyethylene Matrix.
See BICKEL, G.
KHALE, J.D. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Discovery, Isolation,
and Propagation of a Lytic Bacteriophage for Use in Phage Therapy against Medically Significant Bacteria.
See BUTINKA, K.A.

22

KINSLER, J.M. Keystone High School. Spartan Women Rights.
Most Greek city-states did not grant women any rights; Sparta was an exception. Owning forty percent
of Sparta’s land, the women of Sparta possessed more rights than the average ancient women. Spartan
women were given the more rights for the benefit of their city-state because Sparta’s men served their
city-state their entire life and were unable to properly manage the land and slaves. Spartan women were
needed in a more active economic and social role in order to manage the land the men could not.
Aristotle claimed that these rights led to the decline of Sparta. This paper analyzes the extent to which
Spartan women possessed rights and in what ways that may have contributed to Sparta’s decline.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
KLAPEC, E.M. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic Management
Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
See MULLIN, R.S.
KUMETIS, T.J. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Assessing the Effect of
Canopy Cover on Benthic Pond Communities.
Leaf litter is a primary source of energy in many aquatic systems and is a strong influence on the structure
and function of woodland pond ecosystems. Canopy cover, light levels and leaf litter influence the amount
of photosynthetic production in a pond system, which in turn affects the benthic community composition.
The objective of this study was to quantify the seasonal changes in biomass of the benthic invertebrate
communities in closed canopy and open canopy ponds. We would expect a closed canopy pond with an
input of leaf litter detritus to have more shredding macroinvertebrates and an open canopy pond with
active photosynthesis to have more scraping macroinvertebrates. Samples were taken in June, August,
and October of 2017 using benthic drop can sampling methods at two permanent ponds located on
Pennsylvania State Game Land 63 in Clarion County. We found a higher total macroinvertebrate biomass
in the closed pond than in the open pond (2.50g/m2 compared to 0.66g/m2). Primary consumer biomass
and diversity also differed between pond types throughout the year. October samples in the open pond
had higher biomass than June samples (2.50g/m2 compared to 0.37g/m2), which may be from amphibian predators leaving the ponds by the October collection or from variation in community structures due
to insect emergences in the spring and early summer. Ponds with large amounts of leaf litter inputs had
declined levels of biomass and order richness while insignificantly increasing community evenness.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Kurt Regester
KUMETIS, T.J. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Studying the Trophic Cascade from Fern
Patches and Deer Overbrowsing.
Decomposition is an important step in maintaining a healthy ecosystem, building the organic layer
of the soil and breaking nutrients down into usable forms. The invertebrate community of the leaf litter,
which drives decomposition, may be affected by microhabitats within the forest structure. A microhabitat
that is becoming more common is large fern patches, which spread in the presence of ungulate selective
browsing. While there have been various studies about the effect of deer on leaf litter insects, there is still
not a consensus of what effect it has. The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of fern cover
and deer overbrowsing on the invertebrate leaf litter communities. Using a 2x2 factorial design of fern and
deer presence, leaf litter samples were collected from inside and outside fern patches found both inside
and outside a deer exclosure fence. There was no significant effect of deer or ferns on leaf litter insects.
There were slight but insignificant increases in diversity in the “no-fern, no deer” patches and insignificant
increases of order richness in the fern patches. These findings support that while the changes in insect
communities may be due to changes in microhabitats, those changes are at a very local level outside
the scope of this study.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden

23

LAKATOS, H.G. International Programs. Adventures in Alcalá de Henares, Spain.
I present a brief overview of my semester in Alcalá de Henares, Spain. The presentation includes photos
of my travels and where I lived. I provide some information about the kind of classes I took and volunteer
opportunities I had while in Spain.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. William R. Naugle
LANDERS, A.K. Department of English and Modern Languages (English). Badassery, Books and the
#MeToo Movement.
See CALDERWOOD, M.A.
LANDERS, A.K. Department of English and Modern Languages (English). Good Craic: Study Abroad in
Northern Ireland.
I studied abroad in Coleraine, Northern Ireland, in the fall of 2018. I was introduced to elements of Irish
culture, including writers, music and food and participated in Gaelic sports and local holiday celebrations.
I learned more about Northern Ireland’s history of struggle with Britain from the first English actions in
Ireland to the troubles and divisions that continue to exist. The study abroad project allowed me to see
iconic locations with people from around the United States and across the world. I developed a deeper
appreciation for cultures and traditions outside of my own.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. William R. Naugle
LANIGAN, C.R. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Mitochondrial Stress Response:
Developing a GeneticSscreen Utilizing 2,4-Dinitrophenol.
See SCHILL, C.N.
LARSON, A.J. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Geosciences). Identifying the Effects of Historic
Deforestation on the Deposition of Alluvial Sediments along the Clarion River.
See DEVINE, C.R.
LENHART, S.G. Keystone High School. Historiography and Media Literacy in Social Studies.
History is frequently thought to be pure facts, but through the study of historiography, we can see that is
not exactly the truth. Throughout time, there is a multitude of examples when history was manipulated by
those who wrote it. In this essay, the importance of not only historiography is expressed but also the idea
of it being applied to modern day texts and other sources such as media. Understanding the production of
a source is a vital part of everyday life, therefore making historiography considerably relevant in schools.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
LEWIS, E.M. Departments of Biology and Geosciences (Biology) and Department of Chemistry, Mathematics
and Physics (Chemistry). Further Characterization and Expression of Non Structural Protein 3 in Mammalian
Cells.
See BOUCH, R.J.
LEWIS, K. Department of Management and Marketing. The Effects of Restaurant Service Quality on Customer
Satisfaction.
See MOSER, T.
LONG, M. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Viability and Longevity of
Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) Larval Populations in Beeswax and Polyethylene Matrix.
See BICKEL, G.
LONG, R. Department of Nursing. CAUTI Prevention and Noninvasive Catheters.
See COLWELL, S.

24

LOWERY, M. Department of Visual and Performing Arts (Art). National Council on Education for the Ceramic
Art–Claytopia.
See STONE, Z.
LUCAS, J. Department of Nursing. Nurse Burnout Rates in the Intensive Care Unit.
See KELLY, E.
MANGLAVITI, M.M. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Linking ERAD and the
UPR: Developing A Genetic Screen Via the Expression of Antitrypsin.
See GEYTENBEEK, S.M.
MANKOS, C.F. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Energy Dispersive X-ray
Spectroscopic Analysis of Al-Cu-Fe Quasicrystalline Thin Film Layer.
See SMITH, K.N.
MANN, B. Department of Nursing. The Use of Cannabidiol in Patients with Schizophrenia.
See EVANS, L.
MAPES, K.R. Department of Nursing. How Does the Nurse to Patient Ratio Impact the Occurrence of Hospital
Acquired Pressure Ulcers?
See DONZE, H.M.
MARTIN, B. Department of Management and Marketing (Marketing). Recycling Awareness Program for
Clarion Area Youth.
See SPANG, P.
MASON, J.P., BOUCH, R.J., ZABLOCKI, O.M., KENYON, C.K., SMITH, D.M., and KETH, A.C. Department of
Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies Raised against Batrachochytrium
dendrobatidis.
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is a pathogenic chytrid fungus that is largely responsible for the
decline in amphibian populations across the globe through the infectious disease chytridiomycosis.
Bd can penetrate the keratinized skin of many amphibian species and cause infection leading to electrolyte
imbalance, sloughing of the skin, loss of osmoregulation and ultimately cardiac arrest. The Bd genome
has been fully sequenced and all the potential genes have been discovered, but the molecular basis
of pathogenesis is an area to be investigated. By characterizing the fungal proteins important for Bd
pathogenesis, we can be one step closer to understanding the pathogenicity of this fungus. We have
produced monoclonal antibodies specific for Bd that can be used to characterize the fungus proteins
for further study as well as aid in mapping the proteome of this infectious fungus.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Andrew Keth
MAZUR, M.P., and PHILLIPS, H.E. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology).
Identifying Anti-Host Effector Proteins in the Opportunistic Emerging Human Pathogen, Chromobacterium
Violaceum.
Chromobacterium violaceum is an opportunistic bacterial pathogen which likely utilizes a distinctive
method to invade and hijack host cells. This virulence machinery is referred to as a Type III Secretion
System (T3SS) and resembles a molecular syringe by which C. violaceum can shuttle proteins and
enzymes from its own cytosolic space into the cytoplasm of eukaryotic host cells. These processes can
lead to cell damage, lysis and death. Based on work from the Brazilian Genome Project Consortium
genomic analysis of C. violaceum demonstrated that the organism possesses putative genes for two
complete T3SSs. Currently there have not been many studies that address how C. violaceum might use
its T3SSs to cause disease. From the genome sequencing analyses it is proposed that C. violaceum genes
CV2589, CV2595, CV2605, CV2598 encode type-III secreted effector proteins which might be involved
in cell modulation and pathogenesis. Furthermore, additional genes were identified which indicate that
25

the C. violaceum T3SS may form a unique filamentous structure distal to the syringe part of the T3S
apparatus that is required for function. These genes are designated cseB1, cseB2, cseB3 and cseB4
(Chromobacterium secreted proteins B1-4). In this project, we are analyzing the proposed effector and
CseB proteins to determine whether they can be secreted in a type-III dependent manner, which would
be consistent with them being active components of the C. violaceum T3SS. This work will subsequently
provide valuable insight into how C. violaceum causes infection in humans and aid in determining
whether the T3SSs are fully functional.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Helen Hampikian
MAZZOCCHI, G.M., and HILINSKI, M.E., Department of Human Services, Rehabilitation, Health and Sport
Sciences (Clinical Mental Health Counseling). All Aboard the Marrakesh Express: Global Counseling Identity
Development in Action.
Cultural immersion experiences are a component of many students’ educational development. In our
growing global economy these experiences may be vital to students securing a desired internship or
gaining the necessary cultural skills to work with a desired population. Counselors and counselors in
training in the United States can learn a great deal from other countries, such as Morocco, that are in
the process of developing their own approach to counseling. This study will highlight seven students’
professional identity development over a cultural immersion experience.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Mark Lepore
MCCAULEY, J.M. Keystone High School. Athenian Democracy Reconsidered.
This research sheds light on an analysis of what is considered the first democracy. However, based on
further research, the question of whether or not Athenians should truly be considered democratic
becomes more apparent. Past artwork, literature, philosophy and infrastructure along with the Athenian
idolization of wisdom promote democratic values, while social institutions shed doubt on their willingness
to extend voting rights to all members of the society.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
MCCLAY, T. Department of Nursing. The Stop Opioid Use in Pregnancy Program.
See BEICHNER, A.
MCELRATH, H.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Allelopathic Effects of Hay-Scented Fern
(Dennstaedtia punctilobula) on Pin Oak Germination and Growth.
See DRESSLER, R.
MCELRATH, H.M., OPYRCHAL, M.T., and SHEPHERD, B.L. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology).
Effects of Fern and Deer Presence on Soil Properties and Tree Regeneration.
Within the last century, there has been an increase in deer and fern populations, both of which are known
to disrupt forest regeneration. The direct effects of consumption and the indirect effects of competition
from browse tolerant species, such as fern, negatively affect the initial establishment of the stand.
The purpose of this study is to determine which of these species, deer or fern, has the most significant
effect on forest structure and composition by comparing tree species richness and soil properties in plots
with and without the presence of deer and fern. Soil samples were collected from plots inside and outside
of an established deer fence to determine effects on soil properties. Species richness and abundance data
was determined from identification of species in a 1m x 1m quadrant at each site. Deer had more impact on
the soil properties with decreased averages of soil moisture, pH and litter depth in plots with deer
versus no deer. Deer and fern together had the most significant impact on average species abundance,
and neither deer nor fern impacted species richness. Regeneration is crucial for the survival of the forests.
Deer and fern together are not allowing proper regeneration needed to replace the current trees in the
event of a large-scale disturbance. Managing both deer and fern would likely increase the diversity of ages
and species within our forests.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
26

MCKENZIE, L.J., and REGESTER, K.J. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology).
Allochthonous and Autochthonous Energy Flow in Two Permanent Wetlands during Hydroperiod Reduction.
Wetland loss is a global phenomenon, affecting the persistence of vernal pool specialists locally and
worldwide. Included in this loss is the degradation of vernal pools, temporary wetlands that provide
essential breeding habitat for mole salamanders (Ambystoma), Wood Frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus),
aquatic invertebrates and a multitude of other organisms adapted for life in temporary waters.
When ephemeral wetlands are lost or degraded, restoration efforts often employ pool creation or
alteration, including hydroperiod modification, to restore proper ecosystem function and maintain local
biodiversity. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of hydroperiod modification on
allochthonous and autochthonous wetland energy flow, to ultimately improve breeding success of our
local declining salamander populations. Our study was primarily focused on the Jefferson Salamander
(Ambystoma jeffersonianum), the Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) and the Four-Toed
Salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum), all local bi-phasic vernal pool specialists. Beginning in spring
of 2017, two local permanent ponds on SGL 63 in Clarion County were systematically sampled via benthic
drop can sampling for larval and adult amphibians, fish, coarse woody debris (CWD), organic debris (OD),
aquatic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton, both before and after significant hydroperiod modification.
Data indicate differences through time and space between the allochthonous and autochthonous wetlands
in carbon storage components and major pathways of energy flow, particularly for detritus components
and amphibian assemblages. These findings are relevant for effective wetland management, especially
for declining amphibian populations and other vernal pool specialists.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Kurt Regester
MEALY, B.R. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Investigating the Inhibitory Effect of Zinc on
MG-63 Osteoblast-Like Cells As a Potential Compound to Treat Diabetes Induced Osteoporosis.
Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease that can impair osteogenesis through a decrease in
osteoblast activity leading to an increased fracture risk. While it is known that diabetes mellitus affects
bone, the underlying connection between diabetes and osteoporosis remains unidentified. Deficiencies
of zinc are seen in the course of aging and in diabetic patients. Additionally, zinc supplements have been
shown to exert positive effects in type-2 diabetes. Our study is aimed to examine the mechanism
underlying diabetes-induced osteoporosis and determine the protective effects of zinc and its association
with osteoporosis and diabetes. Our data demonstrates zinc to have an inhibitory effect on advanced
glycation end product (AGE) induced MG-63 cell apoptosis through trypan-blue counting and MTT
enzymatic cell viability assays. MG-63 cells progress through the various stages of bone cell differentiation
under the influence of estrogen and osteogenic supplement, passing through a well-defined sequence
of proliferation, matrix maturation and extracellular mineralization. Cells were grown for 12 days in growth
medium to enhance differentiation of pre-osteoblasts to osteocytes. Anti-apoptotic effects of zinc were
also seen in differentiated MG-63 cells. Molecular expression of runx-2 gene (using osteocalcin as an
endogenous control) confirmed the protective effects of zinc on MG-63 cells in presence of low and high
sugar. Our data indicates zinc has a protective effect against diabetes-induced osteoporosis and suggests
zinc to be a novel micronutrient for its prevention and treatment.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Natasha Dias
MEALY, B.R. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Investigating Trade-Offs Between
Reproductive Behavior and Wound Healing in a Slow Pace-Of-Life Organism, Desmognathus Ochrophaeus
(Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander).
See FISCHETTI, M.E.

27

MEALY, B.R., and BLANKENBUEHLER, A.K. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Study of
Acute and Chronic Effects of NSAIDS (Ibuprofen, Tylenol and Aspirin) on SH-SY5Y Neuronal Cells in Their
Neuroprotective Ability against Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s Disease.
Neurodegeneration is a complex process, which leads to progressive brain damage due to loss of neurons.
The cause of neuronal loss in various degenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease,
Huntington’s disease, etc., is not entirely understood, despite exhaustive research. Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are regularly used by more than 60 million Americans and are effective
in relieving pain, reducing fever and inhibiting inflammation. Previous research has shown Ibuprofen to
dissolve amyloid plaque proteins in SH-SY5Y human neuroblast cells suggesting its potential therapeutic
ability in treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. While the implications that certain NSAIDs, in theory, seem
to have neuroprotective abilities, we hypothesize that chronic use of them may have an opposing effect.
Through our research we investigated the acute and chronic impact of different anti-inflammatory NSAIDs
on SH-SY5Y cells. Cells underwent an overnight short-term treatment and a twelve-day long-term
treatment on undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y cells in the presences and absence of Tylenol
(steroid control), Ibuprofen, Aleve and Aspirin. Neuroprotective effects were seen in acute use of NSAIDS,
but neurodegenerative effects were seen in chronic use of NSAIDS. Our data indicates that the use of
NSAIDS for prolonged periods of time could induce neurodegeneration despite their short-term
neuroprotective effects.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Natasha Dias
MEALY, B.R., STEELE, C.R., and MULLINS, S.M. Department of Psychology. Clarion University Campus
Students’ Perspectives on Sexual Assault and Bystander Intervention.
This study explored the perspectives that Clarion University campus students have regarding sexual
assault and bystander intervention on the Clarion University campus. All Clarion University students
eighteen years of age or older were given the opportunity to participate in a campus-wide survey
measuring their views on how much victims of a sexual assault either deserved or provoked an assault
to determine how prevalent rape culture attitudes are on campus. The survey also listed a series of
situations regarding sexual assault in friend versus stranger situations and asked respondents how likely
they would be to intervene in each situation. We analyzed responses as a function of gender and class
standing to see whether these influenced survey responses. We also analyzed respondents’ willingness
to intervene in a sexual assault situation with a friend versus a stranger.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jeanne Slattery
MENNETTI, L.P. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Detection of Borrelia
burgdorferi in Ticks in Clarion Borough.
See FOTTA, A.M.
MILFORD, V.L. Keystone High School. The Treatment of the Disabled and Deformed in Ancient Civilizations.
Many ancient civilizations have had a variety of views on individuals with disabilities, including those
from birth and those caused later in life. This research seeks to both describe and explain the ways
in which the ancient societies of Greece, Mesopotamia, China and Egypt treated the disabled. The Greeks
would either kill the disabled in infancy, shun them in adulthood, or had them provide for the state before
themselves. They created an outcast god to drive the obvious disdain home. The Mesopotamians would
give simple jobs to the disabled that had no other way to provide for themselves, however they did not
prevent them from joining a higher level of work. The Chinese left the disabled alone; they lived like any
abled-body citizen, other than the government excluding them from the public work parties for the sake
of ease. Finally, the Egyptians made laws against the torment of the weak and praised one distinctive type
of disability.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)

28

MILLER, B.B. Department of Nursing. CAUTI Prevention and Noninvasive Catheters.
See COLWELL, S.
MILLER, M.J. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Linking ERAD and the UPR:
Developing A Genetic Screen Via the Expression of Antitrypsin.
See GEYTENBEEK, S.M.
MISCOVICH, H. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
MOGLIA, N. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
MORRISON, I.S. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). Should These Books be
Banned?
See GRIEBEL, I.A.
MORROW, T. Department of Biology and Geosciences. Temporal Attenuation of Abandoned Mine Drainage
within the Mill Creek Watershed.
See BROOKS, A.
MOSER, T., KARG, K., and LEWIS, K. Department of Management and Marketing. The Effects of Restaurant
Service Quality on Customer Satisfaction.
Competing with branded restaurants is difficult for local restaurants, especially in a small town, until
they provide high service quality and customer satisfaction. The purpose of this study is to help local
restaurants in Clarion, Pa., provide customer satisfaction by identifying service quality gaps in their
current service operations. SERVQUAL model will be used to collect data under five dimensions of
service quality: Tangibility, Assurance, Empathy, Responsiveness and Reliability. According to BarlanEspino (2017), the objective of restaurants is to provide satisfaction to its guests and, while most
restaurants try to do their best, they tend to forget what their customers expect. This lack of identification
of service quality gaps is the major problem in losing customers. Two broad research questions, which
this study will answer are: (1) Where do local restaurants in Clarion County lack when providing excellent
service quality to its customers? In other words, where are the gaps in providing quality service among
local restaurants in Clarion County? (2) Which service quality elements or the five dimensions of the
SERVQUAL model are more important to customers (tangibility, responsiveness, reliability, assurance,
empathy) in Clarion County? The results will help identify customers’ expectations and perceptions.
The difference between them will lead to identification of gaps that can be bridged by developing
appropriate marketing strategies and employee training. The results will help improve profitability
of the local restaurants and help them sustain their businesses.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Nripendra Singh
MULLEN, R.S., KLAPEC, E.M., KAPPEL, E.L., BAUMCRATZ, M.L., FYE, A.J., REITZ, S.L., KELTZ, O.M., and
PYNE, R.L. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic Management
Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
In operating in the modern hospitality and tourism global market with its cafés, hotels and casinos,
Hard Rock Café International, Inc., finds itself in a highly competitive environment, fighting for its share
of consumer income and recreational spending. Tight labor markets, recruitment issues, unforeseen rent
increases and new entrants to the market have threatened the firm’s growth. A team consisting of Mullen,
Klapec, Kappel and Baumcratz will first present research and analysis of Hard Rock Café’s internal and
external environments by completing a thorough SWOT Analysis. Then a team consisting of Fye, Reitz,
Keltz and Pyne will move into the analysis of Hard Rock Café’s competitors with the completion of the
Competitive Profile Matrix before efforts of both teams propose company-wide global solutions with a
29

long-term focus while addressing the most pertinent short-term conundrums plaguing the firm.
We propose future action based on our Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix. In looking into the future
for Hard Rock Café, we focus on maintaining the long-achieved and maintained total customer experience
for continued growth and the successful capture of consumer recreational spending.
Faculty Sponsors: Dr. Chad Smith and Dr. Miguel Olivas-Luján
MULLINS, S.M. Department of Psychology. Clarion University Campus Students’ Perspectives on Sexual
Assault and Bystander Intervention.
See MEALY, B.R.
MUSTAFA, A. Department of Management and Marketing (Marketing). Are Millennials Brand-Loyal Toward
Cafés?: Tri-Dimensional Approach.
See KELTZ, O.
MYERS, E., and DELONG, E. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). The Effects of Deer Browsing
on Understory Composition in Clear Creek State Forest.
White-tailed deer have a large direct impact on the regeneration of the composition of a forest from
selective browsing. Deer browsing can reduce the growth of saplings along with diversity and increase
competition with plants such as Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Hay-Scented Fern) and Microstegium
vimineum (Japanese Stilt Grass). The purpose of this experiment is to see the effects that browsing has
on a forest understory with a prescribed burn and deer exclosures. From hay-scented ferns and Japanese
stiltgrass, species richness is decreased significantly as these plants invaded. These happened to be more
significant with the effects of deer browsing and burning. Deer browsing promoted the growth of
Japanese stilt grass with burning and hay-scented fern without the burn.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
NARDI, A., BROOKS, A., MORROW, T., and TURNER, A. Department of Biology and Geosciences. Temporal
Attenuation of Abandoned Mine Drainage within the Mill Creek Watershed.
Extensive coal mining in western Pennsylvania has caused abandoned mine drainage (AMD), containing
high concentrations of iron, aluminum and other metals, to enter our waterways. It has been observed
that water quality of these discharges, even if untreated, tends to show some “natural” improvement over
time as deposits of sulfide-bearing minerals are depleted. Understanding how the chemistry of abandoned
mine drainage changes over time is key in strategic planning for watershed restoration, but there are few
detailed studies of temporal attenuation. The Mill Creek watershed in western Pennsylvania has been the
focus of intensive restoration efforts, with two dozen treatment systems having been installed. Because
of the restoration activity, there are good long-term water chemistry data from approximately fifteen
discharges for time spans of up to 28 years. These sites were resampled in 2018, and water samples were
subject to a complete analysis including metal ions. An analysis of these data shows that the rate of natural
attenuation of dissolved iron is highly variable among discharges. Averaged across sites, the rate of decline
in iron concentrations is 3.1% per year. Ongoing sampling and analyses will focus on how the characteristics
of individual discharges relate to the rate of attenuation.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Andrew Turner
NICHOLES, S. Department of Visual and Performing Arts (Art). National Council on Education for the Ceramic
Art–Claytopia.
See STONE, Z.
OCHS, S. Department Nursing. Nurse Burnout Rates in the Intensive Care Unit.
See KELLY, E.

30

OPYRCHAL, M.T. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Allelopathic Effects of Hay-Scented Fern
(Dennstaedtia punctilobula) on Pin Oak Germination and Growth.
See DRESSLER, R.
OPYRCHAL, M.T. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Effects of Fern and Deer Presence on
Soil Properties and Tree Regeneration.
See MCELRATH, H.M.
PAREDES, M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Annexin 1 Must be Pre-Added to Apoptotic
Cells not Macrophages to Effect Rapid Phagocytic Clearance.
See FETZER, C.
PARSONS, A.L. Keystone High School. Behavior and Modification in Ancient Sparta.
The ancient Greek polis of Sparta was heavily focused on war and for preparing its male citizens for it.
With all of the preparations Sparta made, it most certainly affected the people of Sparta, and many of
these strategies that were used can be compared to aspects of sociology and behaviorism. Sociology is
the study of groups of people and how the people within these groups interacted. Behaviorism is focused
on individuals and is not concerned with the emotions and thought of these individuals. It tries to change
the outward behaviors of the people and typically the thought and beliefs of the person follows suit.
Although not known by name during this period, there are connections that can be made to Sparta
and modern analytic systems.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
PATRICK, J. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
PHILLIP, A.C. Department of Psychology. Perceived Stress of Undergraduate Students at Clarion University of
Pennsylvania in Accordance with Class Standing and Major.
See DISANTIS, N.J.
PHILLIPS, H.E. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Identifying Anti-Host
Effector Proteins in the Opportunistic Emerging Human Pathogen, Chromobacterium Violaceum.
See MAZUR, M.P.
PIERCE, J.E. Keystone High School. How the Roman Empire Collapsed.
It is commonly argued that the Roman Empire collapsed due to the lack of land with the nobles gathering
lower-class slaves to farm. However, research shows that a likely possibility of the discontinuation of the
Roman Empire was due to less income deriving from farmers. This poster will discuss how the cause of
the fall of the Roman Empire was from less income coming from the slave labor on the farms. Before the
Roman Empire met its fall, all the slaves in the population had employment, but a drastic change occurred
where all of the slaves worked on slave farms with the nobles. Since a large percentage of the population
of Rome was farmers, the amount of income that was returned back to the government was drastically
decreased. With the government not taking any action on how to solve this problem, the income was
gradually declining to the point where the empire could not function, so as a result, the Roman Empire
collapsed.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
PIERCY, M.N., and ELIAS, A. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies).
Using Discussion Based Learning to Promote Communication in the Classroom.
Create a more collaborative environment within your classroom with discussion based learning!
Using research, strategies and other resources, teachers can facilitate students’ learning and form
a deeper understanding of texts.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jesse Haight
31

POLKA, B. Department of Nursing. CAUTI Prevention and Noninvasive Catheters.
See COLWELL, S.
PRESTO, E. Department of Nursing. The Stop Opioid Use in Pregnancy Program.
See BEICHNER, A.
PRITCHARD, S.M. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). ComBEAST: Computer
Based Educational Assistance Systems and Tutors.
Solving a multitude of today’s global challenges takes rapid advances in science, technology,
engineering, arts and humanities, and mathematics (STEAM) disciplines. The world is looking for ever more
scientists and engineers skilled in their profession. In reality, however, due to perceived difficulty of these
subjects and frustrations in learning the contents, many potential future professionals, who are students
today, are driven away from these fields. To alleviate this problem, personalized tutoring with computer
based tutors is a viable solution. Until a few years ago, making a personalized, computer based intelligent
tutoring system constituted hundreds of hours of intense work from computer programmers, and it was an
expensive endeavor. The recent introduction of freely available (for educational purposes) software called
Cognitive Tutor Authoring Tools (CTAT) has enabled every teacher — who is not a computer programmer —
to build his/her own tutors. In this presentation, we demonstrate the construction of an intelligent
computer based tutor for learning vector algebra in an introductory physics class. Tutors were made
with CTAT based tools. Using GUI based tools, and incorporating coding with JavaScript, HTML5 and CSS,
we show the functionality of a tutor that is designed to provide a personal learning experience to students.
This tutor will be implemented in an introductory physics class at Clarion University and probably at other
similar institutions internationally.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Vasudeva Rao Aravind
PYNE, A.R. Department of Psychology. Perceived Stress of Undergraduate Students at Clarion University
of Pennsylvania in Accordance with Class Standing and Major.
See DISANTIS, N.J.
PYNE, R.L. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic Management
Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
See MULLIN, R.S.
RADAKER, R. Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). The Relationship between
Music and War.
See CESSNA, A.
RADAKER, R.S. Clarion University Department of Education (Secondary Education, Social Studies). Wartime
Innovations Have Changed the Game.
Technology has changed the game for warfare. New innovations have always altered the outcomes of war
and will continue to dictate aggression in the future. Teachers looking to find new ways for their students
to interact in class can learn how the top ten of the important wartime innovations will help them to retain
this knowledge.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Jesse Haight
RAGAN, S. Department of Nursing. CAUTI Prevention and Noninvasive Catheters.
See COLWELL, S.
RAGER, B. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
RAHALLA, E. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Viability and Longevity
of Greater Wax Moth (Galleria mellonella) Larval Populations in Beeswax and Polyethylene Matrix.
See BICKEL, G.
32

REARICK, K.L. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Discovery, Isolation
and Propagation of a Lytic Bacteriophage for Use in Phage Therapy against Medically Significant Bacteria.
See BUTINKA, K.A.
REESMAN, R. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Effects of Fire Disturbance on Regeneration
of Hardwoods.
See CHAPMAN, S.
REGESTER, K. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Decreased Densities of a Terrestrial
Salamander Associated with Forest Floor Habitats Dominated by Fern.
See ROBISON, A.L.
REGESTER, K. Pennsylvania Distribution and Prevalence of Chytrid Fungus and Ranavirus in the Eastern Newt
(Notophthalmus viridescens).
See HOFFMAN, C.
REGESTER, K.J. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Allochthonous and
Autochthonous Energy Flow in Two Permanent Wetlands during Hydroperiod Reduction.
See MCKENZIE, L.J.
REITZ, S.L. Department of Management and Marketing (Management). A Global Strategic Management
Approach to Hard Rock Café: A Case Study of Issue Diagnosis and Solution Recommendation.
See MULLIN, R.S.
ROBISON, A.L., TOY, M.L., BOYDEN, S., and REGESTER, K. Department of Biology and Geosciences
(Biology). Decreased Densities of a Terrestrial Salamander Associated with Forest Floor Habitats Dominated
by Fern.
Northern hardwood forests have been dramatically altered from historic conditions, in part due to
increased levels of herbivory associated with high densities of White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus).
Selective browsing by deer promotes an overabundance of fern that limits the regeneration of many
hardwood tree species. Few studies have investigated the indirect effects of deer on forest floor habitat
quality for terrestrial amphibians. Our study tested for an effect of fern on the density of Redback
Salamanders (Plethodon cinereus), abundant top predator in forest floor food webs. At Clear Creek State
Forest, we used replicated 1 x 1 m quadrats to compare salamander densities in an equal number of plots
with and without fern in four forest management conditions (inside/outside a deer exclosure and inside/
outside a controlled burn treatment). Leaf litter, wood and rock cover was searched within each quadrat.
We sampled a total of 72 m2 during similar environmental conditions and encountered 19 Redback
Salamanders. Mean salamander density was lower in fern-dominated patches (0.14 salamanders/m2) than
in patches without fern (0.39 salamanders/m2)(p=0.04). Our findings show that Redback Salamander
densities were reduced by greater than 50% in forest floor patches dominated by fern. Salamander
preference is most likely explained by unfavorable microhabitat conditions, such as changes in moisture,
temperature, soils, or food resources in forest patches dominated by fern. Northern hardwood forests
continue to be shaped by deer, so a broader understanding of how deer management plans impact
non-game species is important for conserving all components of these ecosystems.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
RODRIGUEZ, M.L. Department of English and Modern Languages (English). Badassery, Books and the
#MeToo Movement.
See CALDERWOOD, M.A.
ROSIEK, I.M. Department of English and Modern Languages (English). Badassery, Books and the
#MeToo Movement.
See CALDERWOOD, M.A.
33

RUSSELL, M. Department of Biology and Geosciences. The Creation of an IBI Model that is Independent
of Stream Size.
See HARLAN, S.
SANDERS, J.W. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics. Reducing Salt Concentrations from
Filtering Nanoparticles.
See WESTOVER, K.P.
SANGADZHIEVA, T. Departments of English and Modern Languages (English) and Social Sciences (History).
My Semester in Scotland.
I present on my semester abroad in Edinburgh, Scotland, at the University of Edinburgh. I cover the
following topics: various study abroad programs available, how to apply, how to obtain scholarships,
and my experience. My focus is primarily on what I have gained from my experience, which is
international friendships, a new form of learning and cultural immersion. I show images from my
semester abroad, which encompass my exploration of Scotland and England.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. William R. Naugle
SANKEY, S. Department Nursing. Nurse Burnout Rates in the Intensive Care Unit.
See KELLY, E.
SANTANA JIMENEZ, E. ​Department of Social Sciences (Psychology/Sociology) and Department of Modern
Languages (Liberal Studies: Global Understanding).​The Amazing Journey of Our Experience in Spain.
See CARTER, T.R.

SAY, L.T. Keystone High School. Psychology, Behavior Modification and Social Order.
Societies past and present have attempted to manipulate behavior through various methods such as,
advertisement, propaganda and controlling the environment surrounding people. Society also praises
those who are considered good people. This has not only been relevant in past societies, it is also used
in modern societies and will continue to be used in societies for several years to come. This is why it is
important to understand that society is subtly influencing your behavior. This problem not only affects us,
it affects other people worldwide with different culture, expectations and education. My poster will discuss
how societies have influenced behavior, how and what they have used in the past to influence you and how
it is not necessarily a bad thing.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
SCHILL, C.N., LANIGAN, C.R., BRUSH, N.M., WILSON, A.R., and SCOTT, C.M. Department of Biology and
Geosciences (Biology). Mitochondrial Stress Response: Developing a GeneticSscreen Utilizing 2,4-Dinitrophenol.
Cellular stress responses are an understudied, yet vital part of cell physiology. Metabolic biochemical
pathways have many implications in human diseases, such as cystic fibrosis and Leigh Syndrome.
These pathways are subjected to alterations when they are under cellular stress conditions. One such
pathway is the Krebs Cycle, which occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. Utilizing a Saccharomyces
cerevisiae mutant knockout library, which is an isogenic collection of mutant strains, genes will be assayed
for their involvement in stress responses. This library can help identify which genes are involved in the
cell’s response to the exposure of 2, 4-dinitrophenol (DNP); a known causative agent of cellular metabolic
stress. The screen was performed by inoculating a specified optical density (600 nm) of yeast into
complete nutrient media, to ensure consistency of growth. Sterile filter discs were placed on the media,
exposing the yeast strains to predetermined concentrations of DNP. These spot assays were incubated
for three days with images taken every twenty-four hours to monitor growth. By using three parental
wild-type strains as baseline controls (BY4742, RSY607 and W303), screenings of various yeast
knockout strains were assayed for their associated mitochondrial function. Sixty-one mutant strains
have been studied to date, six are statistically significant showing a greater inhibition than BY4742.

34

Additionally, two mutant strains are statistically significant in regards to a smaller inhibition phenotype
compared to the wild-type strain. Furthermore, future experiments should elucidate which genes are
involved in mitochondrial stress response pathways and how these pathways function in response to
stress.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Craig M. Scott
SCOTT, C.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Mitochondrial Stress Response: Developing a
GeneticSscreen Utilizing 2,4-Dinitrophenol.
See SCHILL, C.N.
SCOTT, C.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Understanding the Relationship and the
Affinity of the Hac1p Transcription Factor to a Novel UPRE.
See TALASKY, J.M.
SHAFFER, J.E. Department of Nursing. Lateral Violence Amongst New ED Nurses.
See BONIFAY, K.N.
SHEPHERD, B.L. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Effects of Fern and Deer Presence on Soil
Properties and Tree Regeneration.
See MCELRATH, H.M.
SHEPHERD, B.L. and BOYDEN, S.B. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Invasive Fern Roots
Accelerate Leaf Litter Decomposition Rates in Forests.
Invasive fern species have been increasing in abundance throughout Pennsylvania over the last century,
partially due to their intolerance to browsing from whitetail deer. Fern outcompetes tree seedlings in forest
ecosystems, limiting regeneration needed for proper forest succession. Decomposition is the primary way
organic material and nutrients needed for regeneration are returned to forest ecosystems, but fern effects
on important processes like decomposition are unknown. The purpose of this study is to determine the
nature and magnitude of invasive fern impacts on the decomposition of leaf litter in forest ecosystems.
Leaf litter bags were placed in four treatments designed to separate the above ground and below ground
effects of fern, and urea fertilizer was added to half the sites to determine if nutrient availability modifies
the fern effect. Overall, fern increased rates of decomposition of the leaf litter layer. Decomposition was
similar in the presence and absence of fern fronds, suggesting the fern roots are affecting decomposition.
The addition of fertilizer had no effect on decomposition, indicating nutrient availability is not an important driver of fern impacts on soil decomposition. Allelopathic characteristics have been identified in fern
species and could explain change in rates of decomposition when fern is present. Increased rates of
decomposition in forest ecosystems can alter the flux of carbon from soil to the atmosphere. Further
research should investigate if management of invasive fern species could restore natural decomposition
rates and carbon flux in forest soils.
Faculty sponsor: Dr. Suzanne Boyden
SHOEMAKER, K. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Formation of Biofilms by Uropathogens
in Various Media.
See FETZER, C.
SHOWMAN, S.C. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics. Reducing Salt Concentrations from
Filtering Nanoparticles.
See WESTOVER, K.P.
SHUTTLEWORTH, A.E. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Detection of
Borrelia burgdorferi in Ticks in Clarion Borough.
See FOTTA, A.M.

35

SINGH, N. Department of Management and Marketing. D2L Learning Management App Adoption Behavior.
See ALMERAB, A.
SINGH, T. Department of Management and Marketing (Marketing). Recycling Awareness Program for Clarion
Area Youth.
See SPANG, P.
SMITH, D.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Formation of Biofilms by Uropathogens in
Various Media.
See FETZER, C.
SMITH, D.M. Departments of Biology and Geosciences (Biology) and Department of Chemistry, Mathematics
and Physics (Chemistry). Further Characterization and Expression of Non Structural Protein 3 in Mammalian
Cells.
See BOUCH, R.J.
SMITH, D.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Identification of Biofilm-Forming Oral
Streptococci and Quantification of Biofilm Growth in Different Nutrient Environments.
See HOFFMAN, M.
SMITH, D.M. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Manipulation of the
Hematopoietic Stem Cell Microenvironment with a Mixed Population of Stromal Cell Substrate.
See HARMON, C.K.
SMITH, D.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies Raised
against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
See MASON, J.P.
SMITH, K.J. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Continuing the Isolation/
Identification of a Novel Antimicrobial Activity from Human Urine.
See BESSETTI, R.N.
SMITH, K.N., BAKER, A.J., BECKEY, J.L., and MANKOS, C.F. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and
Physics (Physics). Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopic Analysis of Al-Cu-Fe Quasicrystalline Thin Film Layer.
A quasicrystalline (QC) thin film in aluminum, copper and iron (Al-Cu-Fe) alloy is reported. The Al-Cu-Fe
alloy is of interest due to its unique properties. Quasicrystals are known to be smooth and the metals
used to synthesize the Al-Cu-Fe alloy are relatively cheap. Recently, a QC thin film was discovered
on the substrate of a column-like structure of λ phase in the Al-Cu-Fe alloy, which has not been reported
previously. The ultimate goal of our future work is to find the composition of the thin film. The thickness
of the quasicrystalline layer will be used to determine the composition. Since the thickness is not uniform
over the entire column, this will be taken into consideration when collecting data and modeling when using
the NIST software DTSA. In addition, Monte Carlo Simulation will be used to generate X-ray, secondary,
and backscattered electron signals in an SEM and shows how deep they penetrate at different beam
energies. The SEM will be used to perform Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), which will allow
us to find the true thin film composition. The coupling of the simulations and experimental data are used
to create the best model of the composition and thickness of the quasicrystalline layer.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Chunfei Li
SMITH, M.F. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Continuing the Isolation/
Identification of a Novel Antimicrobial Activity from Human Urine.
See BESSETTI, R.N.

36

SMOYER, A. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
SPANG, P., SINGH, T., DEETER, K., and MARTIN, B. Department of Management and Marketing (Marketing).
Recycling Awareness Program for Clarion Area Youth.
Seventy-five percent of the solid waste that goes to landfills is recyclable but only about 30 percent is
recycled; the rest goes into the landfill. This causes serious damage to the environment by polluting land,
water and air. Some problems identified are greenhouse gas emission that pollutes the environment,
leachate that makes the land and underground water unusable and health problems to humans and
animals. This study develops a recycling awareness program at the schools and university. The program
has four phases: Dumpster Dive (Baseline). Baseline data will be collected in this phase. Each category
of waste will be weighed separately and recorded in the audit-sheet. Awareness Campaign: Presentations,
activities and contests at school and university will be conducted and students would be awarded in
an annual program such as Earth Day. Dumpster Dive (Impact): Impact of the recycling program on waste
reduction will be done by comparing waste from baseline and impact. Monitoring: To keep the recycling
program effective, regular monitoring will be done by the Green Pals team. The awareness campaign will
be repeated to keep students motivated. Results from the first dumpster dive at the school showed that
from the total garbage, true trash was only 5.5%, while recyclables 94.5%. Analyzing this data shows the
GHG emission saved is equivalent to removing annual emissions from 16 passenger vehicles or conserving
8,386 gallons of gasoline or 3,105 cylinders of propane used for home barbecues. These results though
are rough estimates providing strong evidence to support the recycling effort.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Nripendra Singh
STEELE, C.R. Department of Psychology. Clarion University Campus Students’ Perspectives on Sexual Assault
and Bystander Intervention.
See MEALY, B.R.
STIGLITZ, K. Keystone High School. Identity of Genocide.
Genocide is a frequently discussed topic in the history of the 20th century, realistically, however, it has
occurred over thousands of years dating back all the way to 416 BCE and the Melian Dialogue in Athens.
This topic is frequently discussed in terms of finding ways to prevent the unthinkable acts of hatred.
This poster analyzes cultural causes of genocide and attributes these heinous acts in part to cultural
dichotomization, dehumanization, destruction and denial. These topics are part of the identity process
and genocide could just be an extreme result of it.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
STONE, Z., DRAKE, D., DOWLING, E., THOMPSON, A., LOWERY, M., NICHOLES, S., and JONES, E.
Department of Visual and Performing Arts (Art). National Council on Education for the Ceramic Art–Claytopia.
The students attending the NCECA Conference this year learned to view the ceramics medium in a new
way. By attending the demonstrations, such as wheel-throwing, hand-building, 3-D printing and slip-casting,
we gained a broader understanding of the ceramics medium. With NCECA being held in a different state,
we were able to experience on different temper types and wild clays found within the local region. We also
learned new ways of firing ceramics, types of glazes, types of clay bodies, internship opportunities and
ways of viewing the ceramics medium as a whole. There were opportunities presented, such as speaking
to artists from across the country, viewing local artists’ work and learning the history of ceramics within
Minneapolis. This trip allowed us to expand our knowledge within ceramics and pushed us toward
creating work that reflects the knowledge gained from artists across the country.
Faculty Sponsor: Professor Gary Greenberg
SULAS, D. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics (Physics). Low Temperature
Photoluminescence Mapping of Solar Cells.
See BAKER, A.
37

SWARTZENTRUBER, A.K. Keystone High School. The Oppression of Women in Ancient Athenian Society.
Athens’ entire society was driven toward the dehumanization and humiliation of women; they were treated
as animals. Women had no say in whom they could marry and they were often forced into
marriage by fathers so that the family could gain money or power and to produce children. In fact,
a woman’s husband was commonly around twice her age. A woman’s father had complete control over
her marriage and he could divorce his daughter, whether she desired to or not, to get back his daughter’s
dowry. Many Athenian writings insulted women and grouped them into a category of simplistic and
gluttonous beings who were only necessary for reproduction. They were considered physically weaker
than men and many biological differences kept them from any democratic decisions or events.
Oppression continued due to Athenian cultural justifications of the treatment of women.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
TALASKY, J.M., WILDESON, Z.M., JORDAN, J.L., BROWN, P.A., and SCOTT, C.M., Department of Biology
and Geosciences (Biology). Understanding the Relationship and the Affinity of the Hac1p Transcription Factor
to a Novel UPRE.
The aggregation of aberrant proteins within the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) of eukaryotic cells is the
physiological cause of many diseases, such as Cystic Fibrosis. These diseases overwhelm the cell with
an accumulation of protein aggregates, inducing programmed cell death. To combat this cellular stress,
the cell has various mechanisms to clear aberrant proteins such as Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated
Degradation (ERAD). ERAD is a constitutive protein quality control pathway. If ERAD becomes overwhelmed, the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) is initiated to expand the ER as well as increase the
synthesis of cellular components necessary to increase the function of ERAD. The UPR is a cellular
signaling pathway that results in the translation of the transcription factor Hac1p, which subsequently
binds to a UPR-Element (UPRE) in the promoter region of some UPR target genes. In a previous study,
a novel UPRE was identified and the putative UPRE was shown to be necessary for gene expression during
cellular stress. The focus of this project looks to expand on those initial findings and examine the putative
UPRE in its ability to be recognized by Hac1p. Previously, via a β-galactosidase assay, Hac1p’s affinity to the
classical UPRE was defined. To characterize the novel UPRE, a β-gal assay will be used to quantify Hac1p’s
affinity to the novel UPRE in the presence and absence of chemical cellular stress inducing agents in yeast.
The goal of the project is to determine the affinity of Hac1p to the novel UPRE and provide further support
that the putative UPRE is a true UPRE.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Craig M. Scott
TERU, S. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
THOMPSON, A. Department of Visual and Performing Arts (Art). National Council on Education for the
Ceramic Art–Claytopia.
See STONE, Z.
THOMPSON J. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Identification of Biofilm-Forming Oral
Streptococci and Quantification of Biofilm Growth in Different Nutrient Environments.
See HOFFMAN, M.
THOMPSON, T. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Identification of Biofilm-Forming Oral
Streptococci and Quantification of Biofilm Growth in Different Nutrient Environments.
See HOFFMAN, M.
TOTIN, M.R. Department of Psychology. Perceived Stress of Undergraduate Students at Clarion University
of Pennsylvania in Accordance with Class Standing and Major.
See DISANTIS, N.J.

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TOY, M.L. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Decreased Densities of a Terrestrial Salamander
Associated with Forest Floor Habitats Dominated by Fern.
See ROBISON, A.L.
TURNER, A. Department of Biology and Geosciences. Temporal Attenuation of Abandoned Mine Drainage
within the Mill Creek Watershed.
See BROOKS, A.
VAN DYKE, M. Department of Economics. Addressing the UN Agenda for Costa Rica and the World.
See ALLIO, E.
WEST, C. Department Nursing. Nurse Burnout Rates in the Intensive Care Unit.
See KELLY, E.
WESTON, M.L. Department of Nursing. Lateral Violence Amongst New ED Nurses.
See BONIFAY, K.N.
WESTOVER, K.P. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). The Discovery, Isolation
and Propagation of a Lytic Bacteriophage for Use in Phage Therapy against Medically Significant Bacteria.
See BUTINKA, K.A.
WESTOVER, K.P., SHOWMAN, S.C., and SANDERS, J.W. Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics.
Reducing Salt Concentrations from Filtering Nanoparticles.
An aluminum-copper-iron alloy has been used to develop a method of fabricating nanoparticles by
mechanical approach. After the crushed alloy is filtered through various sized glass fiber filters, salt
appears on the samples. The salt may be hindering the particle concentration desired. Salt concentrations
may be reduced by scratching the wafer with diamond paper and washing the samples with 50µl of water
after the filtrate has been placed on the sample. The studies have shown that salt concentrations are
reduced after washing the wafer. The best results are with the scratched wafers to prevent particle loss.
Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Chunfei Li and Dr. Helen Hampikian
WHISSINAND, M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Annexin 1 Must be Pre-Added to
Apoptotic Cells not Macrophages to Effect Rapid Phagocytic Clearance.
See FETZER, C.
WHITE, W.T. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Investigating Trade-Offs Between
Reproductive Behavior and Wound Healing in a Slow Pace-Of-Life Organism, Desmognathus Ochrophaeus
(Allegheny Mountain Dusky Salamander).
See FISCHETTI, M.E.
WHITLACH, L. Keystone High School. 2019. A Walk Through History of How the Ancient Greeks and Romans
Treated the Deformed and Disabled.
Looking back throughout history, the evolution of how people born disabled or deformed were treated
is twisted and confusing, yet astounding at the same time. The purpose of this project is to illustrate
the cruelty and ruthlessness which two ancient societies, the Greeks and Romans, treated these people
starting from the minute the infant was born. While we can see much from archeological findings of how
the Grecians and Romans treated these people, we can also use text evidence and read between the lines
of these ancient civilizations’ literature and mythology to infer much more about their opinions on the
topic of the disabled and deformed. The literature and mythology surrounding and consisting of people
with disabilities and/or deformities opens a whole new window to this topic that archeological evidence
alone simply cannot completely put on display.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)

39

WILDESON Z.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Understanding the Relationship and the
Affinity of the Hac1p Transcription Factor to a Novel UPRE.
See TALASKY, J.M.
WILSON, A.R. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Mitochondrial Stress Response: Developing
a GeneticSscreen Utilizing 2,4-Dinitrophenol.
See SCHILL, C.N.
WOLFGONG, S.E. Keystone High School. Barriers to Justice in Contemporary American Law.
Access to justice has been a fundamental American problem since the nation’s earliest days. Despite
progress made through cases such as Gideon V. Wainwright and Miranda V. Arizona, it is clear that people
are not getting equal access to justice for multiple reasons. This poster analyzes the barriers that people
in poverty, people affected by disabilities relating to mental health and people within minorities face when
obtaining access to justice.
Sponsors: Mr. Conrad Warner (teacher) and Caleb Gilliland (student-teacher)
WRIGHT, E.V. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Geoscience). Changes in Growing Season in the
Northeastern United States.
Changes in growing season length (GSL) are of concern for agricultural, phenological, economic,
epidemiological and bioclimatological reasons. This research identifies spatial and temporal changes over
the last several decades in GSL, along with the Julian day of the last spring freeze and first autumn freeze,
for the northeastern United States – a region that is particularly susceptible to such changes due to the
large population and intense economic activities. Results suggest that growing season has significantly
increased in length since 1980 as compared to prior to 1980 and both spatial and temporal variation in
GSL has decreased for the region over time. Changes to GSL for this region are driven more by a shift in
the first autumn freeze date than the last spring freeze date. The areas of greatest increase in GSL in the
pre- vs. post-1980 period tend to be in the high elevations, near large bodies of water and near the largest
cities. Results will assist environmental planners as they prepare mitigation and adaptation strategies amid
a changing environment.
Faculty Sponsors: Dr. Anthony J. Vega and Dr. Robert V. Rohli (LSU)
WRIGHT, T. Department of Nursing. The Use of Cannabidiol in Patients with Schizophrenia.
See EVANS, L.
ZABLOCKI, O.M. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Screening of Monoclonal Antibodies
Raised against Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis.
See MASON, J.P.
ZAWROTNIAK, K.A. Department of Biology and Geosciences (Biology). Sapling Variation in Herbivory and
Disease.
See AIKENS, M.A.
ZHU, J.M. Department of Biology and Environmental Geosciences (Biology). Continuing the Isolation/
Identification of a Novel Antimicrobial Activity from Human Urine.
See BESSETTI, R.N.

40

It is the policy of Clarion University of Pennsylvania that there shall be equal opportunity in all of its educational programs, services, and benefits, and there shall be no discrimination with regard to a
student’s or prospective student’s gender, gender identity, race or color, ethnicity, national origin or ancestry, age, mental or physical disability, religion or creed, genetic information, affectional or sexual
orientation, veteran status, or other classifications that are protected under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990, and other pertinent state and federal laws and regulations. Direct inquiries to the Title IX Coordinator, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, 103 Carrier Administration Building, sfenske@clarion.edu or
phone 814-393-2351, or the Director of Social Equity, 210 Carrier Administration Building 16214-1232; Email asalsgiver@clarion.edu or phone 814-393-2109. Inquiries may also be directed to the Director of
the Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education, 330 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201.

www.clarion.edu/academicexcellence

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