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The Impact of Emotional Neglect, Psychological Disorders, and Alcohol Use Associated to Stress
Mohamad Khalaifa, Olivia Sentle, Emily Collins, & Emily Rundle
Faculty Mentor: Jennifer Willford
Slippery Rock University
Background
Results
Method
The purpose of this research is to examine the association between emotional
neglect, mental health, drinking, and perceived stress in young adults.
Participants
Past research has shown that most cases of neglect in young children is
characterized by lack of supervision and emotional neglect (Cozza et al., 2018).
Data used in this study were collected from participants in the National
Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ADD Health).
Research shows a higher prevalence of psychopathology including anxiety and
depression (Lee et al., 2016). The American Psychological Association reports
that:
The ADD Health study consists of five waves of data collection including
demographic, social, family, socioeconomic, behavioral, psychosocial, cognitive
and health.
• Depression is the most common mental disorder and is
characterized by decreased motivation and pleasure for daily
activities, changes in weight, sleep, and energy levels. People with
depression find it harder to concentrate. They also experience
negative emotions such as worthlessness, guilt and sadness.
• Anxiety is an emotion that is characterized by worry, tension and
stress. People with anxiety disorders also experience intrusive
thoughts, may avoid situations that lead to worry, and experience
physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, or
dizziness.
Multiple regression analyses show that
Wave 1 of the ADD Health dataset was collected from over 20,000 adolescents
between the grades 7-12 in the 1994-95 school year. Data was collected from
participants from eighty schools around the U.S. to get the best representative
sample of different ethnicities, urbanicity, size, type and regions to include in
this study.
Data from this study came from Wave 4 when participants were between the
ages of 24-32, completed in 2008. The sample size for Wave IV was 15,701 of
the original Wave 1 participants, representing an 80.3% retention rate. .
Ethnicity
Gender
Young adults are at risk for alcohol and or drug use because of consequential
events that happen in their social, personal, and environments during childhood
(e.g., neglect) (Pilowsky et al., 2009) and concurrently (e.g., marital problems)
(Homish et al., 2006).
Depression
Males
White
Hispanic
Native American
African American
Asian
Explanatory Variables
• ALCOHOL USE: Average number of alcoholic drinks per occasion in
Alcohol
Neglect
Stress
Predictor
Emotional
Neglect
Anxiety
Depression
Alcohol Use
b
0.073
CI95% for b
Lower Upper
0.046
0.099
β
0.094
r
.11
sr2
.00
0.211
0.230
-0.044
0.049
0.080
-0.071
0.050
0.059
-0.055
.09
.10
-.05
.00
.00
.00
0.374
0.380
-0.017
Females
Measures
Anxiety
perceived stress in young adults
Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure no violation of
assumptions of normality, linearity, multicollinearity and
homoscedasticity.
Research Question
alcohol use, mental health, and perceived stress in young adults?
and alcohol are significant predictors of
Multiple regression was used to assess the degree to which ever
been diagnosed with anxiety/panic disorder or depression, often
feeling hurt/unloved, and average number of alcoholic drinks per
occasion in the last twelve months predicted perceived stress in
young adults.
Perceived stress is a measure of the degree to which situations in our lives are
appraised as stressful. Perceived stress is influenced by personality
characteristics, lifestyle, and demographics (e.g., SES) (Lee & Wachholtz,
2016).
What are the associations between emotional neglect during childhood,
childhood emotional neglect, anxiety, depression
The total variance explained by the model was 2.5%, F(4,3287)=
20.768, p < .000.
In the final model, emotional neglect, beta = .094, p = .000, every
been diagnosed with depression, beta = .059, p = .003, average
number of alcoholic drinks per occasion in the last twelve
months, beta = .055, p = .002, and ever been diagnosed with
anxiety or panic disorder, beta = .050, p = .001.
the last 12 months (quantitative).
• EMOTIONAL NEGLECT: Before your 18th birthday, how often did a
parent or other adult caregiver say things that really hurt your feelings
or made you feel like you were not wanted or loved? This question was
measured categorically as never happened, one time, two times, three
to five times, six to ten times, or more than ten times.
Implications
• ANXIETY: Ever been diagnosed with panic or anxiety disorder
(categorical) measured as yes/no.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Publisher.
• DEPRESSION: Ever been diagnosed with depression (categorical
variable) measured as yes/no.
Response Variables
Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States. Spacapan, S. and Oskamp, S. (Eds.) The Social Psychology of Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988.
Cohen, J. R., Menon, S. V., Shorey, R. C., Le, V. D., & Temple, J. R. (2017). The distal consequences of physical and emotional neglect in emerging adults: A person-centered, multi-wave, longitudinal
study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 151–161. https://doi-org.proxy-sru.klnpa.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.030
Cozza, S. J., Ogle, C. M., Fisher, J. E., Zhou, J., Whaley, G. L., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2018). Associations Between Family Risk Factors and Child Neglect Types in U.S. Army
Communities.Child Maltreatment, 24(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518800617
Harris, Kathleen Mullan, and J. Richard Udry. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), 1994-2008 [Public Use]. ICPSR21600-v17. Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population
Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors], 2016-05-25. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21600.v17
Homish, G. G., Leonard, K. E., & Kearns-Bodkin, J. N. (2006). Alcohol use, alcohol problems, and depressive symptomatology among newly married couples. Drug and alcohol dependence, 83(3), 185–
192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.017
Iniguez, K. C., & Stankowski, R. V. (2016). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health in Adulthood in a Rural Population-Based Sample. Clinical medicine & research, 14(3-4), 126–137.
https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2016.1306
Lee, J., Kim, E., & Wachholtz, A. (2016). The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction : The mediating effect of self-efficacy. Ch'ongsonyonhak yongu, 23(10), 29–47.
https://doi.org/10.21509/KJYS.2016.10.23.10.29
Maccombs, Stephanie R. (2021). Exploring psychological distress and impulsivity as predictors of problematic alcohol or drug use among undergraduate college students. Exploring Psychological
Distress and Impulsivity as Predictors of Problematic Alcohol or Drug Use among Undergraduate College Students., 82(2-B), Exploring psychological distress and impulsivity as predictors of
problematic alcohol or drug use among undergraduate college students. , 2021, Vol.82(2-B).
Pilowsky, D. J., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Adverse childhood events and lifetime alcohol dependence. American journal of public health, 99(2), 258–263.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139006
• PERCEIVED STRESS: Measured using Cohen’s Perceived Stress
Scale, a widely used and validated measure of the perception of stress
(quantitative) (Cohen & Williamson, 1988)
The advantage of this study was that variables known to be
predictive of stress in adults were evaluated together in one
statistical model in a large, nationally representative dataset.
This study showed an inverse relation between alcohol use and
stress suggesting that future studies should consider whether
alcohol use is method used by adults for coping with stress.
The implication of this study is that previous experiences including
childhood neglect and a past mental health diagnosis are important
variables in understanding the current experience of stress in
adulthood.
Mohamad Khalaifa, Olivia Sentle, Emily Collins, & Emily Rundle
Faculty Mentor: Jennifer Willford
Slippery Rock University
Background
Results
Method
The purpose of this research is to examine the association between emotional
neglect, mental health, drinking, and perceived stress in young adults.
Participants
Past research has shown that most cases of neglect in young children is
characterized by lack of supervision and emotional neglect (Cozza et al., 2018).
Data used in this study were collected from participants in the National
Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ADD Health).
Research shows a higher prevalence of psychopathology including anxiety and
depression (Lee et al., 2016). The American Psychological Association reports
that:
The ADD Health study consists of five waves of data collection including
demographic, social, family, socioeconomic, behavioral, psychosocial, cognitive
and health.
• Depression is the most common mental disorder and is
characterized by decreased motivation and pleasure for daily
activities, changes in weight, sleep, and energy levels. People with
depression find it harder to concentrate. They also experience
negative emotions such as worthlessness, guilt and sadness.
• Anxiety is an emotion that is characterized by worry, tension and
stress. People with anxiety disorders also experience intrusive
thoughts, may avoid situations that lead to worry, and experience
physical symptoms such as increased heart rate, sweating, or
dizziness.
Multiple regression analyses show that
Wave 1 of the ADD Health dataset was collected from over 20,000 adolescents
between the grades 7-12 in the 1994-95 school year. Data was collected from
participants from eighty schools around the U.S. to get the best representative
sample of different ethnicities, urbanicity, size, type and regions to include in
this study.
Data from this study came from Wave 4 when participants were between the
ages of 24-32, completed in 2008. The sample size for Wave IV was 15,701 of
the original Wave 1 participants, representing an 80.3% retention rate. .
Ethnicity
Gender
Young adults are at risk for alcohol and or drug use because of consequential
events that happen in their social, personal, and environments during childhood
(e.g., neglect) (Pilowsky et al., 2009) and concurrently (e.g., marital problems)
(Homish et al., 2006).
Depression
Males
White
Hispanic
Native American
African American
Asian
Explanatory Variables
• ALCOHOL USE: Average number of alcoholic drinks per occasion in
Alcohol
Neglect
Stress
Predictor
Emotional
Neglect
Anxiety
Depression
Alcohol Use
b
0.073
CI95% for b
Lower Upper
0.046
0.099
β
0.094
r
.11
sr2
.00
0.211
0.230
-0.044
0.049
0.080
-0.071
0.050
0.059
-0.055
.09
.10
-.05
.00
.00
.00
0.374
0.380
-0.017
Females
Measures
Anxiety
perceived stress in young adults
Preliminary analyses were conducted to ensure no violation of
assumptions of normality, linearity, multicollinearity and
homoscedasticity.
Research Question
alcohol use, mental health, and perceived stress in young adults?
and alcohol are significant predictors of
Multiple regression was used to assess the degree to which ever
been diagnosed with anxiety/panic disorder or depression, often
feeling hurt/unloved, and average number of alcoholic drinks per
occasion in the last twelve months predicted perceived stress in
young adults.
Perceived stress is a measure of the degree to which situations in our lives are
appraised as stressful. Perceived stress is influenced by personality
characteristics, lifestyle, and demographics (e.g., SES) (Lee & Wachholtz,
2016).
What are the associations between emotional neglect during childhood,
childhood emotional neglect, anxiety, depression
The total variance explained by the model was 2.5%, F(4,3287)=
20.768, p < .000.
In the final model, emotional neglect, beta = .094, p = .000, every
been diagnosed with depression, beta = .059, p = .003, average
number of alcoholic drinks per occasion in the last twelve
months, beta = .055, p = .002, and ever been diagnosed with
anxiety or panic disorder, beta = .050, p = .001.
the last 12 months (quantitative).
• EMOTIONAL NEGLECT: Before your 18th birthday, how often did a
parent or other adult caregiver say things that really hurt your feelings
or made you feel like you were not wanted or loved? This question was
measured categorically as never happened, one time, two times, three
to five times, six to ten times, or more than ten times.
Implications
• ANXIETY: Ever been diagnosed with panic or anxiety disorder
(categorical) measured as yes/no.
References
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Publisher.
• DEPRESSION: Ever been diagnosed with depression (categorical
variable) measured as yes/no.
Response Variables
Cohen, S. and Williamson, G. Perceived Stress in a Probability Sample of the United States. Spacapan, S. and Oskamp, S. (Eds.) The Social Psychology of Health. Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 1988.
Cohen, J. R., Menon, S. V., Shorey, R. C., Le, V. D., & Temple, J. R. (2017). The distal consequences of physical and emotional neglect in emerging adults: A person-centered, multi-wave, longitudinal
study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 63, 151–161. https://doi-org.proxy-sru.klnpa.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.11.030
Cozza, S. J., Ogle, C. M., Fisher, J. E., Zhou, J., Whaley, G. L., Fullerton, C. S., & Ursano, R. J. (2018). Associations Between Family Risk Factors and Child Neglect Types in U.S. Army
Communities.Child Maltreatment, 24(1), 98–106. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559518800617
Harris, Kathleen Mullan, and J. Richard Udry. National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), 1994-2008 [Public Use]. ICPSR21600-v17. Chapel Hill, NC: Carolina Population
Center, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill/Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributors], 2016-05-25. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR21600.v17
Homish, G. G., Leonard, K. E., & Kearns-Bodkin, J. N. (2006). Alcohol use, alcohol problems, and depressive symptomatology among newly married couples. Drug and alcohol dependence, 83(3), 185–
192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.017
Iniguez, K. C., & Stankowski, R. V. (2016). Adverse Childhood Experiences and Health in Adulthood in a Rural Population-Based Sample. Clinical medicine & research, 14(3-4), 126–137.
https://doi.org/10.3121/cmr.2016.1306
Lee, J., Kim, E., & Wachholtz, A. (2016). The effect of perceived stress on life satisfaction : The mediating effect of self-efficacy. Ch'ongsonyonhak yongu, 23(10), 29–47.
https://doi.org/10.21509/KJYS.2016.10.23.10.29
Maccombs, Stephanie R. (2021). Exploring psychological distress and impulsivity as predictors of problematic alcohol or drug use among undergraduate college students. Exploring Psychological
Distress and Impulsivity as Predictors of Problematic Alcohol or Drug Use among Undergraduate College Students., 82(2-B), Exploring psychological distress and impulsivity as predictors of
problematic alcohol or drug use among undergraduate college students. , 2021, Vol.82(2-B).
Pilowsky, D. J., Keyes, K. M., & Hasin, D. S. (2009). Adverse childhood events and lifetime alcohol dependence. American journal of public health, 99(2), 258–263.
https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2008.139006
• PERCEIVED STRESS: Measured using Cohen’s Perceived Stress
Scale, a widely used and validated measure of the perception of stress
(quantitative) (Cohen & Williamson, 1988)
The advantage of this study was that variables known to be
predictive of stress in adults were evaluated together in one
statistical model in a large, nationally representative dataset.
This study showed an inverse relation between alcohol use and
stress suggesting that future studies should consider whether
alcohol use is method used by adults for coping with stress.
The implication of this study is that previous experiences including
childhood neglect and a past mental health diagnosis are important
variables in understanding the current experience of stress in
adulthood.