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HONORS SENIOR
presentations
APRIL 20, 2021
16TH ANNUAL
CELEBRATION OF
excellence
SERIES
OPENING CEREMONY
program
Tuesday, April 20, 2021
5:30 p.m.
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/99847125718
Passcode: 042021
Welcome and Introductions.................................................................................... Megan Schaefer
...........................................................................................................................................Honors Program Student Director
Remarks and Presentation of Seniors and Faculty Advisors.................... Dr. Rod Raehsler
...................................................................................................................Interim Honors Program Director
Presentation of Honors Stoles.......................................................................... Dr. Joseph Croskey
.........................................................................................................................................Honors Program Assistant Director
Closing............................................................................................................................ Dr. Rod Raehsler
...................................................................................................................Interim Honors Program Director
1
SENIOR PRESENTATIONS SPRING 2021
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Andrew Lingwall
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/92010988609
Stimulation: A Revamp of the Honors Program Website
Cyrique Pitt
Effects of Anxiety in the Classroom
Macy McCarthy
The Inquiry Design Model in Social Studies Education
Isabelle Morrison
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Joseph Croskey
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/96550339532
Passcode: 767243
Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms: Causes, Examples, and Effects
Gina Bennett
Wearing Scrubs Outside the Hospital Environment
Levi Hughes
The Roles of Sexuality and Campus Involvement in Perceived Social Support
Lindsay Filcheck
Examining ImPACT Testing in High School Athletes: Do Players Sit Out?
Kaitlyn E. Gage
2
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Rod Raehsler
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/96316280449
Passcode: 865350
Internationalizing Remarketed (Pre-Owned) Medical Equipment in Developing Countries through Donation Groups
Jenna Tech
Impact of COVID-19 on Workplace Management, Training and Communication
Logan Moore
COVID-19 In Cambodia: The Effect of Healthcare and Developmental Assistance
Sara Custer
A Study on Commuters’ Preferences for 100% Low-Floor Streetcar
Megan Schaefer
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Jessica Thomas
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/94660151546
Passcode: sp2021
Platelet Mediated Regenerative Technology
Thomas Peyton Jr.
Do Patients Receiving Alternative Therapies Have a Better Outcome Than Patients Receiving Conventional Psychostimulants?
Haley Crosby
Plasmid Recovery of Novel UPRE
Zachary Wildeson
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Natasha Dias
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/3172603078
Passcode: 13579
Understanding Cellular Stressors and UPR Induction of a Novel UPRE in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sarah Bridges
The Role of Annexin A1 in the Phagocytosis of Undifferentiated Cancer Cells
by Macrophage-Like Cells as a Potential Cancer Therapeutic for Myeloid Leukemias
Kimberly Westover
Plaque Biofilm Organisms and Molecular Characterization
MyKenzie Hoffman
3
2020-2021 HONORS STUDENTS
Quinn Arbaugh
Brianna Barger
Martin Bastecki
Kaden Bauer
Delaney Beard
Kayli Becker
Kirsten Bellesfield
Gina Bennett
Justine Berkhouse
Anish Bhagwat
Trevor Black
Atalie Blankenbuehler
Chloe Blashford
Jillian Bowman
Alice Bowser
Kevin Bradley
Peyton Bramble
Nathan Brant
Allison Breski
Sarah Bridges
Erin Briggs
Sylvia Bright
Elijah Brinsky
Patricia Brown
Zoey Brown
Oriana Burgos
Christianne Burns
Mackenzie Carver
Yelena Carvin
Giovanni Catalone
Mara Chappie
Jessica Cline
Katelyn Cline
Danielle Coleman
Kalyn Combetty
Jaycie Conklin
Siara Conley
Clinton Connelly
Christina Cotton
Lauren Cousins
Allison Cox
Harley Craig
Haley Crosby
Kylee Cross
Sara Custer
Elysia Davila
Amanda Dolekary
Jon Jacob Dorty
Liam Dunfee
Kayla Eaton
Kaitlyn Faber
Camryn Fahr
Alice Fernald
Jessica Fesenmyer
Lindsay Filcheck
Brittany Fitzgerald
Faith Forry
Anna Foster
Victoria Freeny
Hailey Fry
Naomi Fry
Kaitlyn Gage
Caleb Gardner
Sarah Garrett
Abigail Gatesman
Regan Gaydash
Michael Gilbert
Gage Gray
Abigail Greenburg
Devin Greener
Andrew Guth
Makayla Guzik
Grace Haggard
Nathan Hallowich
Camden Hankey
Kayla Hare
Kelsey Hasselman
Bethany Havrilla
Ethan Heeter
Emily Hegedus
Jenna Henderson
Kara Hershey
Elizabeth Hightree
Tyler Hilbert
Andie Hill
Mykenzie Hoffman
Taylor Hoffman
Halle Hooks
Levi Hughes
Megan Hull
Jennica Hunter
Samantha Huth
Abbi Johnson
Bryan Kelly
Emily Keltz
Cassidy Kemmer
Meghan Keppler
Ashley Kerrigan
Emily Kiner
Clay Klein
Paige Kobsik
Hanna Koziarski
Audra Kozlowski
Urban Laney
Jaylee Lassinger
Sadie Leisinger
Katherine Lewis
Jasmine Long
Madison Madine
Heather Mahoney
Claire Mapes
Zachary Marcic
Alexis Mazur
Katera McCann
Ryanna McCann
Macy McCarthy
Elaina McClelland
Yaminah Merando
Marleen Meyer
Will Meyer
Evan Miller
Alexes Miranda
Logan Moore
4
Isabelle Morrison
Katherine Mortier
Olivia Mott
Megan Mulhair
Allie Myers
Rilee Myers
Austin Nardi
Dylan Neiswonger
Lucas Nichols
Brandon Nielsen
Amanda Oakes
Aubry Ohlson
Myia Page
Marissa Paredes
Corina Paszek
Sterlling Pedersen
Lindsay Perry
Nathan Petke
Thomas Peyton
Emily Phillips
Cyrique Pitt
Julie Powers
Sarah Probst
Cassidy Reed
Amy Regrut
Emily Reinard
Kerri Rich
Katherine Richardson
Kathryn Robinson
Madison Rocap
Cameron Rodriguez
Cheyenne Rosenberg
James Ross
Samuel Santangelo
Megan Schaefer
Marcy Schindler
Avari Schwabenbauer
Abigail Selfridge
Skylar Shank
Samuel Shannon
Victoria Shannon
Marissa Sheffer
Ali Shepard
Thomas Simpson
Ruby Skow
Christian Smith
Charli Smith
Faith Smith
Amber Smoyer
Nolan Songer
Katya Sosnowski
Sydney Spang
Emma Spitz
Jacqueline Sprenger
Jaclyn Springer
Grace St.Clair
Victor Stahlman
Robert Stilwell
Alexis Strouse
Travis Swartz
Jenna Tech
Gabriella Tepke
Madison Trimbur
Ann Tyger
Victoria Vega
Alexandra Velez
Joseph Vitali
Hannah Waltz
Cassandra Westover
Kimberly Westover
Erin Wheeland
Cody Wibirt
Jacob Wilcox
Zachary Wildeson
Gabriel Wiley
Rachel Williams
Jordyn Wilson
Aubrey Wrona
Jessica Yarger
Aly Yasenka
GINA BENNETT
Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms:
Causes, Examples, and Effects
Machine learning algorithms make life-altering decisions
for millions across the nation in all areas of life. Hiring, college
admissions, loans, and criminal justice are areas with decisions
often made by machine learning algorithms.
Bias is introduced to machine learning algorithms via three main
sources and can have unfair and negative effects. Presented will be
examples of bias in machine learning algorithms as well as the
consequences that resulted.
Dr. Kate Overmoyer, Advisor
Gina Bennet is from Byrnedale, Pa. She will receive a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics
with a concentration in financial mathematics and actuarial sciences as well as a Bachelor
of Science in Computer Science. Throughout her undergraduate career, Gina was a member
of Pi Mu Epsilon and the Mathematics Honor Society. After graduation, she hopes to pursue
an actuary career in Pittsburgh.
5
SARAH BRIDGES
Understanding Cellular Stressors and UPR Induction of a Novel UPRE in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Accumulation of misfolded proteins within a specialized
organelle of cells, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), is the
physiological cause of many human diseases, including
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Cystic Fibrosis.
In diseased cells, abnormal proteins aggregate, or collect
together, causing high levels of cellular stress and later
inducing programmed cell death, apoptosis. To combat
this process, cells have evolved a constitutive protein
quality control pathway to clear out abnormal proteins,
called Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation
(ERAD). However, if the ERAD mechanism gets overwhelmed by too many aberrant proteins, the Unfolded
Protein Response (UPR), a cellular signaling pathway, is
instructed to expand the ER and increase synthesis of
cellular chaperones and proteins to aid the ERAD. UPR is
known to upregulate translation and transcription factor
Hac1p which binds to the UPR-Element (UPRE) promoter
region of UPR target genes.
Formerly, a novel UPRE, ADD66, was discovered and
presumed to be necessary for gene expression during
cellular stress. My project aimed to discover if the
sequence of ADD66 is recognized for upregulation
of gene expression by inducing cellular stress in yeast
cells and analyzing their response via Bradford and
β-galactosidase assay. Additionally, my project aimed to
generate a profile or baseline of the effects of different
stressors, DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, heat and DMSO on
the resultant UPR induction.
Dr. Craig Scott, Advisor
Sarah is from Johnstown, Pa. She is a pre-dental molecular biology major and will receive a
Bachelor of Science degree upon graduation. At Clarion University, Sarah received the Clarion
High Achiever Scholarship that awarded her full tuition (2017–present) as well as the France
Allison Honors Scholarship (2019). She is a member of Tri Beta (biology honors society) and
the Honors representative for the Class of 2021. After graduation, Sarah will attend Lake Erie
College of Osteopathic Medicine’s (LECOM) School of Dental Medicine in Bradenton, Fla.
6
HALEY CROSBY
Do Patients Receiving Alternative Therapies Have a Better Outcome
Than Patients Receiving Conventional Psychostimulants?
The overprescription of psychostimulants, in particular
ADHD medications, has been a steadily increasing issue
for all age populations. In this study, I mainly focused on
the overprescription of psychostimulants, and compared
the benefits of alternative therapies to these medications.
Within this study, I examined ages 0-18, 19-40, 41-65
and 65-99. Each of these groups was randomly chosen
and each participant had around the same severity of
symptoms. Each age group divided; half received a
psychostimulant, while the others received an alternative therapy. The results were compared to determine if
alternative therapies are more effective than traditional
medications in order to attempt to decrease the overprescription of psychostimulants.
Most psychiatric conditions, including ADHD, do not have
a definitive test. These medications are prescribed by the
interpretation of symptoms by rushed doctors, worried
parents, or any patient looking to receive a pill to ease
their mind. Roger Griggs, the pharmaceutical executive
that introduced Adderall in 1994, compared the effects
of these types of medications to the effects of a nuclear
bomb. He then went into the harsh side effects of these
medications, especially for those who do not need them.
Study results could raise awareness about overprescription, decrease overall prescription of these medications
and provide symptomatic patients with the correct
therapy in order to achieve the best quality of life.
Dr. Kristina Brozoza-Lewis, Advisor
Haley is from Sarver, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
At Clarion, Haley received Dean’s List recognition as well as the Sarah Beels Dunkoski Memorial
Scholarship, Addison Gibson Scholarship and Janet Schreckengost Scholarship. Additionally,
Haley was actively involved in The National Society of Leadership and Success, Phi Eta Sigma
Honors Society, Advisory Board for Leadership and Engagement, Cru, Chorus, Circle K and the
rugby team. She was family coordinator and secretary for Special Olympics and the section squad
leader for marching and concert bands on campus. Following graduation, Haley will be employed
in the ICU/Medial Surgical unit at Clarion Hospital while pursuing an MSN and DNP.
7
SARA CUSTER
COVID-19 In Cambodia:
The Effect of Healthcare and Developmental Assistance
Relatively low numbers in Cambodia throughout the
COVID-19 pandemic spark an interesting examination
of what affects the health and safety of citizens within a
nation. By examining COVID case numbers as a dependent variable, healthcare and developmental assistance
can be used to find links in developing economics for
improving national health and safety.
Dr. Sandra Trejos, Advisor
Sara Custer is from Pittsburgh, Pa. She is an international business and economics double
major and will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration upon graduation.
While pursuing her undergraduate career, Sara received Dean’s List recognition for four
years. She received the Student Senate Chair of the Year Award and earned a TQUK Level 5
Certificate in Teaching English as a Foreign Language. After graduation, Sara will teach
English in South Korea.
8
LINDSAY FILCHECK
The Roles of Sexuality and Campus Involvement in Perceived Social Support
Social support is related to positive outcomes, and sexual minorities
typically have worse mental health outcomes than their heterosexual
counterparts (Mongelli et al., 2019; Perez, 2016; Snapp et al., 2015).
Campus involvement, especially in terms of connectedness with others
with similar characteristics, is related to higher levels of perceived social
support, and involvement with other LGBTQ+ individuals is extremely
important for sexual minorities (Frost et al., 2016; Gleibs et al., 2011;
Rickard & Yancey, 2018; Samson, 2019). The hypothesis of this study
is that all students, especially those who identify as sexual minorities,
perceive themselves as receiving high levels of social support from
campus organizations and that campus organizations are perceived by
students as being very effective in providing social support. Additional
hypotheses regarding Allies organizations could not be tested due to a
small sample size.
University students were surveyed in two different studies (N=57, N=54)
using the MOS Social Support Survey and demographic questions.
The results of several two-sample t-tests and a multiple regression test
were utilized to compare the perceived social support scores of sexual
minorities and heterosexual individuals and the perceived effectiveness
of campus organizations in providing social support, respectively.
Findings suggest that sexual minorities perceive themselves as receiving significantly less social support than their peers, especially in regard to the measure of affectionate support,
and that campus organizations were not significant to perceived social support, contrary to the hypothesis for this
study. This implies that sexual minorities may face a number of negative outcomes due to a perceived lack of social
support, especially in regard to current difficulties related to the pandemic. These individuals may also need more
culturally appropriate opportunities to receive social support, and campus organizations in general may want to
work on more ways of providing social support. However, due to the small sample size, the findings of this study are
purely speculative, and such a study would need to be repeated on a larger scale in order to confirm their validity.
Further limitations of the study include a small number of sexual minority participants, an almost exclusively female
sample and a number of possible confounds related to analyzing two studies together.
Dr. Jeanne M. Slattery, Advisor
Lindsay is from Uniontown, Pa. The psychology major and women and gender studies minor will receive a Bachelor
of Science degree upon graduation. At Clarion, Lindsay was the Psychology Club and Psi Chi president. In addition
to earning a 4.0 QPA and Dean’s List recognition, Lindsay was named Psychology Department Student of the Month
(October 2020). She also received the Eric S. Knotick Memorial Scholarship (2020), John W. Mochnick Honors Scholarship (2020), Psychology Scholarship Endowment (2020), Dr. Iseli K. Krauss Psychology Scholarship (2019), Eberly
Family Scholarship, (2018–2021), Clarion Leadership Award (2018–2021), Golden Eagle Scholarship (2018) and the
Walter Hart Scholarship (2018). After graduation, Lindsay will attend Marshall University in Huntington, WV, to
pursue a doctorate degree in clinical psychology and work in therapeutic settings with underserved communities.
9
KAITLYN E. GAGE
Examining ImPACT Testing in High School Athletes:
Do Players Sit Out?
The purpose of this study was to examine the literature
to determine if high school athletes are appropriately
avoiding play after sustaining a mild traumatic brain
injury, also known as a concussion. After immediate
injury, players are given an ImPACT test to determine if
they have sustained the concussion.
Existing data is showing a cause for concern in high
school athletes. Many studies conclude that athletes
do not take time off from their sport or will try to hide
symptoms to return to play. The results compiled from
examining literature suggest that more studies need
to be done to establish the validity of the ImPACT test.
Overall, nothing can be determined regarding ImPACT
testing until further studies are conducted.
Dr. Mary Pat McCarthy, Advisor
Kaitlyn is from Saegertown, Pa., and will receive a Bachelor of Science in Speech Pathology
and Audiology degree upon graduation. She plans to attend Clarion University to obtain a
Master of Science in Speech Language Pathology.
10
MYKENZIE HOFFMAN
Plaque Biofilm Organisms and Molecular Characterization
As a pre-dental student, I have been interested in and
focused on researching the formation of biofilms within
the oral cavity, commonly known as plaque. Plaque is
the main culprit in tooth decay, and the accumulation
of plaque can lead to systemic health issues if left untreated.
Within the oral cavity, there are thousands of bacteria
that compose the oral biome, but only some of these
bacteria contribute to the formation of oral biofilms
as either primary or secondary formers. This research
addresses the specific species responsible for biofilm
formation, mechanisms of formation, aspects that affect
formation, and ways to reduce and prevent excessive
plaque formation.
Dr. Douglas Smith, Advisor
MyKenzie Hoffman is from York Springs, Pa. Upon graduation, she will be receiving a Bachelor
of Science in Molecular Biology/Biotechnology with a concentration in pre-dentistry and minor
in art. Throughout her undergraduate career, MyKenzie was a member of Delta Zeta Sorority
and Beta Beta Beta Biological Honors Society. She was the secretary of the Health Careers
Club and vice president for Translational Research in Medicine Club. In 2018 and 2019, MyKenzie
presented undergraduate research findings at the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania University
Biologists Conference and received the Civic Engagement Scholarship (2018–2019, 2019–2020).
Following graduation, MyKenzie plans to attend Lake Erie College of Osteopathic
Medicine School of Dental Medicine in July. After dental school, she hopes to specialize in
either orthodontics or pediatric dentistry.
11
LEVI HUGHES
Wearing Scrubs Outside the Hospital Environment
Nurse’s scrubs are contaminated with infectious microorganisms that can be harmful to patients and others
around them. The bacteria may easily be transmitted
from nurse to patient while providing care.
It is also common for workers wearing scrubs to run
to the grocery store after work or stop at their favorite
coffee shop during break. Nurses may then be exposing
the public to this bacteria when they wear their scrubs
outside of the hospital.
Ms. Melanie Best, Advisor
Levi Hughes is from Philipsburg, Pa., and will receive a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
upon graduation. Throughout his undergraduate career, Levi has maintained a 4.0 G.P.A and
received the Clarion University High Achiever Scholarship. After graduation, Levi plans to
start his nursing career at Mount Nittany Medical Center in the Medical/Surgical Unit.
12
MACY McCARTHY
Effects of Anxiety in the Classroom
Anxiety seems to be taking its toll on many people in
today’s society. Educational literature and professionals
in the field seem to support that students may be one
of the specific groups in society who are struggling the
most.
It is possible that anxiety is the cause of many students’
low performance and mistaken behavior in the classroom. Also, research demonstrates that teachers are
struggling from the condition as well, and their struggles
are having profound effects on their students.
This project responds to the idea of anxiety being a real
problem in the field of education by discussing
the findings of various researchers and professionals on
the effects of anxiety in the classroom. It also highlights
various prevention and treatment strategies that teachers can use to help alleviate their students’ stress.
This project analyzes research on various topics concerning anxiety in students. Additionally, interviews of various
educational professionals are analyzed and presented.
This project concludes with a compilation of the information into a tool of stress reducing techniques that teachers can provide for their students’ use in the classroom.
Dr. Amy K. Shannonhouse, Advisor
Macy is from Benton, Pa., and will receive Bachelor of Science in Education degrees in both
early childhood and special education, and an Associate of Science in Athletic Coaching
degree upon graduation. She received Dean’s List recognition from Fall 2018 to Fall 2020.
Macy was the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference Scholar Athlete from 2019 to 2021 and
a Clarion University Scholar Athlete from 2019 to 2021. In 2019, Macy was inducted into the
Kappa Delta Pi International Honor Society in Education. Following graduation, Macy plans
to find a position in the field of education and coach soccer.
13
LOGAN MOORE
Impact of COVID-19 on Workplace Management, Training and Communication
This past year has been one of the most trying that we
have ever seen, and we can be sure that it has produced
changes that will be seen long after the year 2020,
especially in terms of the modern workplace.
Many businesses have begun to run almost 100%
virtually with no employees showing up for work in a
central office location, and it has posed some major
challenges that were never seen before. This project
looks to identify issues of this nature such as virtual
communication, team building complexities, inadequate
training programs and difficulties of supervision. It also
identifies possible remedies for these issues and highlights how companies that are able to make changes
can become much more efficient in comparison to their
competitors.
Dr. Daniel Smith, Advisor
Logan Moore is from Philipsburg, Pa. He will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration upon graduation as a business management and human resources
management double major. As a full-time student, Logan was also the fundraising chair
of SAM/SHRM.
14
ISABELLE MORRISON
The Inquiry Design Model of Social Studies Education
This project focuses on the evolving role of social studies
in secondary education, including ways to help connect
social studies to other subjects.
Dr. Jesse Haight, Advisor
Isabelle Morrison is from Kennett Square, Pa. She is a secondary education social studies
major and political science and history minor. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of
Science in Education degree. Isabelle plans to find a full-time teaching job after graduation.
15
THOMAS PEYTON JR.
Platelet Mediated Regenerative Technology
Regenerative technology mediated by platelet-based
compounds is a new discovery in recent years. Often
used in dental work, platelet rich plasma and fibrin have
been injected and used as a cover for surgical sites,
degenerated joints and even dry socket. Importantly, we
explore the distinct differences in these blood isolates.
Dr. Douglas Smith, Advisor
Thomas Peyton Jr. is from Edinboro, Pa. Upon graduation, he will receive a Bachelor of
Science degree as a molecular biology major and sociology minor. After graduation, Thomas
hopes to begin working in his field of study.
16
CYRIQUE PITT
Stimulation:
A Revamp of the Honors Program Website
My senior project revolves around remodeling the
Honors program website. This included the following
tasks:
•
Adding new photos and videos.
•
Touching up descriptions and other scripts.
•
Adjusting old fonts and statistics to reflect current
figures.
•
Touching up backgrounds and color schemes.
Professor William Adams, Advisor
Cyrique Pitt is from Reisterstown, Md. He is a communication digital media major and will
receive a Bachelor of Science degree upon graduation. Throughout his undergraduate career,
Cyrique has been a persistent and innovative digital media student who has gained extensive experience in video and photo content. He has created more than 40 short-form videos
within a tight deadline for promotional use. Following graduation, Cyrique plans to continue
to build his brand and travel the world.
17
MEGAN SCHAEFER
A Study on Commuters’ Preferences for 100% Low-Floor Streetcar
Currently, cities lack fully accessible and ecologically
friendly public transportation options that individuals
can use for their daily commutes. The 100% low-floor
streetcar is a brand-new model that would provide
accessibility, through end-to-end, low-floor boarding,
to all riders including elderly and disabled communities
while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions. However, the struggle lies in the vehicle’s multi-million-dollar
investment and unforeseen customer demand.
This project seeks to evaluate the attitudes and intentions of end-users to ride the 100% low-floor streetcar
through a quantitative survey analysis using Structural
Equation Modeling (SEM). The end-results will be used to
predict the demand for this mode of transportation, thus
demonstrating the need for municipalities to implement
the 100% low-floor streetcar into their cities.
Dr. Nripendra Singh, Advisor
Megan Schaefer is from Mars, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration in Management and Marketing. Throughout her undergraduate career, Megan was the
president and risk reduction and education chairman of Zeta Tau Alpha Fraternity. She served as vice
president of recruitment for Panhellenic Council (2020–2021) as well as student director of the Honors
Program (2019–2021). Over the past four years, Megan has received Dean’s List recognition and was
awarded several scholarships including the Marketing Development Scholarship, Marketing Research
Scholarship, Marketing Management Scholarship and several Honors Program scholarships. Following
graduation, Megan will start a position at The Bank of New York Mellon in Pittsburgh as an Emerging
Leaders Program analyst. She will complete a one-year program with the opportunity to complete three
four-month rotations throughout the human resources department. At the completion of the program,
she will be placed in a permanent position in human resources.
18
JENNA TECH
Internationalizing Remarketed (Pre-Owned) Medical Equipment
in Developing Countries through Donation Groups
KMA Remarketing is one of many that remarkets
pre-owned medical equipment. KMA Remarketing has
been intrigued with the idea to increase international
sales once again. After extensive research, it found a new
way to do so through donation groups to developing
countries. A country of interest is India with their vastly
growing and maturing population.
During research, the COVID-19 pandemic was declared,
therefore shifting to what medical equipment was
promptly needed and how it might be accessed. The
best solution during this time was to make as many cold
calls (and emails) as possible to donation groups and
hospitals. This created lists of prospective leads and any
equipment in high demand for KMA Remarketing to use.
This project has helped further develop my research,
social and personal skills.
Dr. Nripendra Singh, Advisor
Jenna Tech is from Erie, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration degree as a finance and marketing major with a concentration in corporate and
personal finance. Throughout her time at Clarion University, Jenna received Dean’s List recognition as well as the Scholar-Athlete Award and the Clarion High Achiever Award. Following
graduation, Jenna plans to become a staff accountant.
19
KIMBERLY WESTOVER
The Role of Annexin A1 in the Phagocytosis of Undifferentiated Cancer Cells
by Macrophage-Like Cells as a Potential Cancer Therapeutic for Myeloid Leukemias
Annexin A1 is a protein that uses phospholipids and
calcium to bind to various substances. Annexin A1 is
known to have roles in apoptosis and inflammation. This
project specifically focuses on annexin A1’s role in the
phagocytosis of undifferentiated HL60s by macrophagelike cells. HL60s are a specific cancerous cell line derived
from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. HL60s have
the ability to differentiate into macrophage-like and
neutrophil-like cells. Previous students using these cell
types in a control discovered that undifferentiated HL60s
were more readily phagocytosed by macrophage-like
cells in the presence of annexin A1. The project’s goal is
to confirm the phagocytosis of cancer cells occurred and
to study the role of annexin A1 in this process.
If annexin A1 does stimulate cancer cell phagocytosis,
then this project could be a potential cancer therapeutic
option for patients with acute myeloid leukemias. If it is
understood how annexin A1 stimulates the macrophagelike cells to phagocytose the cancer cells, it could be possible to implement a similar treatment clinically. Doctors
could harvest leukemia cells from a patient, differentiate
them into macrophages, add annexin A1 and reintroduce
them back into the body to kill the original leukemia
cells. Obviously, a lot of research needs to be conducted
before this can be a possibility, but it starts with our project researching how annexin A1 stimulates the phagocytosis of the undifferentiated HL60 cells.
Dr. Douglas Smith and Dr. Brzoza-Lewis, Advisors
Kimberly Westover is from New Bethlehem, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor
of Science in Molecular Biology degree. At Clarion University, Kimberly was secretary of
translational research in the Medicine Club as well as a member of Tri Beta and Phi Eta Sigma.
In 2021, she was recognized as CPUB Outstanding Student at Clarion University. In addition
to Dean’s List recognition, Kimberly received multiple scholarships throughout her undergraduate career, including Golden Eagle Scholarship (2018, 2019, 2020) Christopher John
Stahlman Memorial Scholarship – Clarion Limestone High School (2018, 2019), Donna Dupont
Bishop Presidential Scholarship (2018, 2019), Sara Cicciarelli Scholarship, Ruth Montgomery
Math/Science Scholarship, Nancy Shaw McKee Memorial Scholarship, APSCUF and PSECU
scholarships as well as several Honors Program scholarships. Following graduation, Kimberly
will attend UTSW to obtain her Ph.D. in cancer biology.
20
ZACHARY WILDESON
Plasmid Recovery of Novel UPRE
Under normal cellular conditions, a quarter of all proteins are misfolded
upon synthesis. The cell manages this influx of misfolded proteins via
a constitutive recycling mechanism. Under conditions where there is
an influx of aberrant proteins, the cell utilizes an inducible mechanism,
termed the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), to clear protein aggregates. Initiation of UPR upregulates nearly 300 different genes, with
one-tenth of these being known in their function, an example of which
is the expansion of the ER. Upregulation of these mentioned genes
results from the UPR signaling pathway, which results in the translation
of Hac1p, which subsequently binds to promoter regions, Unfolded
Protein Response Elements (UPRE), upregulating UPR associated
genes. Prior research has identified a known UPRE bound by Hac1p
and functions in the upregulation of the UPR. Additionally, a further
novel UPRE has been discovered that is believed to function the same
as the putative UPRE. Characterization of the putative UPRE’s affinity
for Hac1p via a Beta-galactosidase assay is currently being carried out
to create a baseline of response to differing chemical stressors.
Currently, all β-galactosidase testing has been carried out utilizing a
plasmid containing the putative UPRE that is used to upregulate the
neighboring β-galactosidase gene on the plasmid (pJC104). The focus
of this study is to perform a plasmid rescue with the novel UPRE. The
new recombinant plasmid is then used in further β-galactosidase assays with chemical stressors matching those from which the putative
UPRE’s baseline was built. Conducting β-galactosidase assay on this
new recombinant plasmid will allow for a baseline of the novel UPRE to
be created. Having these two baselines will allow for the comparison of
the novel to the putative. Upon comparison, the hope is to observe the
two baselines as comparable in intensity and presence for each chemical stressor. If the baselines are comparable between the two plasmids,
this will strengthen the consideration of the novel UPRE as being a
putative UPRE that functions to upregulate UPR target genes.
Dr. Scott, Advisor
Zachary Wildeson is from Brookville, Pa. Upon graduation, he will receive a Bachelor of Science in
Biology. Throughout his time at Clarion University, Zachary headed a division of Dr. Scott’s research
lab and presented research findings at CPUB.
21
CLARION UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION
2020-2021
Dr. Dale-Elizabeth Pehrsson, President
Dr. Pamela J. Gent, Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs
Dr. Gwyneth A. Price, Dean, College of Education, Health & Human Services
Dr. Phillip Frese, Dean, College of Business Administration and Information Sciences
CLARION UNIVERSITY TRUSTEES
2020-2021
Joy Dunbar, Chairperson
State College, Pa.
Milissa S. Bauer, Vice Chairperson
Clarion, Pa.
James L. Kifer, Secretary
Rimersburg, Pa.
Suzanne A. Burns
Shippenville, Pa.
The Honorable R. Lee James
Oil City, Pa.
The Honorable Donna Oberlander
Clarion, Pa.
Larry C. Pickett
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Brendan M. Shepherd
Wexford, Pa.
Howard H. Shreckengost
New Bethlehem, Pa.
Neil R. Weaver
York, Pa.
Kaitlyn Krupa, Student Trustee
22
HONORS FACULTY 2020-2021
Dr. Annette Rosati, Department of English and Modern Languages
Professor James R. Lyle, Department of Communication
Dr. Rod Raehsler, Honors Program Director
Dr. Daniel Shifflet, Department of Mathematics
Dr. Kevan Yenerall, Department of Social Sciences
Dr. Anthony Vega, Department of Biology and Geosciences
Dr. Kathleen Welsch, Department of English and Modern Languages
HONORS COUNCIL 2020-2021
Dr. Rod D. Raehsler, Program Director, Honors Program
Dr. Joseph Croskey, Assistant Program Director, Honors Program
Deborah Laughlin, Program Manager, Honors Program
Megan Schaefer, Student Director, Honors Program
Dr. Pam Gent, Provost and VP for Academic Affairs
Dr. Jon Beal, Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics
Dr. Kreag Danvers, Department of Accountancy
David Dollins, Associate VP for Enrollment Management
Dr. Terry Latour, Dean, University Library
Dr. James Lyle, Department of Communication
Dr. Suzan Prezanno, Department of Social Sciences
Dr. Doug Smith, Department of Biology and Geosciences
Dr. Andrew Turner, Summer Academy Representative
Dr. Paul Woodburne, Department of Economics
23
It is the policy of Clarion University of Pennsylvania that there shall be equal opportunity in all of its educational programs, services, and benefits, and there shall be no discrimination with regard to a
student’s or prospective student’s gender, gender identity, race or color, ethnicity, national origin or ancestry, age, mental or physical disability, religion or creed, genetic information, affectional or sexual
orientation, veteran status, or other classifications that are protected under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990, and other pertinent state and federal laws and regulations. Direct inquiries to the Title IX Coordinator, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, 103 Carrier Administration Building, sfenske@clarion.edu or
phone 814-393-2351, or the Director of Social Equity, 210 Carrier Administration Building 16214-1232; Email asalsgiver@clarion.edu or phone 814-393-2109. Inquiries may also be directed to the Director of
the Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education, 330 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201.
presentations
APRIL 20, 2021
16TH ANNUAL
CELEBRATION OF
excellence
SERIES
OPENING CEREMONY
program
Tuesday, April 20, 2021
5:30 p.m.
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/99847125718
Passcode: 042021
Welcome and Introductions.................................................................................... Megan Schaefer
...........................................................................................................................................Honors Program Student Director
Remarks and Presentation of Seniors and Faculty Advisors.................... Dr. Rod Raehsler
...................................................................................................................Interim Honors Program Director
Presentation of Honors Stoles.......................................................................... Dr. Joseph Croskey
.........................................................................................................................................Honors Program Assistant Director
Closing............................................................................................................................ Dr. Rod Raehsler
...................................................................................................................Interim Honors Program Director
1
SENIOR PRESENTATIONS SPRING 2021
CONCURRENT SESSION 1 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Andrew Lingwall
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/92010988609
Stimulation: A Revamp of the Honors Program Website
Cyrique Pitt
Effects of Anxiety in the Classroom
Macy McCarthy
The Inquiry Design Model in Social Studies Education
Isabelle Morrison
CONCURRENT SESSION 2 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Joseph Croskey
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/96550339532
Passcode: 767243
Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms: Causes, Examples, and Effects
Gina Bennett
Wearing Scrubs Outside the Hospital Environment
Levi Hughes
The Roles of Sexuality and Campus Involvement in Perceived Social Support
Lindsay Filcheck
Examining ImPACT Testing in High School Athletes: Do Players Sit Out?
Kaitlyn E. Gage
2
CONCURRENT SESSION 3 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Rod Raehsler
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/96316280449
Passcode: 865350
Internationalizing Remarketed (Pre-Owned) Medical Equipment in Developing Countries through Donation Groups
Jenna Tech
Impact of COVID-19 on Workplace Management, Training and Communication
Logan Moore
COVID-19 In Cambodia: The Effect of Healthcare and Developmental Assistance
Sara Custer
A Study on Commuters’ Preferences for 100% Low-Floor Streetcar
Megan Schaefer
CONCURRENT SESSION 4 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Jessica Thomas
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/94660151546
Passcode: sp2021
Platelet Mediated Regenerative Technology
Thomas Peyton Jr.
Do Patients Receiving Alternative Therapies Have a Better Outcome Than Patients Receiving Conventional Psychostimulants?
Haley Crosby
Plasmid Recovery of Novel UPRE
Zachary Wildeson
CONCURRENT SESSION 5 (6:15 p.m.)
Moderator: Dr. Natasha Dias
Zoom Link: https://clarion.zoom.us/j/3172603078
Passcode: 13579
Understanding Cellular Stressors and UPR Induction of a Novel UPRE in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Sarah Bridges
The Role of Annexin A1 in the Phagocytosis of Undifferentiated Cancer Cells
by Macrophage-Like Cells as a Potential Cancer Therapeutic for Myeloid Leukemias
Kimberly Westover
Plaque Biofilm Organisms and Molecular Characterization
MyKenzie Hoffman
3
2020-2021 HONORS STUDENTS
Quinn Arbaugh
Brianna Barger
Martin Bastecki
Kaden Bauer
Delaney Beard
Kayli Becker
Kirsten Bellesfield
Gina Bennett
Justine Berkhouse
Anish Bhagwat
Trevor Black
Atalie Blankenbuehler
Chloe Blashford
Jillian Bowman
Alice Bowser
Kevin Bradley
Peyton Bramble
Nathan Brant
Allison Breski
Sarah Bridges
Erin Briggs
Sylvia Bright
Elijah Brinsky
Patricia Brown
Zoey Brown
Oriana Burgos
Christianne Burns
Mackenzie Carver
Yelena Carvin
Giovanni Catalone
Mara Chappie
Jessica Cline
Katelyn Cline
Danielle Coleman
Kalyn Combetty
Jaycie Conklin
Siara Conley
Clinton Connelly
Christina Cotton
Lauren Cousins
Allison Cox
Harley Craig
Haley Crosby
Kylee Cross
Sara Custer
Elysia Davila
Amanda Dolekary
Jon Jacob Dorty
Liam Dunfee
Kayla Eaton
Kaitlyn Faber
Camryn Fahr
Alice Fernald
Jessica Fesenmyer
Lindsay Filcheck
Brittany Fitzgerald
Faith Forry
Anna Foster
Victoria Freeny
Hailey Fry
Naomi Fry
Kaitlyn Gage
Caleb Gardner
Sarah Garrett
Abigail Gatesman
Regan Gaydash
Michael Gilbert
Gage Gray
Abigail Greenburg
Devin Greener
Andrew Guth
Makayla Guzik
Grace Haggard
Nathan Hallowich
Camden Hankey
Kayla Hare
Kelsey Hasselman
Bethany Havrilla
Ethan Heeter
Emily Hegedus
Jenna Henderson
Kara Hershey
Elizabeth Hightree
Tyler Hilbert
Andie Hill
Mykenzie Hoffman
Taylor Hoffman
Halle Hooks
Levi Hughes
Megan Hull
Jennica Hunter
Samantha Huth
Abbi Johnson
Bryan Kelly
Emily Keltz
Cassidy Kemmer
Meghan Keppler
Ashley Kerrigan
Emily Kiner
Clay Klein
Paige Kobsik
Hanna Koziarski
Audra Kozlowski
Urban Laney
Jaylee Lassinger
Sadie Leisinger
Katherine Lewis
Jasmine Long
Madison Madine
Heather Mahoney
Claire Mapes
Zachary Marcic
Alexis Mazur
Katera McCann
Ryanna McCann
Macy McCarthy
Elaina McClelland
Yaminah Merando
Marleen Meyer
Will Meyer
Evan Miller
Alexes Miranda
Logan Moore
4
Isabelle Morrison
Katherine Mortier
Olivia Mott
Megan Mulhair
Allie Myers
Rilee Myers
Austin Nardi
Dylan Neiswonger
Lucas Nichols
Brandon Nielsen
Amanda Oakes
Aubry Ohlson
Myia Page
Marissa Paredes
Corina Paszek
Sterlling Pedersen
Lindsay Perry
Nathan Petke
Thomas Peyton
Emily Phillips
Cyrique Pitt
Julie Powers
Sarah Probst
Cassidy Reed
Amy Regrut
Emily Reinard
Kerri Rich
Katherine Richardson
Kathryn Robinson
Madison Rocap
Cameron Rodriguez
Cheyenne Rosenberg
James Ross
Samuel Santangelo
Megan Schaefer
Marcy Schindler
Avari Schwabenbauer
Abigail Selfridge
Skylar Shank
Samuel Shannon
Victoria Shannon
Marissa Sheffer
Ali Shepard
Thomas Simpson
Ruby Skow
Christian Smith
Charli Smith
Faith Smith
Amber Smoyer
Nolan Songer
Katya Sosnowski
Sydney Spang
Emma Spitz
Jacqueline Sprenger
Jaclyn Springer
Grace St.Clair
Victor Stahlman
Robert Stilwell
Alexis Strouse
Travis Swartz
Jenna Tech
Gabriella Tepke
Madison Trimbur
Ann Tyger
Victoria Vega
Alexandra Velez
Joseph Vitali
Hannah Waltz
Cassandra Westover
Kimberly Westover
Erin Wheeland
Cody Wibirt
Jacob Wilcox
Zachary Wildeson
Gabriel Wiley
Rachel Williams
Jordyn Wilson
Aubrey Wrona
Jessica Yarger
Aly Yasenka
GINA BENNETT
Bias in Machine Learning Algorithms:
Causes, Examples, and Effects
Machine learning algorithms make life-altering decisions
for millions across the nation in all areas of life. Hiring, college
admissions, loans, and criminal justice are areas with decisions
often made by machine learning algorithms.
Bias is introduced to machine learning algorithms via three main
sources and can have unfair and negative effects. Presented will be
examples of bias in machine learning algorithms as well as the
consequences that resulted.
Dr. Kate Overmoyer, Advisor
Gina Bennet is from Byrnedale, Pa. She will receive a Bachelor of Science in Mathematics
with a concentration in financial mathematics and actuarial sciences as well as a Bachelor
of Science in Computer Science. Throughout her undergraduate career, Gina was a member
of Pi Mu Epsilon and the Mathematics Honor Society. After graduation, she hopes to pursue
an actuary career in Pittsburgh.
5
SARAH BRIDGES
Understanding Cellular Stressors and UPR Induction of a Novel UPRE in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Accumulation of misfolded proteins within a specialized
organelle of cells, the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), is the
physiological cause of many human diseases, including
Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s and Cystic Fibrosis.
In diseased cells, abnormal proteins aggregate, or collect
together, causing high levels of cellular stress and later
inducing programmed cell death, apoptosis. To combat
this process, cells have evolved a constitutive protein
quality control pathway to clear out abnormal proteins,
called Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation
(ERAD). However, if the ERAD mechanism gets overwhelmed by too many aberrant proteins, the Unfolded
Protein Response (UPR), a cellular signaling pathway, is
instructed to expand the ER and increase synthesis of
cellular chaperones and proteins to aid the ERAD. UPR is
known to upregulate translation and transcription factor
Hac1p which binds to the UPR-Element (UPRE) promoter
region of UPR target genes.
Formerly, a novel UPRE, ADD66, was discovered and
presumed to be necessary for gene expression during
cellular stress. My project aimed to discover if the
sequence of ADD66 is recognized for upregulation
of gene expression by inducing cellular stress in yeast
cells and analyzing their response via Bradford and
β-galactosidase assay. Additionally, my project aimed to
generate a profile or baseline of the effects of different
stressors, DTT, β-mercaptoethanol, heat and DMSO on
the resultant UPR induction.
Dr. Craig Scott, Advisor
Sarah is from Johnstown, Pa. She is a pre-dental molecular biology major and will receive a
Bachelor of Science degree upon graduation. At Clarion University, Sarah received the Clarion
High Achiever Scholarship that awarded her full tuition (2017–present) as well as the France
Allison Honors Scholarship (2019). She is a member of Tri Beta (biology honors society) and
the Honors representative for the Class of 2021. After graduation, Sarah will attend Lake Erie
College of Osteopathic Medicine’s (LECOM) School of Dental Medicine in Bradenton, Fla.
6
HALEY CROSBY
Do Patients Receiving Alternative Therapies Have a Better Outcome
Than Patients Receiving Conventional Psychostimulants?
The overprescription of psychostimulants, in particular
ADHD medications, has been a steadily increasing issue
for all age populations. In this study, I mainly focused on
the overprescription of psychostimulants, and compared
the benefits of alternative therapies to these medications.
Within this study, I examined ages 0-18, 19-40, 41-65
and 65-99. Each of these groups was randomly chosen
and each participant had around the same severity of
symptoms. Each age group divided; half received a
psychostimulant, while the others received an alternative therapy. The results were compared to determine if
alternative therapies are more effective than traditional
medications in order to attempt to decrease the overprescription of psychostimulants.
Most psychiatric conditions, including ADHD, do not have
a definitive test. These medications are prescribed by the
interpretation of symptoms by rushed doctors, worried
parents, or any patient looking to receive a pill to ease
their mind. Roger Griggs, the pharmaceutical executive
that introduced Adderall in 1994, compared the effects
of these types of medications to the effects of a nuclear
bomb. He then went into the harsh side effects of these
medications, especially for those who do not need them.
Study results could raise awareness about overprescription, decrease overall prescription of these medications
and provide symptomatic patients with the correct
therapy in order to achieve the best quality of life.
Dr. Kristina Brozoza-Lewis, Advisor
Haley is from Sarver, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of Science in Nursing.
At Clarion, Haley received Dean’s List recognition as well as the Sarah Beels Dunkoski Memorial
Scholarship, Addison Gibson Scholarship and Janet Schreckengost Scholarship. Additionally,
Haley was actively involved in The National Society of Leadership and Success, Phi Eta Sigma
Honors Society, Advisory Board for Leadership and Engagement, Cru, Chorus, Circle K and the
rugby team. She was family coordinator and secretary for Special Olympics and the section squad
leader for marching and concert bands on campus. Following graduation, Haley will be employed
in the ICU/Medial Surgical unit at Clarion Hospital while pursuing an MSN and DNP.
7
SARA CUSTER
COVID-19 In Cambodia:
The Effect of Healthcare and Developmental Assistance
Relatively low numbers in Cambodia throughout the
COVID-19 pandemic spark an interesting examination
of what affects the health and safety of citizens within a
nation. By examining COVID case numbers as a dependent variable, healthcare and developmental assistance
can be used to find links in developing economics for
improving national health and safety.
Dr. Sandra Trejos, Advisor
Sara Custer is from Pittsburgh, Pa. She is an international business and economics double
major and will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business Administration upon graduation.
While pursuing her undergraduate career, Sara received Dean’s List recognition for four
years. She received the Student Senate Chair of the Year Award and earned a TQUK Level 5
Certificate in Teaching English as a Foreign Language. After graduation, Sara will teach
English in South Korea.
8
LINDSAY FILCHECK
The Roles of Sexuality and Campus Involvement in Perceived Social Support
Social support is related to positive outcomes, and sexual minorities
typically have worse mental health outcomes than their heterosexual
counterparts (Mongelli et al., 2019; Perez, 2016; Snapp et al., 2015).
Campus involvement, especially in terms of connectedness with others
with similar characteristics, is related to higher levels of perceived social
support, and involvement with other LGBTQ+ individuals is extremely
important for sexual minorities (Frost et al., 2016; Gleibs et al., 2011;
Rickard & Yancey, 2018; Samson, 2019). The hypothesis of this study
is that all students, especially those who identify as sexual minorities,
perceive themselves as receiving high levels of social support from
campus organizations and that campus organizations are perceived by
students as being very effective in providing social support. Additional
hypotheses regarding Allies organizations could not be tested due to a
small sample size.
University students were surveyed in two different studies (N=57, N=54)
using the MOS Social Support Survey and demographic questions.
The results of several two-sample t-tests and a multiple regression test
were utilized to compare the perceived social support scores of sexual
minorities and heterosexual individuals and the perceived effectiveness
of campus organizations in providing social support, respectively.
Findings suggest that sexual minorities perceive themselves as receiving significantly less social support than their peers, especially in regard to the measure of affectionate support,
and that campus organizations were not significant to perceived social support, contrary to the hypothesis for this
study. This implies that sexual minorities may face a number of negative outcomes due to a perceived lack of social
support, especially in regard to current difficulties related to the pandemic. These individuals may also need more
culturally appropriate opportunities to receive social support, and campus organizations in general may want to
work on more ways of providing social support. However, due to the small sample size, the findings of this study are
purely speculative, and such a study would need to be repeated on a larger scale in order to confirm their validity.
Further limitations of the study include a small number of sexual minority participants, an almost exclusively female
sample and a number of possible confounds related to analyzing two studies together.
Dr. Jeanne M. Slattery, Advisor
Lindsay is from Uniontown, Pa. The psychology major and women and gender studies minor will receive a Bachelor
of Science degree upon graduation. At Clarion, Lindsay was the Psychology Club and Psi Chi president. In addition
to earning a 4.0 QPA and Dean’s List recognition, Lindsay was named Psychology Department Student of the Month
(October 2020). She also received the Eric S. Knotick Memorial Scholarship (2020), John W. Mochnick Honors Scholarship (2020), Psychology Scholarship Endowment (2020), Dr. Iseli K. Krauss Psychology Scholarship (2019), Eberly
Family Scholarship, (2018–2021), Clarion Leadership Award (2018–2021), Golden Eagle Scholarship (2018) and the
Walter Hart Scholarship (2018). After graduation, Lindsay will attend Marshall University in Huntington, WV, to
pursue a doctorate degree in clinical psychology and work in therapeutic settings with underserved communities.
9
KAITLYN E. GAGE
Examining ImPACT Testing in High School Athletes:
Do Players Sit Out?
The purpose of this study was to examine the literature
to determine if high school athletes are appropriately
avoiding play after sustaining a mild traumatic brain
injury, also known as a concussion. After immediate
injury, players are given an ImPACT test to determine if
they have sustained the concussion.
Existing data is showing a cause for concern in high
school athletes. Many studies conclude that athletes
do not take time off from their sport or will try to hide
symptoms to return to play. The results compiled from
examining literature suggest that more studies need
to be done to establish the validity of the ImPACT test.
Overall, nothing can be determined regarding ImPACT
testing until further studies are conducted.
Dr. Mary Pat McCarthy, Advisor
Kaitlyn is from Saegertown, Pa., and will receive a Bachelor of Science in Speech Pathology
and Audiology degree upon graduation. She plans to attend Clarion University to obtain a
Master of Science in Speech Language Pathology.
10
MYKENZIE HOFFMAN
Plaque Biofilm Organisms and Molecular Characterization
As a pre-dental student, I have been interested in and
focused on researching the formation of biofilms within
the oral cavity, commonly known as plaque. Plaque is
the main culprit in tooth decay, and the accumulation
of plaque can lead to systemic health issues if left untreated.
Within the oral cavity, there are thousands of bacteria
that compose the oral biome, but only some of these
bacteria contribute to the formation of oral biofilms
as either primary or secondary formers. This research
addresses the specific species responsible for biofilm
formation, mechanisms of formation, aspects that affect
formation, and ways to reduce and prevent excessive
plaque formation.
Dr. Douglas Smith, Advisor
MyKenzie Hoffman is from York Springs, Pa. Upon graduation, she will be receiving a Bachelor
of Science in Molecular Biology/Biotechnology with a concentration in pre-dentistry and minor
in art. Throughout her undergraduate career, MyKenzie was a member of Delta Zeta Sorority
and Beta Beta Beta Biological Honors Society. She was the secretary of the Health Careers
Club and vice president for Translational Research in Medicine Club. In 2018 and 2019, MyKenzie
presented undergraduate research findings at the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania University
Biologists Conference and received the Civic Engagement Scholarship (2018–2019, 2019–2020).
Following graduation, MyKenzie plans to attend Lake Erie College of Osteopathic
Medicine School of Dental Medicine in July. After dental school, she hopes to specialize in
either orthodontics or pediatric dentistry.
11
LEVI HUGHES
Wearing Scrubs Outside the Hospital Environment
Nurse’s scrubs are contaminated with infectious microorganisms that can be harmful to patients and others
around them. The bacteria may easily be transmitted
from nurse to patient while providing care.
It is also common for workers wearing scrubs to run
to the grocery store after work or stop at their favorite
coffee shop during break. Nurses may then be exposing
the public to this bacteria when they wear their scrubs
outside of the hospital.
Ms. Melanie Best, Advisor
Levi Hughes is from Philipsburg, Pa., and will receive a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN)
upon graduation. Throughout his undergraduate career, Levi has maintained a 4.0 G.P.A and
received the Clarion University High Achiever Scholarship. After graduation, Levi plans to
start his nursing career at Mount Nittany Medical Center in the Medical/Surgical Unit.
12
MACY McCARTHY
Effects of Anxiety in the Classroom
Anxiety seems to be taking its toll on many people in
today’s society. Educational literature and professionals
in the field seem to support that students may be one
of the specific groups in society who are struggling the
most.
It is possible that anxiety is the cause of many students’
low performance and mistaken behavior in the classroom. Also, research demonstrates that teachers are
struggling from the condition as well, and their struggles
are having profound effects on their students.
This project responds to the idea of anxiety being a real
problem in the field of education by discussing
the findings of various researchers and professionals on
the effects of anxiety in the classroom. It also highlights
various prevention and treatment strategies that teachers can use to help alleviate their students’ stress.
This project analyzes research on various topics concerning anxiety in students. Additionally, interviews of various
educational professionals are analyzed and presented.
This project concludes with a compilation of the information into a tool of stress reducing techniques that teachers can provide for their students’ use in the classroom.
Dr. Amy K. Shannonhouse, Advisor
Macy is from Benton, Pa., and will receive Bachelor of Science in Education degrees in both
early childhood and special education, and an Associate of Science in Athletic Coaching
degree upon graduation. She received Dean’s List recognition from Fall 2018 to Fall 2020.
Macy was the Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference Scholar Athlete from 2019 to 2021 and
a Clarion University Scholar Athlete from 2019 to 2021. In 2019, Macy was inducted into the
Kappa Delta Pi International Honor Society in Education. Following graduation, Macy plans
to find a position in the field of education and coach soccer.
13
LOGAN MOORE
Impact of COVID-19 on Workplace Management, Training and Communication
This past year has been one of the most trying that we
have ever seen, and we can be sure that it has produced
changes that will be seen long after the year 2020,
especially in terms of the modern workplace.
Many businesses have begun to run almost 100%
virtually with no employees showing up for work in a
central office location, and it has posed some major
challenges that were never seen before. This project
looks to identify issues of this nature such as virtual
communication, team building complexities, inadequate
training programs and difficulties of supervision. It also
identifies possible remedies for these issues and highlights how companies that are able to make changes
can become much more efficient in comparison to their
competitors.
Dr. Daniel Smith, Advisor
Logan Moore is from Philipsburg, Pa. He will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration upon graduation as a business management and human resources
management double major. As a full-time student, Logan was also the fundraising chair
of SAM/SHRM.
14
ISABELLE MORRISON
The Inquiry Design Model of Social Studies Education
This project focuses on the evolving role of social studies
in secondary education, including ways to help connect
social studies to other subjects.
Dr. Jesse Haight, Advisor
Isabelle Morrison is from Kennett Square, Pa. She is a secondary education social studies
major and political science and history minor. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of
Science in Education degree. Isabelle plans to find a full-time teaching job after graduation.
15
THOMAS PEYTON JR.
Platelet Mediated Regenerative Technology
Regenerative technology mediated by platelet-based
compounds is a new discovery in recent years. Often
used in dental work, platelet rich plasma and fibrin have
been injected and used as a cover for surgical sites,
degenerated joints and even dry socket. Importantly, we
explore the distinct differences in these blood isolates.
Dr. Douglas Smith, Advisor
Thomas Peyton Jr. is from Edinboro, Pa. Upon graduation, he will receive a Bachelor of
Science degree as a molecular biology major and sociology minor. After graduation, Thomas
hopes to begin working in his field of study.
16
CYRIQUE PITT
Stimulation:
A Revamp of the Honors Program Website
My senior project revolves around remodeling the
Honors program website. This included the following
tasks:
•
Adding new photos and videos.
•
Touching up descriptions and other scripts.
•
Adjusting old fonts and statistics to reflect current
figures.
•
Touching up backgrounds and color schemes.
Professor William Adams, Advisor
Cyrique Pitt is from Reisterstown, Md. He is a communication digital media major and will
receive a Bachelor of Science degree upon graduation. Throughout his undergraduate career,
Cyrique has been a persistent and innovative digital media student who has gained extensive experience in video and photo content. He has created more than 40 short-form videos
within a tight deadline for promotional use. Following graduation, Cyrique plans to continue
to build his brand and travel the world.
17
MEGAN SCHAEFER
A Study on Commuters’ Preferences for 100% Low-Floor Streetcar
Currently, cities lack fully accessible and ecologically
friendly public transportation options that individuals
can use for their daily commutes. The 100% low-floor
streetcar is a brand-new model that would provide
accessibility, through end-to-end, low-floor boarding,
to all riders including elderly and disabled communities
while simultaneously reducing GHG emissions. However, the struggle lies in the vehicle’s multi-million-dollar
investment and unforeseen customer demand.
This project seeks to evaluate the attitudes and intentions of end-users to ride the 100% low-floor streetcar
through a quantitative survey analysis using Structural
Equation Modeling (SEM). The end-results will be used to
predict the demand for this mode of transportation, thus
demonstrating the need for municipalities to implement
the 100% low-floor streetcar into their cities.
Dr. Nripendra Singh, Advisor
Megan Schaefer is from Mars, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration in Management and Marketing. Throughout her undergraduate career, Megan was the
president and risk reduction and education chairman of Zeta Tau Alpha Fraternity. She served as vice
president of recruitment for Panhellenic Council (2020–2021) as well as student director of the Honors
Program (2019–2021). Over the past four years, Megan has received Dean’s List recognition and was
awarded several scholarships including the Marketing Development Scholarship, Marketing Research
Scholarship, Marketing Management Scholarship and several Honors Program scholarships. Following
graduation, Megan will start a position at The Bank of New York Mellon in Pittsburgh as an Emerging
Leaders Program analyst. She will complete a one-year program with the opportunity to complete three
four-month rotations throughout the human resources department. At the completion of the program,
she will be placed in a permanent position in human resources.
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JENNA TECH
Internationalizing Remarketed (Pre-Owned) Medical Equipment
in Developing Countries through Donation Groups
KMA Remarketing is one of many that remarkets
pre-owned medical equipment. KMA Remarketing has
been intrigued with the idea to increase international
sales once again. After extensive research, it found a new
way to do so through donation groups to developing
countries. A country of interest is India with their vastly
growing and maturing population.
During research, the COVID-19 pandemic was declared,
therefore shifting to what medical equipment was
promptly needed and how it might be accessed. The
best solution during this time was to make as many cold
calls (and emails) as possible to donation groups and
hospitals. This created lists of prospective leads and any
equipment in high demand for KMA Remarketing to use.
This project has helped further develop my research,
social and personal skills.
Dr. Nripendra Singh, Advisor
Jenna Tech is from Erie, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor of Science in Business
Administration degree as a finance and marketing major with a concentration in corporate and
personal finance. Throughout her time at Clarion University, Jenna received Dean’s List recognition as well as the Scholar-Athlete Award and the Clarion High Achiever Award. Following
graduation, Jenna plans to become a staff accountant.
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KIMBERLY WESTOVER
The Role of Annexin A1 in the Phagocytosis of Undifferentiated Cancer Cells
by Macrophage-Like Cells as a Potential Cancer Therapeutic for Myeloid Leukemias
Annexin A1 is a protein that uses phospholipids and
calcium to bind to various substances. Annexin A1 is
known to have roles in apoptosis and inflammation. This
project specifically focuses on annexin A1’s role in the
phagocytosis of undifferentiated HL60s by macrophagelike cells. HL60s are a specific cancerous cell line derived
from a patient with acute myeloid leukemia. HL60s have
the ability to differentiate into macrophage-like and
neutrophil-like cells. Previous students using these cell
types in a control discovered that undifferentiated HL60s
were more readily phagocytosed by macrophage-like
cells in the presence of annexin A1. The project’s goal is
to confirm the phagocytosis of cancer cells occurred and
to study the role of annexin A1 in this process.
If annexin A1 does stimulate cancer cell phagocytosis,
then this project could be a potential cancer therapeutic
option for patients with acute myeloid leukemias. If it is
understood how annexin A1 stimulates the macrophagelike cells to phagocytose the cancer cells, it could be possible to implement a similar treatment clinically. Doctors
could harvest leukemia cells from a patient, differentiate
them into macrophages, add annexin A1 and reintroduce
them back into the body to kill the original leukemia
cells. Obviously, a lot of research needs to be conducted
before this can be a possibility, but it starts with our project researching how annexin A1 stimulates the phagocytosis of the undifferentiated HL60 cells.
Dr. Douglas Smith and Dr. Brzoza-Lewis, Advisors
Kimberly Westover is from New Bethlehem, Pa. Upon graduation, she will receive a Bachelor
of Science in Molecular Biology degree. At Clarion University, Kimberly was secretary of
translational research in the Medicine Club as well as a member of Tri Beta and Phi Eta Sigma.
In 2021, she was recognized as CPUB Outstanding Student at Clarion University. In addition
to Dean’s List recognition, Kimberly received multiple scholarships throughout her undergraduate career, including Golden Eagle Scholarship (2018, 2019, 2020) Christopher John
Stahlman Memorial Scholarship – Clarion Limestone High School (2018, 2019), Donna Dupont
Bishop Presidential Scholarship (2018, 2019), Sara Cicciarelli Scholarship, Ruth Montgomery
Math/Science Scholarship, Nancy Shaw McKee Memorial Scholarship, APSCUF and PSECU
scholarships as well as several Honors Program scholarships. Following graduation, Kimberly
will attend UTSW to obtain her Ph.D. in cancer biology.
20
ZACHARY WILDESON
Plasmid Recovery of Novel UPRE
Under normal cellular conditions, a quarter of all proteins are misfolded
upon synthesis. The cell manages this influx of misfolded proteins via
a constitutive recycling mechanism. Under conditions where there is
an influx of aberrant proteins, the cell utilizes an inducible mechanism,
termed the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), to clear protein aggregates. Initiation of UPR upregulates nearly 300 different genes, with
one-tenth of these being known in their function, an example of which
is the expansion of the ER. Upregulation of these mentioned genes
results from the UPR signaling pathway, which results in the translation
of Hac1p, which subsequently binds to promoter regions, Unfolded
Protein Response Elements (UPRE), upregulating UPR associated
genes. Prior research has identified a known UPRE bound by Hac1p
and functions in the upregulation of the UPR. Additionally, a further
novel UPRE has been discovered that is believed to function the same
as the putative UPRE. Characterization of the putative UPRE’s affinity
for Hac1p via a Beta-galactosidase assay is currently being carried out
to create a baseline of response to differing chemical stressors.
Currently, all β-galactosidase testing has been carried out utilizing a
plasmid containing the putative UPRE that is used to upregulate the
neighboring β-galactosidase gene on the plasmid (pJC104). The focus
of this study is to perform a plasmid rescue with the novel UPRE. The
new recombinant plasmid is then used in further β-galactosidase assays with chemical stressors matching those from which the putative
UPRE’s baseline was built. Conducting β-galactosidase assay on this
new recombinant plasmid will allow for a baseline of the novel UPRE to
be created. Having these two baselines will allow for the comparison of
the novel to the putative. Upon comparison, the hope is to observe the
two baselines as comparable in intensity and presence for each chemical stressor. If the baselines are comparable between the two plasmids,
this will strengthen the consideration of the novel UPRE as being a
putative UPRE that functions to upregulate UPR target genes.
Dr. Scott, Advisor
Zachary Wildeson is from Brookville, Pa. Upon graduation, he will receive a Bachelor of Science in
Biology. Throughout his time at Clarion University, Zachary headed a division of Dr. Scott’s research
lab and presented research findings at CPUB.
21
CLARION UNIVERSITY ADMINISTRATION
2020-2021
Dr. Dale-Elizabeth Pehrsson, President
Dr. Pamela J. Gent, Provost and Vice President for Academic Affairs
Dr. Gwyneth A. Price, Dean, College of Education, Health & Human Services
Dr. Phillip Frese, Dean, College of Business Administration and Information Sciences
CLARION UNIVERSITY TRUSTEES
2020-2021
Joy Dunbar, Chairperson
State College, Pa.
Milissa S. Bauer, Vice Chairperson
Clarion, Pa.
James L. Kifer, Secretary
Rimersburg, Pa.
Suzanne A. Burns
Shippenville, Pa.
The Honorable R. Lee James
Oil City, Pa.
The Honorable Donna Oberlander
Clarion, Pa.
Larry C. Pickett
Pittsburgh, Pa.
Brendan M. Shepherd
Wexford, Pa.
Howard H. Shreckengost
New Bethlehem, Pa.
Neil R. Weaver
York, Pa.
Kaitlyn Krupa, Student Trustee
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HONORS FACULTY 2020-2021
Dr. Annette Rosati, Department of English and Modern Languages
Professor James R. Lyle, Department of Communication
Dr. Rod Raehsler, Honors Program Director
Dr. Daniel Shifflet, Department of Mathematics
Dr. Kevan Yenerall, Department of Social Sciences
Dr. Anthony Vega, Department of Biology and Geosciences
Dr. Kathleen Welsch, Department of English and Modern Languages
HONORS COUNCIL 2020-2021
Dr. Rod D. Raehsler, Program Director, Honors Program
Dr. Joseph Croskey, Assistant Program Director, Honors Program
Deborah Laughlin, Program Manager, Honors Program
Megan Schaefer, Student Director, Honors Program
Dr. Pam Gent, Provost and VP for Academic Affairs
Dr. Jon Beal, Department of Chemistry, Mathematics and Physics
Dr. Kreag Danvers, Department of Accountancy
David Dollins, Associate VP for Enrollment Management
Dr. Terry Latour, Dean, University Library
Dr. James Lyle, Department of Communication
Dr. Suzan Prezanno, Department of Social Sciences
Dr. Doug Smith, Department of Biology and Geosciences
Dr. Andrew Turner, Summer Academy Representative
Dr. Paul Woodburne, Department of Economics
23
It is the policy of Clarion University of Pennsylvania that there shall be equal opportunity in all of its educational programs, services, and benefits, and there shall be no discrimination with regard to a
student’s or prospective student’s gender, gender identity, race or color, ethnicity, national origin or ancestry, age, mental or physical disability, religion or creed, genetic information, affectional or sexual
orientation, veteran status, or other classifications that are protected under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, the Americans with Disabilities Act
of 1990, and other pertinent state and federal laws and regulations. Direct inquiries to the Title IX Coordinator, Clarion University of Pennsylvania, 103 Carrier Administration Building, sfenske@clarion.edu or
phone 814-393-2351, or the Director of Social Equity, 210 Carrier Administration Building 16214-1232; Email asalsgiver@clarion.edu or phone 814-393-2109. Inquiries may also be directed to the Director of
the Office for Civil Rights, Department of Education, 330 Independence Avenue, SW, Washington, DC 20201.