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GRADUATE PROGRAM
IN
BUSINESS EDUCATION
AND
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
BLOOMSBURG STATE COLLEGE
BLOOMSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
Volume 29
MARCH
1961
Number 3
GRADUATE BULLETIN
Volume 29
Number
March, 1961
BLOOMSBURG STATE COLLEGE
3
BLOOMSBURG, PEXNSYLVAMA
ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL
Harvey A. Andruss
President
A. B., University of Oklahoma; M.B.A., Northwestern University;
Ed.D.,
Pennsylvania State University
John A. Hoch
Dean of
Instruction
A.B., Pennsylvania State University; M.A., Bucknell University;
Graduate Study, Pennsylvania State University
J.
Dean of Students
Alfred McCauslin
B. A.,
Rollins College; M.A., M.S.,
Pennsylvania State University;
Graduate Study, University of Maryland
Thomas
B.
Director of Graduate Studies
Martin
Northeast Missouri State Teachers College; M.S., University of Tennessee;
B.S.,
Ed.D.,
Indiana University
GRADUATE COUNCIL
Thomas
B.
Director of Graduate Studies
Martin, Chairman
Director of Business Education
Northeast Missouri State Teachers College; M.S., University of Tennessee;
B.S.,
Ed.D.,
Indiana University
Dean of
John A. Hoch
Instruction
A.B., Pennsylvania State University; M.A., Bucknell University;
Graduate Study, Pennsylvania State University
Director of Elementary Education
Royce O. Johnson
B.S.,
Lock Haven State College; M.Ed., University of Pittsburgh;
Ed.D.,
Pennsylvania State University
Chairman, Department of Communications
Ph.D., Harvard University
Cecil C. Seronsy
B.A.,
University of Virginia; M.A.,
Ernest H. Engelhordt
Chairman, Department of Education and Psychology
A.B., M.A., Bucknell University; Ed.D., University of Pittsburgh
John
Chairman, Department of Social Studies
Shippensburg State College; M.Ed., Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University
J. Serff
B.S.,
Accredited by
Pennsylvania State Council of Education
Middle States Association
of Colleges
and Secondary Schools
Entered as Second Class Matter at the Post Office at
Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, under the Act of August 24, 1912.
2
COLLEGE COMMONS
A
recently constructed dining hall with
service
available
for
graduate students
The College
LOCATION
Situated on a hill overlooking the beautiful Susquehanna River, the
Bloomsburg State College campus of more than sixty acres is within the
town limits of Bloomsburg. This thriving community, with a population
in excess of 10,000, is located 75 miles northeast of Harrisburg on U. S.
Route 11. Regularly scheduled public transportation is available to sur-
rounding
cities
miles southeast,
and towns with express bus service to Philadelphia. 125
New York City, 155 miles east, and Washington, D. C,
185 miles south.
HISTORY
The Bloomsburg
State College has passed through
the founding of the Bloomsburg
came
Academy
in
1839.
the Bloomsburg Literan,' Institute in 1856
many stages since
The Academy be-
and bv 1869 was
desig-
nated as the Bloomsburg Literarv- Institute and State Normal School.
In 1927 the Bloomsburg State Normal School, a name acquired in 1916,
became the Bloomsburg State Teachers College. With the change in
3
I
name, the long established program
for
the
training
of
elementary
A
teachers was enlarged to include a four-year degree curriculum.
business teacher-training
program was introduced
in
1930 as a part of
By
Middle
Association
States
1950 the College was fully accredited by the
of Colleges and Secondary Schools, an accreditation which was reaffirmed in 1960 and extended to include a program of graduate studies. This
the expansion of curricular ofTerings for secondary school teachers.
same year the College reached another
it became the Bloomsburg State College.
historic milestone in
its
as
life
CAMPUS
The Bloomsburg
Campus consists of more than sixty
campus proper. During recent years
new buildings have been constructed on the campus with many
State College
acres of which forty acres form the
several
more in various planning stages. Classroom buildings now available will
accommodate an undergraduate student body of approximately 2,000
during the 1961-62 academic year with future expansion of both the
undergraduate and graduate enrollment planned.
A
"Comprehensive
Campus Plan for Future Expansion" was approved in 1957 but the ever
increasing demand for a college education bv graduates of Pennsylvania
high schools has made necessary extensive revision of this plan.
Dormitories, a
new
college
commons, and
sex eral recreational areas
within campus buildings are provided for both undergraduate and grad-
uate students.
Of
particular interest to the graduate student in business
modern classrooms
and up-to-date equipment. The graduate student pursuing a program
education
in
is
the newly constructed SutlifT Hall with
elementary education
will find that the
School provides the environment and
its
Benjamin Franklin Laboratory-
facilities
and experimentation which can be found only
campus school.
for observation, study,
at the college with a
LIBRARY
The
College Library, recently
mo\ed
to speciallv desitrned
and
ex-
tensively remodeled quarters in ^Valler Hall, provides up-to-date facilities
and open stacks
for the graduate student.
cluding a reference librarian are available to
their research activities.
4
Professional librarians inassist
graduate students
in
The
ever-increasing collection of books and
totals nearly
45,000
and pamphlet
file.
v
olumes and
is
bound
periodicals
now
supplemented by an extensive picture
Included in the collection
is
a juvenile library of
6,000 volumes located in the Benjamin Franklin Laboratory School.
Library holdings related to business education and elementary education
are being constantly supplemented by the acquisition of newly published
books as well as books published in the past which would be of value
to the student
with
its
engaged
in
research.
The Bloomsburg
Public Library
25,000 volumes available to students of the College provides the
graduate student with a
total of nearly 70.000
\olumes for use in ad-
vanced study and research.
In addition to books and periodicals, graduate students will have
and more than 350 current periodicals. A miand a microfilm card reader with microfilm of selected
newspapers and periodicals will be available. Inter-library loan service
will provide the graduate student with an opportunity to secure selected
books and microfilm not included in the holdings of the College Library.
access to 12 newspapers
crofilm reader
LIVING ACCOMMODATIONS
Housing for Bloomsburg State College students is available in New
North Hall, a men's dormitory, and Waller Hall, a women's dormitory.
Meals are served in the pleasant atmosphere of the new College Commons. These facilities are available to graduate students during the summer term at a reasonable cost. Requests for information concerning
available dormitory accommodations and the cost of room and meals
may be secured by writing the Dean of Students.
THE COLLEGE LIBRARY
For the graduate student, a modern library with a carefully
selected and sizeable collection of books and periodicals.
Graduate Studies Program
On
June
1960, the State Council of Education of the
9,
Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania authorized the Bloomsburg State College to
inaugurate a program of graduate studies and to confer the Master of
Education degree. Graduate courses for students desiring
to secure the
Master of Education degree in Business Education and the Master of
Education degree in Elementary Education will be first offered by the
College during the 1961 Summer Term. The program will be under the
Graduate Studies operating within the frameand curriculums dev eloped and approv ed by the Grad-
direction of the Division of
work
of policies
uate Council of the College.
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
The need
for professional education for teachers extending
beyond
the undergraduate level has long been recognized by educational leaders
throughout the United States.
In recent years the Pennsylvania State
Council of Education has taken positive action to improve instruction in
public schools by upgrading certification requirements for teachers. This
action indicates a clear recognition by the State Council of the need for
training beyond the Bachelor's degree.
Mandated
salan,-
schedules which
provide salary differentials for holders of Master's degrees in the form of
higher
maximum
salaries
give additional recognition of the value of
graduate study.
The program
have as
of graduate studies at
Bloomsburg State College
will
primary purpose the increasing of the competency of elemen-
its
tary school teachers and of teachers of business subjects in Pennsylvania.
To
achieve this purpose, the following specific objectives, as thev relate
to the individual student,
1.
To
have been developed.
provide an opportunity for developing a better understand-
ing of the culture of our society
is
2.
3.
in
To encourage independent
To
To
thought and
initiative
role.
and develop
ability.
provide an incentive for continuing professional growth.
develop a basic understanding of research methods and
techniques so that reports of research in the
5.
which the teacher
expected to assume an increasingly important
problem-solving
4.
— a society
field of
may be correctly interpreted and evaluated.
To develop a more comprehensive understanding
education
of the teach-
ing and learning processes.
6.
To
provide opportunity for advanced study in a selected
of specialization.
6
field
SCHEDULING OF CLASSES
All graduate classes will be scheduled during late afternoons, eve-
and/or Saturdays during the regular academic year. The calendar and daily time schedule for graduate courses offered during the
summer term will be similar to the calendar and daily time schedule for
nings,
undergraduate courses. Graduate students
will
be able to pursue a
full-
time graduate study program during the summer. In-service teachers will
be able to complete the requirements for the Master of Education degree
vvithout interference with
normal professional
duties.
SEMESTER HOUR LOAD
During the regular nine-month academic year, a graduate student
who
is
teaching
full
time will be permitted to enroll in a
four semester hours of graduate courses each semester.
enroll during the
summer term
in a
maximum
A
maximum of
student may
of ten semester hours of
courses restricted to graduate students.
PLANNING PROGRAM OF STUDY
Each student admitted
to
candidacy for the Master of Education
degree will be assigned an advisory committee consisting of two
mem-
and the Director of Graduate Studies. One
member will be designated as chairman of the committee. The program
of study for each student will be developed in a conference between the
chairman of the advisory committee and the student. The program of
study thus developed will be subject to the approval of the full committee. The advisory committee will also assume responsibility for the approval of the professional research project and the administration of the
bers of the graduate faculty
final oral
examination.
EXAMINATIONS
All students requesting admission
to candidacy for the Master's
from admission to graduate courses) must arrange to complete the Graduate Record Examination on dates to be
announced by the College. Following acceptance of the professional re-
degree
(as distinguished
summer term in which the
requirements for the Master's degree will be completed, an oral examination will be administered by the student's advisory committee. A
comprehensive written examination covering the field of specialization
search project and during the semester or
may
be required before the Master's degree
is
conferred.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
The Master
who
of
Education degree
provides evidence of a
minimum
will
be granted only to a person
of one year of successful teaching
experience with at least a "satisfactory"' rating assigned bv the administrative officer responsible for the supervision of the instructional activities
Other experience in lieu of this requirement may be
unusual circumstances upon recommendation of the Gradu-
of the person.
accepted
in
ate Council.
SCHOLARSHIP REQUIREMENTS
The
College will use letter grades
— A,
B, C,
D, E,
—
in
graduate
Only credit earned in courses in which the grade received was
"A'", "B", or "C" will be accepted in fulfillment of the requirements for
the Master's degree. Although credit will be accepted for courses in
which a grade of "C" is earned, a cumulative quality point average of
3.00 or better (A = 4 quality points; B = 3 quality points; C = 2 quality
points; D=l quality point) in the total number of courses for which
courses.
graduate credit
is
granted will be required for the conferring of the
Master's degree.
TRANSFER OF CREDIT
A maximum
of six semester hours of credit earned at another ac-
credited graduate school
may
be accepted
in partial fulfillment of
degree
requirements with the approval of the Graduate Council: however, such
credit will be accepted only (1)
curriculum which the student
and
(
2
)
when
is
when earned
in courses
included in the
pursuing at Bloomsburg State College,
a grade of '"B" or better
was received
as verified
by an
official transcript.
SCHEDULE OF FEES
Matriculation Fee
(
$10.00
Payable at time of application for admission to graduate courses.
Not refundable or applicable to graduate
Graduate Tuition Fee
Activities Fee (summer term only)
tuition.)
$20.00 per sem. hr.
$ 3.00 per three-week
session
$ 6.00 per six-week
session
Graduation and Diploma Fee
$10.00
(Not including rental of cap, gown, and hood)
8
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION
TO GRADUATE COURSES
Applicants for admission to graduate courses (as distinguished from
admission to candidacy for the Master of Education degree) must:
1.
Hold a Bachelor's degree from a college or university accredited
by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, or the Middle State Association of Colleges and Secondary
Schools (or other regional accrediting association.)
2.
Present transcript
(s)
from
all colleges
and
universities at
which
undergraduate credit has been earned.
3.
Have earned a cumulative 2.5 quality point average (A = 4 quality points; B = 3 quality points; C = 2 quality points; D = 1 quality
point
in
)
all
undergraduate courses, or provide
e\
idence of
academic competency by satisfactory performance on a graduate
cjualifying examination to be specified by the Graduate Council.
4.
Possess character
and personality
traits
characteristic
of
the
teaching profession.
5.
Hold
certificate
6.
Teaching Certificate or a teaching
issued by the certifying agency of some other state.
a valid Pennsylvania
Proxide names and current addresses of two persons
sufficiently
acquainted with
competence, character, and personal
bility of success in
who
are
academic and/or teaching
their
traits to
judge their proba-
graduate courses.
PROCEDURE FOR ADMISSION
TO GRADUATE COURSES
Persons desiring to enroll for graduate courses
from admission
1.
to
(as
distinquished
candidacy for the Master's degree) must:
Submit the prescribed application
to the Director of
Graduate
Studies accompanied by the matriculation fee of .$10.00 payable
to the
2.
3.
Commonwealth
Submit transcripts of
of Pennsylvania.
all
undergraduate credit earned.
Proxide e\idence of the possession of a valid
Teaching Certificate or a teaching
tifying agency of some other state.
4.
Pennsylvania
certificate issued
by the cer-
Arrange for an interview with the Director of Graduate Studies
on a date following the receipt by the Division of Graduate
Studies of the items listed in Nos.
9
1, 2,
and
3 above.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO CANDIDACY
FOR THE MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE
Applicants for admission to candidacy for the Master of Education
degree in Business Education or the Master of Education degree in Ele-
mentary Education must:
1.
Submit an
official
application for admission to candidacy to the
Director of Graduate Studies.
2.
Submit transcripts of graduate
credit earned at other colleges
or universities.
3.
Complete
4.
Achieve a satisfactory score on the Graduate Record Examina-
successfully with a grade of '"B" or better at least six
semester hours of graduate courses at Bloomsburg State College.
tion.
5.
Provide evidence of a satisfactory physical condition based on
a health examination completed bv a physician with a report of
such examination to be submitted on a form prescribed by the
College.
PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
The
professional reseaich project
part of the Master's degree program.
an opportunity
to
engage
is
The
\
iewed as a
\
erv important
project will ofTer the student
in research of limited
scope pertaining to some
area in a school situation which needs study and improvement. In-service
teachers
may
wish to select a project which
is
concerned with an
exist-
ing problem area in the school system with which they are currently
associated.
The
must be approved by the chairman
and a formal plan for the completion of the project must be submitted to, and approved bv. the student's
advisory committee before the project is undertaken. A final written
report of the project, prepared in conformity with requirements which
will be established by the Graduate Council, must be approved by the
student's advisory committee with copies submitted to the office of the
Di\ ision of Graduate Studies for permanent filing before credit of two
professional research project
of the student's advisor\- committee,
semester hours will be granted.
TIME LIMIT
must be completed within
on which the degree
be conferred. In very unusual circumstances, the Graduate Council
All requirements for the Master's degree
a six year period immediately preceding the date
is
to
may
extend
this
period of time.
10
SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTING
THE MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE
The Master
Master
of
of Education degree in Business Education
Education degree
in
Elementary Education
will
and the
be granted
only upon:
1.
Unqualified admission to candidacy for the degree.
2.
Submission and approval of the professional research project.
3.
Completion of a minimum of one year of successful teaching
experience with at least a ''satisfactory" rating assigned by the
administrative officer responsible for the supervision of the instructional activities of the degree candidate. Other experience
in lieu of this requirement may be accepted upon recommendation of the Graduate Council.
4.
Completion of a graduate program of study totaling not less than
30 semester hours of credit, and including courses prescribed in
the applicable curriculum and courses specified in the program
of study developed by the student's advisory committee.
5.
Completion of all graduate courses with a grade of "C" or better
and with a total quality point average of 3.00 ("B") or better.
6.
Satisfactory performance on a final oral examination conducted
by the student's advisory committee, and, if required, a comprehensive written examination covering the field of specialization.
i
Graduate Curriculums
MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE
IN BUSINESS EDUCATION
I.
General Professional Education
A. Required
Ed. 501
Ed. 551
— Major Philosophies of Education
— Methods and Materials of Educational
Research
505
531
541
511
521
Psy.
Psy.
II.
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
B. Electives
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor
following courses:
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
6 sem. hrs.
4 sem. hrs.
2 seni. hrs.
from the
— Comparative Education
— Education of Gifted Children
— Problems Guidance and Counseling
— Human Growth and Development
— Psychological Testing
in
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
General Education
6 sem. hrs.
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from the followin:; courses:*
An
501
Functional .^esthetics
2 s.h.
Biol.
Contemporary .Applications of
501
Biological Techniques
2 s.h.
Eng.
591
Ideas of Good and Evil in Western
Eng.
Eng.
—
—
—
Literature
594 — The Theory and
Comedy
595 — The Epic Tradition
Modern Literature
the Non-Western World
543 — Cultures
544— The World Since 1945
501 — Recent Changes
Mathematical
Concepts
Contemporary
501 — Influences of the Past
Music
501 — Contemporary .Applications
Techniques
the Physical Sciences
524 — International Organization
Spirit of
in
Hist.
of
Hist.
Math.
Mus.
2
2
2
2
s.h.
s.h.
s.h.
s.h.
2 s.h.
in
2 s.h.
in
Phy.
2 s.h.
of
in
Pol. Sci.
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
*\ maximum
of three semester hours in this category may be earned in
undergraduate courses open to graduate students upon advice of the faculty advisor.
"upper
III.
level"
Field of Specialization
\. Specialized Professional Education
1.
Required
Ed. 552
—
Professional Research Project
Bus. Ed. 561
Foundations of Business Education
Bus. Ed. 562
Current Problems of
2.
—
—
18 sem. hrs.
10 sem. hrs.
6 sem. hrs.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
Business Education
2 s.h.
Electives
4 sem. hrs.
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from the
following courses:
Bus. Ed. 551
Inipro\ement of Instruction in
Business Skill Subjects
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 552
Improvement of Instruction in
Basic Business Subjects
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 553
Improvement of Instruction in
Bookkeeping and Business
-Arithmetic
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 563
Evaluation in Business Education
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 564
.Administration and Supervision
of Business Education
2 s.h.
—
—
—
—
—
12
B. Specialized Subject
Required
1.
Econ. 531
2.
Matter
8 sem. hrs.
— Current Economic
2 sem. hrs.
Problems
2
Electives
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor
following courses:
*Bus.
*Bus.
*Bus.
*Bus.
*Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
*Econ.
*Econ.
Econ.
421
422
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
of
2
2
of
s.h.
2 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
Fiscal
of
to
s.h.
2 s.h.
Statistics
*Undergraduate courses open
hrs.
from the
— Cost Accounting
— Auditing Theory and Procedure
423 — Federal Tax Accounting
431 — Office Management
441 — Principles
Marketing
531 — Corporation Finance
532 — Public Finance
533 — Business
534 — Principles
Insurance
413 — Money, Banking, and
Policy
423 — History
Economic Thought
532 — Comparative Economic Systems
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
s.h.
6 sem.
2
s.h.
graduate students.
MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE IN
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
I.
General Professional Education
A. Required
Ed. 501
Major Philosophies of Education
Ed. 551
Methods and Materials of Educational
Research
6 sem. hrs.
4 sem. hrs.
B. Electives
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor
following courses:
2 sem. hrs.
—
—
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Psy.
Psy.
II.
505
531
541
511
521
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
from the
— Comparative Education
— Education Gifted Children
— Problems Guidance and Counseling
— Human Growth and Development
— Psychological
Testing
of
in
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
General Education
6 sem. hrs.
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from the following courses:*
Functional Aesthetics
Art
501
2 s.h.
Contemporary Applications of Biological
Biol.
501
Techniques
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 501
Survey of Business Organization and
Finance
2 s.h.
Econ.
Economic Problems of .American Society
511
2 s.h.
Eng.
591
Ideas of Good and Evil in Western
Eng.
Eng.
Hist.
Hist.
Math.
Mus.
Phy.
—
—
—
—
—
Literature
594 — The Theory and
Comedy
595 — The Epic Tradition
Modern
Literature
543 — Cultures
the Non-Western World
544 — The World Since 1945
501 — Recent Changes
Mathematical
Concepts
Contemporary
501 — Influences
the Past
Music
501 — Contemporary Applications of
Techniques
the Physical Sciences
524 — International Organization
Spirit of
in
of
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
in
of
in
in
Pol. Sci.
...
*A maximum
of three semester hours in this category may be earned in
"upper level"" undergraduate courses open to graduate students upon advice of the faculty advisor.
13
18 sem. hrs.
III. Field of Specialization
A. Specialized Professional Education
1
.
Required
Ed. 552
Ed. 502
8 to 12
— Professional Research Project
— Social Foundations of the
2
Elementary School
2.
s.h.
2 s.h.
4 to 8 sem. hrs.
Electives
To
setn. hrs.
4 sem. hrs.
6
be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from
the
following courses:
— Home, School and
Community Relations
Early Childhood Education
525 — Trends
542 — Guidance
the Elementary School
561 — Seminar
Elementary Education
562 — Problems
the Teaching
Reading
563 — Current Practices
Elementary
School Science
569 — Selection and Use
Ed. 506
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
in
in
in
in
of
2 s.h.
2 to 4 s.h.
2 s.h.
in
2 s.h.
of .-^udio-Visual
Materials in the Elementary School
Competency
A planned program of related courses in one academic
required. The faculty advisor will assist the student in
of
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
to 10 sem. hrs.
subject area is
the selection of
the "area of competency'" and in the development of the program of
courses. Courses are to be selected from available graduate courses in
the academic subject area chosen (See Item 11) and. when approved
by the faculty advisor, from "upper level"" undergraduate courses open
to graduate students. The maximum credit which may be earned in
undergraduate courses open to graduate students to fulfill "area of
competency" requirements is 6 sem. hrs.
Graduate Course Descriptions
GENERAL EDUCATION
2 sem. hrs.
Art 501 Functional Aesthetics
The factors affecting the art of our
society are examined with consideration given to the significance of this art for a well integrated culture and
critical
the satisfactory personal adjustment of members of society.
analysis of differing art forms is made along with coinparisons designed
A
to develop discriminatory
Biol.
judgment.
501 Contemporary Applications of Biological
Techniques
2 sem. hrs.
Consideration is given to present-day applications of biological laws
governing plant and animal life with special attention devoted to the influence of drugs, hormones, and radiation on living organisms. A study
is made of techniques used by today's biologists in research to determine
the effects of "outer space"' on plant and animal life.
Bus. Ed. 501 Survey of Business Organization and Finance
2 sem. hrs.
Types of business organizations and the methods of financing business
enterprises in our society are reviewed. This course is designed for the
student with limited formal education in business who is interested in
acquiring a basic understanding of various aspects of business organiza(Graduate students in Business Education not pertion and finance.
mitted to enroll in this course.)
Econ. 511 Economic Problems of American Society
2 sem. hrs.
Designed for the student with no formal training in economic theory,
this course will afford an opportunity to gain an understanding of basic
economic principles through intensive study of selected economic problems of current interest and concern to the well informed .American
citizen. (Graduate students in Business Education not permitted to enroll
in this
course.)
Eng. 591 Ideas of Good and Evil in Western Literature
2 sem. hrs.
Selected works in Western Literature that deal with the problem of good
and evil are surveyed. Among those studied are the Book of Job,
Sophocles' Oedipus, Plato's Euthyphro and Symposium, Montaigne's
Essays, Shakespeare's King Lear, Goethe's Faust, Milton's Samson
Agonistes, Balzac's Pere Goriot, Dostoevsky's Brothers Karamazov. and
shorter works of Hawthorne, James, and Melville.
Eng. 594
The Theory and
Spirit of
Comedy
2 sem. hrs.
A
variety of comedies are read, beginning with Aristophanes and early
classical comedy, and running through romantic comedy, the comedy
of manners, sentimental comedy, and farce.
Discussion will center
around the nature of comedy and laughter based upon a careful study
of such critics as Aristotle, Bergson,
and Meredith.
Eng. 595 The Epic Tradition in Modern Literature
2 sem. hrs.
Beginning with an analysis of the structure and spirit of a representative
epic poem, an attempt will be made to show the extent to which the
epic impulse has permeated certain great works of modern fiction including novels
Faulkner.
of
Cervantes,
Hist. 543 Cultures of the
The Afro-Asian world
Fielding,
Tolstoy,
Non-Western World
Melville,
Joyce,
and
2 sem. hrs.
studied in the light of awakening cultures and
their effect upon the world and the promotion of world understanding.
The present status of these cultures will be studied with enough historical, geographic, political, and cultural background introduced to explain
is
their development.
15
544 The World Since 1945
The political and economic aspects
2 sem. hrs.
Hist.
of
world problems are analyzed with
particular emphasis placed on the effect of World War II upon international leadership, expansion of communism, colonialism, and foreign
aid programs.
Math. 501 Recent Changes
in
Mathematical Concepts
2 sem. hrs.
Discoveries in mathematics throughout the past 100 years with implications for the present-day classroom teacher will be examined.
Topics
discussed will include notational systems of mathematics with their application, and the logical foundations of arithmetic and algebra.
Mus. 501 Influences
of the Past in Contemporar> Music
2 sem. hrs.
This course is designed to show musical ideas and materials of Twentieth
Century composers which have evolved from the musical thinking of the
past. Representative examples from Impressionism to the Quarter-tone
and Twelve-tone systems will be examined.
Phy. 501 Contemporary Applications of Techniques in the
Physical Sciences
2 sem. hrs.
For the student with limited experiences in the physical sciences, opportunities are afforded for developing an understanding of scientific principles as they are applied today in the petroleum, steel, atomic energy',
electronics, space aeronautics, and chemical industries.
524 International Organization
2 sem. hrs.
and concepts underlying international organization will be
studied with consideration given to the structure and functions, and the
strengths and weaknesses of some major attempts at international organization. Specific attention will be directed to the League of Nations and
the United Nations.
Pol. Sci.
The
theories
BUSINESS EDUCATION
Bus. Ed. 531 Corporation Finance
2 sem. hrs.
Problems encountered in organizing and financing operations of indusSpecial
trial corporations, public utilities, and railroads are examined.
attention is given to the kinds of corporate securities used to secure
both short-term and long-term capital.
Bus. Ed. 532 Public Finance
2 sem. hrs.
A survey of principles governing the budgeting and financing of Federal,
state, and local government operations provides the basis for a detailed
analysis of the effects of public expenditures, taxation, and debt management on the economy of the United States.
Bus. Ed. 533 Business Statistics
2 sem. hrs.
Principles applicable to and procedures used in collecting, tabulating,
analyzing, presenting, and interpreting business and economic data are
studied. Consideration is given to measures of central tendency, sampling, time series, correlation, and index numbers.
Bus. Ed. 534 Principles of Insurance
2 sem. hrs.
study of principles applicable to and uses of various types of life,
marine, casualty, and fire insurance contracts is supplemented by a
consideration of basic legal concepts pertaining to insurance contracts
and the responsibility of underwriters.
.\
Bus. Ed. 551 Improvement of Instruction in
Business Skill Subjects
2 sem. hrs.
Current practices in the teaching of shorthand, typewriting, and secretarial practice are studied with consideration given to teaching aids and
evaluative devices. Up-to-date methods and techniques of instruction
which have proved effective in these subject areas are carefully examined.
16
Bus. Ed. 552 Improvement of Instruction in
2 sem. hrs.
Basic Business Subjects
The contribution which basic business subjects can make to the educaCurrently actional program of the secondary school is emphasized.
cepted methods and techniques of teaching such basic business subjects
as General Business, Business Law, and Elementary Economics are
studied with specific attention devoted to teaching aids which may be
utilized to insure effective instruction.
Bus. Ed. 553 Improvement of Instruction in Bookkeeping
2 sem. hrs.
and Business Arithmetic
A study of recent developments in methods of teaching Bookkeeping
and Business Arithmetic and a critical analysis of objectives serve as a
basis for increasing the competence of the teacher of these subjects.
Consideration is given to teaching aids designed to improve the effectiveness of classroom instruction.
Bus. Ed. 561 Foundations of Business Education
2 sem. hrs.
A study of the historical beginnings and present status of business education serves as the basis for developing an understanding of the objectives
of and the philosophies underlying present-day business education programs in the secondary school. Students are afforded the opportunity
to become acquainted with professional literature and the contributions
of professional organizations.
Bus. Ed. 562 Current Problems of Business Education
The major problem areas in business education, as revealed
2 sem. hrs.
by
a critical analysis of current professional literature, are studied with a
view to making the student conscious of changing concepts, philosophies,
in part
and objectives.
Bus. Ed. 563 Evaluation in Business Education
2 sem. hrs.
The objectives of measurement in business education are examined with
consideration fjiven to the manner in which evaluative devices can be
effectively used.
Principles that should govern test construction, the
availability and use of printed tests, and the interpretation of test results
in business subjects are given attention.
Bus. Ed. 564 Administration and Suoervision of
Business Education
2 sem. hrs,
A study of principles and techniques associated with educational administration serve as the basis for a consideration of administrative and supervisory responsibilities of the business education department head. Topics
discussed include departmental organization, curriculum development,
teacher selection, supervision and improvement of classroom teaching,
classroom planning, budgeting, maintenance of records, and selection and
purchase of equipment and supplies.
The
following "upper level" undergraduate courses are open to graduate students.
For course descriptions see the 1961-63 COLLEGE CATALOG.'
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
421 Cost Accounting
422 Auditing Theory and Procedure
423 Federal Tax Accounting
431 Office Management
441 Principles of Marketing
3 sem. hrs.
3
3
3
3
sem.
sem.
sem.
sem.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
ECONOMICS
Econ. 531 Current Economic Problems
2 sem. hrs.
Selected economic problems of current interest and concern to our
society are analyzed. In the study of these problems, a careful examination is made of basic economic principles and theories as well as the
thinking of recognized economists of the past and present as revealed in
their published works.
17
Econ. 532 Comparative Economic Systems
Comparisons are made of the forms of economic organization
capitalistic, socialistic,
and communistic
societies.
2 sem. hrs.
existing in
Consideration
the objectives of each of these economic systems
which have served as a basis for their development.
to
and the
is
given
theories
The
follovv'ing "upper level" undergraduate courses are open to graduate students.
For course descriptions see the 1961-63 COLLEGE C.^T.'^LOG.
Econ. 413 Money, Banking, and Fiscal Policy
3 sem. hrs.
Econ. 423 History of Economic Thought
3 sem. hrs.
EDUCATION
Ed. 501 Major Philosophies of Education
2 sem. hrs.
Modern educational problems and trends are interpreted in the light of
basic philosophical viewpoints. Some basic concepts and philosophies
which have influenced and are influencing modern education are examined
in
primary sources.
Ed. 502 Social Foundations of the Elementary School
2 sem. hrs.
The effects on the elementary school program of social class, family and
community pressures, and changing patterns and standards of life in our
society are studied. Basic understandings of these pressures and patterns
are developed to enable the teacher to work effectively in encouraging
the good and reducing the harmful impacts of social forces in relationships of children.
Ed. 505 Comparative Education
2 sem. hrs.
Educational ideas and practices of various countries of the world are
examined for their impact upon our culture and education. Particular
attention is given to the relationship of European educational programs
to the American philosophy and practice of public education.
Ed. 506
Home,
School, and
Community
Relations
2 sem. hrs.
An
introductory course in public relations, especially slanted to elementary school, in which a partnership philosophy between home, school,
and community is developed. Principles, attitudes, and techniques to
encourage community sharing in the planning of and assuming responsibility for good schools are considered.
Ed. 525 Trends in Early Childhood Education
2 sem. hrs.
This course provides an opportunity to study the changing goals and the
developing programs required to meet the needs of children who enter
school with a greatly increased experiential background.
Ed. 531 Education of Gifted Children
2 sem. hrs.
Principles and practices which are modifying school programs to conserve and develop to the optimum degree the capabilities of the more able
children are examined. A study is made of the more promising teaching
techniques and devices used in both the elementary and the secondaryschool.
Ed. 541 Problems in Guidance and Counseling
2 sem. hrs.
Topics considered in this course include the philosophy of guidance, the
history of the guidance movement, and the guidance needs of children
and adolescents. Methods of gathering data, the nature of school records,
the interpretation of test results and in\entories. the use of occupational
information and data, and interviewing and counseling techniques are
studied.
18
Ed. 542 Guidance in the Elementary School
2 sem. hrs.
goal of this course is to provide the teacher with an understanding
of the concepts and techniques essential to the guidance process in the
The
elementary school. Behavioral and developmental problems, and problems associated with the releasing of creative capacities of children are
discussed.
2 sem. hrs.
Ed. 551 Methods and Materials of Educational Research
In this course students are introduced to research and its practical appli-
The student is acquainted with the
to professional problems.
nature and types of educational research, the methods and techniques
used in educational research, and the manner in which statistical data
should be interpreted and evaluated.
cation
Ed. 552 Professional Research Project
2 sem. hrs.
An
opportunity is provided for the student to demonstrate his ability to
employ accepted methods of educational research in the solution or intensive study of some problem area of interest or concern to him. The
problem area selected for the research project must be related to the
curriculum which the student is pursuing. (See Page 10 for detailed requirements. )
Ed. 561 Seminar in Elementary Education
2 to 4 sem. hrs.
The need for change in the organization and practices in elementary
education to meet problems of individual differences among children is
considered. Through round table discussions, field trips, and the use of
consultants with varied experiences, the teacher receives realistic guidin working toward improvement in his own school system. Prerequisite: Teaching experience.
ance
Ed. 562 Problems in the Teaching of Reading
2 sem. hrs.
The
goals of this course are to provide the student with a knowledge of
trends in reading instruction and to develop competence in the use of
different approaches to the solution of reading problems.
Ed. 563 Current Practices in Elementary School Science
2 sem. hrs.
Problems resulting from the increased interest of children in science and
the public demand for science instruction in the elementary grades are
considered. Methods and materials for nurturing these interests and for
implementing science instruction, within the limits of the best interests
of children, are presented and evaluated.
Ed. 569 Selection and llse of Audio- Visual Materials
in the Elementary School
2 sem. hrs.
A
subject by subject survey of audio-visual materials available for use
in the elementary school is made with consideration given to the most
effective manner in which such materials may be used. In addition experience is provided in the preparation of materials for classroom use.
PSYCHOLOGY
Psy. 511
Human Growth and
Development
2 sem. hrs.
The
general characteristics of child and adolescent growth are reviewed
with special attention given to motor and physiological, social, emotional,
language, intellectual, and interest development. The influences of home,
school, community, and institutional life on human development are considered.
Psy. 521 Psychological Testing
2 sem. hrs.
This course is designed to familiarize students with various psychological tests, scales, and inventories that may be used in public schools to
develop educational programs and provide guidance services that will
lead to satisfactory personal adjustment of students. Laboratory experiences in psychological testing will comprise a portion of the course.
19
SUTLIFF HALL
in Business Education, a newly conspecially designed classroom building with the latest
business equipment.
For the graduate student
structed
and
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN LABORAlOR\ -^CHOOL
For the graduate student in Elementary Education, a well equipped and expertly staffed campus school with an excellent juvenile
library.
IN
BUSINESS EDUCATION
AND
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
BLOOMSBURG STATE COLLEGE
BLOOMSBURG, PENNSYLVANIA
Volume 29
MARCH
1961
Number 3
GRADUATE BULLETIN
Volume 29
Number
March, 1961
BLOOMSBURG STATE COLLEGE
3
BLOOMSBURG, PEXNSYLVAMA
ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL
Harvey A. Andruss
President
A. B., University of Oklahoma; M.B.A., Northwestern University;
Ed.D.,
Pennsylvania State University
John A. Hoch
Dean of
Instruction
A.B., Pennsylvania State University; M.A., Bucknell University;
Graduate Study, Pennsylvania State University
J.
Dean of Students
Alfred McCauslin
B. A.,
Rollins College; M.A., M.S.,
Pennsylvania State University;
Graduate Study, University of Maryland
Thomas
B.
Director of Graduate Studies
Martin
Northeast Missouri State Teachers College; M.S., University of Tennessee;
B.S.,
Ed.D.,
Indiana University
GRADUATE COUNCIL
Thomas
B.
Director of Graduate Studies
Martin, Chairman
Director of Business Education
Northeast Missouri State Teachers College; M.S., University of Tennessee;
B.S.,
Ed.D.,
Indiana University
Dean of
John A. Hoch
Instruction
A.B., Pennsylvania State University; M.A., Bucknell University;
Graduate Study, Pennsylvania State University
Director of Elementary Education
Royce O. Johnson
B.S.,
Lock Haven State College; M.Ed., University of Pittsburgh;
Ed.D.,
Pennsylvania State University
Chairman, Department of Communications
Ph.D., Harvard University
Cecil C. Seronsy
B.A.,
University of Virginia; M.A.,
Ernest H. Engelhordt
Chairman, Department of Education and Psychology
A.B., M.A., Bucknell University; Ed.D., University of Pittsburgh
John
Chairman, Department of Social Studies
Shippensburg State College; M.Ed., Ph.D., Pennsylvania State University
J. Serff
B.S.,
Accredited by
Pennsylvania State Council of Education
Middle States Association
of Colleges
and Secondary Schools
Entered as Second Class Matter at the Post Office at
Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, under the Act of August 24, 1912.
2
COLLEGE COMMONS
A
recently constructed dining hall with
service
available
for
graduate students
The College
LOCATION
Situated on a hill overlooking the beautiful Susquehanna River, the
Bloomsburg State College campus of more than sixty acres is within the
town limits of Bloomsburg. This thriving community, with a population
in excess of 10,000, is located 75 miles northeast of Harrisburg on U. S.
Route 11. Regularly scheduled public transportation is available to sur-
rounding
cities
miles southeast,
and towns with express bus service to Philadelphia. 125
New York City, 155 miles east, and Washington, D. C,
185 miles south.
HISTORY
The Bloomsburg
State College has passed through
the founding of the Bloomsburg
came
Academy
in
1839.
the Bloomsburg Literan,' Institute in 1856
many stages since
The Academy be-
and bv 1869 was
desig-
nated as the Bloomsburg Literarv- Institute and State Normal School.
In 1927 the Bloomsburg State Normal School, a name acquired in 1916,
became the Bloomsburg State Teachers College. With the change in
3
I
name, the long established program
for
the
training
of
elementary
A
teachers was enlarged to include a four-year degree curriculum.
business teacher-training
program was introduced
in
1930 as a part of
By
Middle
Association
States
1950 the College was fully accredited by the
of Colleges and Secondary Schools, an accreditation which was reaffirmed in 1960 and extended to include a program of graduate studies. This
the expansion of curricular ofTerings for secondary school teachers.
same year the College reached another
it became the Bloomsburg State College.
historic milestone in
its
as
life
CAMPUS
The Bloomsburg
Campus consists of more than sixty
campus proper. During recent years
new buildings have been constructed on the campus with many
State College
acres of which forty acres form the
several
more in various planning stages. Classroom buildings now available will
accommodate an undergraduate student body of approximately 2,000
during the 1961-62 academic year with future expansion of both the
undergraduate and graduate enrollment planned.
A
"Comprehensive
Campus Plan for Future Expansion" was approved in 1957 but the ever
increasing demand for a college education bv graduates of Pennsylvania
high schools has made necessary extensive revision of this plan.
Dormitories, a
new
college
commons, and
sex eral recreational areas
within campus buildings are provided for both undergraduate and grad-
uate students.
Of
particular interest to the graduate student in business
modern classrooms
and up-to-date equipment. The graduate student pursuing a program
education
in
is
the newly constructed SutlifT Hall with
elementary education
will find that the
School provides the environment and
its
Benjamin Franklin Laboratory-
facilities
and experimentation which can be found only
campus school.
for observation, study,
at the college with a
LIBRARY
The
College Library, recently
mo\ed
to speciallv desitrned
and
ex-
tensively remodeled quarters in ^Valler Hall, provides up-to-date facilities
and open stacks
for the graduate student.
cluding a reference librarian are available to
their research activities.
4
Professional librarians inassist
graduate students
in
The
ever-increasing collection of books and
totals nearly
45,000
and pamphlet
file.
v
olumes and
is
bound
periodicals
now
supplemented by an extensive picture
Included in the collection
is
a juvenile library of
6,000 volumes located in the Benjamin Franklin Laboratory School.
Library holdings related to business education and elementary education
are being constantly supplemented by the acquisition of newly published
books as well as books published in the past which would be of value
to the student
with
its
engaged
in
research.
The Bloomsburg
Public Library
25,000 volumes available to students of the College provides the
graduate student with a
total of nearly 70.000
\olumes for use in ad-
vanced study and research.
In addition to books and periodicals, graduate students will have
and more than 350 current periodicals. A miand a microfilm card reader with microfilm of selected
newspapers and periodicals will be available. Inter-library loan service
will provide the graduate student with an opportunity to secure selected
books and microfilm not included in the holdings of the College Library.
access to 12 newspapers
crofilm reader
LIVING ACCOMMODATIONS
Housing for Bloomsburg State College students is available in New
North Hall, a men's dormitory, and Waller Hall, a women's dormitory.
Meals are served in the pleasant atmosphere of the new College Commons. These facilities are available to graduate students during the summer term at a reasonable cost. Requests for information concerning
available dormitory accommodations and the cost of room and meals
may be secured by writing the Dean of Students.
THE COLLEGE LIBRARY
For the graduate student, a modern library with a carefully
selected and sizeable collection of books and periodicals.
Graduate Studies Program
On
June
1960, the State Council of Education of the
9,
Common-
wealth of Pennsylvania authorized the Bloomsburg State College to
inaugurate a program of graduate studies and to confer the Master of
Education degree. Graduate courses for students desiring
to secure the
Master of Education degree in Business Education and the Master of
Education degree in Elementary Education will be first offered by the
College during the 1961 Summer Term. The program will be under the
Graduate Studies operating within the frameand curriculums dev eloped and approv ed by the Grad-
direction of the Division of
work
of policies
uate Council of the College.
PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVES
The need
for professional education for teachers extending
beyond
the undergraduate level has long been recognized by educational leaders
throughout the United States.
In recent years the Pennsylvania State
Council of Education has taken positive action to improve instruction in
public schools by upgrading certification requirements for teachers. This
action indicates a clear recognition by the State Council of the need for
training beyond the Bachelor's degree.
Mandated
salan,-
schedules which
provide salary differentials for holders of Master's degrees in the form of
higher
maximum
salaries
give additional recognition of the value of
graduate study.
The program
have as
of graduate studies at
Bloomsburg State College
will
primary purpose the increasing of the competency of elemen-
its
tary school teachers and of teachers of business subjects in Pennsylvania.
To
achieve this purpose, the following specific objectives, as thev relate
to the individual student,
1.
To
have been developed.
provide an opportunity for developing a better understand-
ing of the culture of our society
is
2.
3.
in
To encourage independent
To
To
thought and
initiative
role.
and develop
ability.
provide an incentive for continuing professional growth.
develop a basic understanding of research methods and
techniques so that reports of research in the
5.
which the teacher
expected to assume an increasingly important
problem-solving
4.
— a society
field of
may be correctly interpreted and evaluated.
To develop a more comprehensive understanding
education
of the teach-
ing and learning processes.
6.
To
provide opportunity for advanced study in a selected
of specialization.
6
field
SCHEDULING OF CLASSES
All graduate classes will be scheduled during late afternoons, eve-
and/or Saturdays during the regular academic year. The calendar and daily time schedule for graduate courses offered during the
summer term will be similar to the calendar and daily time schedule for
nings,
undergraduate courses. Graduate students
will
be able to pursue a
full-
time graduate study program during the summer. In-service teachers will
be able to complete the requirements for the Master of Education degree
vvithout interference with
normal professional
duties.
SEMESTER HOUR LOAD
During the regular nine-month academic year, a graduate student
who
is
teaching
full
time will be permitted to enroll in a
four semester hours of graduate courses each semester.
enroll during the
summer term
in a
maximum
A
maximum of
student may
of ten semester hours of
courses restricted to graduate students.
PLANNING PROGRAM OF STUDY
Each student admitted
to
candidacy for the Master of Education
degree will be assigned an advisory committee consisting of two
mem-
and the Director of Graduate Studies. One
member will be designated as chairman of the committee. The program
of study for each student will be developed in a conference between the
chairman of the advisory committee and the student. The program of
study thus developed will be subject to the approval of the full committee. The advisory committee will also assume responsibility for the approval of the professional research project and the administration of the
bers of the graduate faculty
final oral
examination.
EXAMINATIONS
All students requesting admission
to candidacy for the Master's
from admission to graduate courses) must arrange to complete the Graduate Record Examination on dates to be
announced by the College. Following acceptance of the professional re-
degree
(as distinguished
summer term in which the
requirements for the Master's degree will be completed, an oral examination will be administered by the student's advisory committee. A
comprehensive written examination covering the field of specialization
search project and during the semester or
may
be required before the Master's degree
is
conferred.
TEACHING EXPERIENCE
The Master
who
of
Education degree
provides evidence of a
minimum
will
be granted only to a person
of one year of successful teaching
experience with at least a "satisfactory"' rating assigned bv the administrative officer responsible for the supervision of the instructional activities
Other experience in lieu of this requirement may be
unusual circumstances upon recommendation of the Gradu-
of the person.
accepted
in
ate Council.
SCHOLARSHIP REQUIREMENTS
The
College will use letter grades
— A,
B, C,
D, E,
—
in
graduate
Only credit earned in courses in which the grade received was
"A'", "B", or "C" will be accepted in fulfillment of the requirements for
the Master's degree. Although credit will be accepted for courses in
which a grade of "C" is earned, a cumulative quality point average of
3.00 or better (A = 4 quality points; B = 3 quality points; C = 2 quality
points; D=l quality point) in the total number of courses for which
courses.
graduate credit
is
granted will be required for the conferring of the
Master's degree.
TRANSFER OF CREDIT
A maximum
of six semester hours of credit earned at another ac-
credited graduate school
may
be accepted
in partial fulfillment of
degree
requirements with the approval of the Graduate Council: however, such
credit will be accepted only (1)
curriculum which the student
and
(
2
)
when
is
when earned
in courses
included in the
pursuing at Bloomsburg State College,
a grade of '"B" or better
was received
as verified
by an
official transcript.
SCHEDULE OF FEES
Matriculation Fee
(
$10.00
Payable at time of application for admission to graduate courses.
Not refundable or applicable to graduate
Graduate Tuition Fee
Activities Fee (summer term only)
tuition.)
$20.00 per sem. hr.
$ 3.00 per three-week
session
$ 6.00 per six-week
session
Graduation and Diploma Fee
$10.00
(Not including rental of cap, gown, and hood)
8
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION
TO GRADUATE COURSES
Applicants for admission to graduate courses (as distinguished from
admission to candidacy for the Master of Education degree) must:
1.
Hold a Bachelor's degree from a college or university accredited
by the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education, or the Middle State Association of Colleges and Secondary
Schools (or other regional accrediting association.)
2.
Present transcript
(s)
from
all colleges
and
universities at
which
undergraduate credit has been earned.
3.
Have earned a cumulative 2.5 quality point average (A = 4 quality points; B = 3 quality points; C = 2 quality points; D = 1 quality
point
in
)
all
undergraduate courses, or provide
e\
idence of
academic competency by satisfactory performance on a graduate
cjualifying examination to be specified by the Graduate Council.
4.
Possess character
and personality
traits
characteristic
of
the
teaching profession.
5.
Hold
certificate
6.
Teaching Certificate or a teaching
issued by the certifying agency of some other state.
a valid Pennsylvania
Proxide names and current addresses of two persons
sufficiently
acquainted with
competence, character, and personal
bility of success in
who
are
academic and/or teaching
their
traits to
judge their proba-
graduate courses.
PROCEDURE FOR ADMISSION
TO GRADUATE COURSES
Persons desiring to enroll for graduate courses
from admission
1.
to
(as
distinquished
candidacy for the Master's degree) must:
Submit the prescribed application
to the Director of
Graduate
Studies accompanied by the matriculation fee of .$10.00 payable
to the
2.
3.
Commonwealth
Submit transcripts of
of Pennsylvania.
all
undergraduate credit earned.
Proxide e\idence of the possession of a valid
Teaching Certificate or a teaching
tifying agency of some other state.
4.
Pennsylvania
certificate issued
by the cer-
Arrange for an interview with the Director of Graduate Studies
on a date following the receipt by the Division of Graduate
Studies of the items listed in Nos.
9
1, 2,
and
3 above.
REQUIREMENTS FOR ADMISSION TO CANDIDACY
FOR THE MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE
Applicants for admission to candidacy for the Master of Education
degree in Business Education or the Master of Education degree in Ele-
mentary Education must:
1.
Submit an
official
application for admission to candidacy to the
Director of Graduate Studies.
2.
Submit transcripts of graduate
credit earned at other colleges
or universities.
3.
Complete
4.
Achieve a satisfactory score on the Graduate Record Examina-
successfully with a grade of '"B" or better at least six
semester hours of graduate courses at Bloomsburg State College.
tion.
5.
Provide evidence of a satisfactory physical condition based on
a health examination completed bv a physician with a report of
such examination to be submitted on a form prescribed by the
College.
PROFESSIONAL RESEARCH PROJECT
The
professional reseaich project
part of the Master's degree program.
an opportunity
to
engage
is
The
\
iewed as a
\
erv important
project will ofTer the student
in research of limited
scope pertaining to some
area in a school situation which needs study and improvement. In-service
teachers
may
wish to select a project which
is
concerned with an
exist-
ing problem area in the school system with which they are currently
associated.
The
must be approved by the chairman
and a formal plan for the completion of the project must be submitted to, and approved bv. the student's
advisory committee before the project is undertaken. A final written
report of the project, prepared in conformity with requirements which
will be established by the Graduate Council, must be approved by the
student's advisory committee with copies submitted to the office of the
Di\ ision of Graduate Studies for permanent filing before credit of two
professional research project
of the student's advisor\- committee,
semester hours will be granted.
TIME LIMIT
must be completed within
on which the degree
be conferred. In very unusual circumstances, the Graduate Council
All requirements for the Master's degree
a six year period immediately preceding the date
is
to
may
extend
this
period of time.
10
SUMMARY OF REQUIREMENTS FOR GRANTING
THE MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE
The Master
Master
of
of Education degree in Business Education
Education degree
in
Elementary Education
will
and the
be granted
only upon:
1.
Unqualified admission to candidacy for the degree.
2.
Submission and approval of the professional research project.
3.
Completion of a minimum of one year of successful teaching
experience with at least a ''satisfactory" rating assigned by the
administrative officer responsible for the supervision of the instructional activities of the degree candidate. Other experience
in lieu of this requirement may be accepted upon recommendation of the Graduate Council.
4.
Completion of a graduate program of study totaling not less than
30 semester hours of credit, and including courses prescribed in
the applicable curriculum and courses specified in the program
of study developed by the student's advisory committee.
5.
Completion of all graduate courses with a grade of "C" or better
and with a total quality point average of 3.00 ("B") or better.
6.
Satisfactory performance on a final oral examination conducted
by the student's advisory committee, and, if required, a comprehensive written examination covering the field of specialization.
i
Graduate Curriculums
MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE
IN BUSINESS EDUCATION
I.
General Professional Education
A. Required
Ed. 501
Ed. 551
— Major Philosophies of Education
— Methods and Materials of Educational
Research
505
531
541
511
521
Psy.
Psy.
II.
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
B. Electives
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor
following courses:
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
6 sem. hrs.
4 sem. hrs.
2 seni. hrs.
from the
— Comparative Education
— Education of Gifted Children
— Problems Guidance and Counseling
— Human Growth and Development
— Psychological Testing
in
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
General Education
6 sem. hrs.
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from the followin:; courses:*
An
501
Functional .^esthetics
2 s.h.
Biol.
Contemporary .Applications of
501
Biological Techniques
2 s.h.
Eng.
591
Ideas of Good and Evil in Western
Eng.
Eng.
—
—
—
Literature
594 — The Theory and
Comedy
595 — The Epic Tradition
Modern Literature
the Non-Western World
543 — Cultures
544— The World Since 1945
501 — Recent Changes
Mathematical
Concepts
Contemporary
501 — Influences of the Past
Music
501 — Contemporary .Applications
Techniques
the Physical Sciences
524 — International Organization
Spirit of
in
Hist.
of
Hist.
Math.
Mus.
2
2
2
2
s.h.
s.h.
s.h.
s.h.
2 s.h.
in
2 s.h.
in
Phy.
2 s.h.
of
in
Pol. Sci.
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
*\ maximum
of three semester hours in this category may be earned in
undergraduate courses open to graduate students upon advice of the faculty advisor.
"upper
III.
level"
Field of Specialization
\. Specialized Professional Education
1.
Required
Ed. 552
—
Professional Research Project
Bus. Ed. 561
Foundations of Business Education
Bus. Ed. 562
Current Problems of
2.
—
—
18 sem. hrs.
10 sem. hrs.
6 sem. hrs.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
Business Education
2 s.h.
Electives
4 sem. hrs.
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from the
following courses:
Bus. Ed. 551
Inipro\ement of Instruction in
Business Skill Subjects
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 552
Improvement of Instruction in
Basic Business Subjects
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 553
Improvement of Instruction in
Bookkeeping and Business
-Arithmetic
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 563
Evaluation in Business Education
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 564
.Administration and Supervision
of Business Education
2 s.h.
—
—
—
—
—
12
B. Specialized Subject
Required
1.
Econ. 531
2.
Matter
8 sem. hrs.
— Current Economic
2 sem. hrs.
Problems
2
Electives
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor
following courses:
*Bus.
*Bus.
*Bus.
*Bus.
*Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
*Econ.
*Econ.
Econ.
421
422
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
of
2
2
of
s.h.
2 s.h.
3 s.h.
3 s.h.
Fiscal
of
to
s.h.
2 s.h.
Statistics
*Undergraduate courses open
hrs.
from the
— Cost Accounting
— Auditing Theory and Procedure
423 — Federal Tax Accounting
431 — Office Management
441 — Principles
Marketing
531 — Corporation Finance
532 — Public Finance
533 — Business
534 — Principles
Insurance
413 — Money, Banking, and
Policy
423 — History
Economic Thought
532 — Comparative Economic Systems
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
s.h.
6 sem.
2
s.h.
graduate students.
MASTER OF EDUCATION DEGREE IN
ELEMENTARY EDUCATION
I.
General Professional Education
A. Required
Ed. 501
Major Philosophies of Education
Ed. 551
Methods and Materials of Educational
Research
6 sem. hrs.
4 sem. hrs.
B. Electives
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor
following courses:
2 sem. hrs.
—
—
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Psy.
Psy.
II.
505
531
541
511
521
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
from the
— Comparative Education
— Education Gifted Children
— Problems Guidance and Counseling
— Human Growth and Development
— Psychological
Testing
of
in
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
General Education
6 sem. hrs.
To be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from the following courses:*
Functional Aesthetics
Art
501
2 s.h.
Contemporary Applications of Biological
Biol.
501
Techniques
2 s.h.
Bus. Ed. 501
Survey of Business Organization and
Finance
2 s.h.
Econ.
Economic Problems of .American Society
511
2 s.h.
Eng.
591
Ideas of Good and Evil in Western
Eng.
Eng.
Hist.
Hist.
Math.
Mus.
Phy.
—
—
—
—
—
Literature
594 — The Theory and
Comedy
595 — The Epic Tradition
Modern
Literature
543 — Cultures
the Non-Western World
544 — The World Since 1945
501 — Recent Changes
Mathematical
Concepts
Contemporary
501 — Influences
the Past
Music
501 — Contemporary Applications of
Techniques
the Physical Sciences
524 — International Organization
Spirit of
in
of
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
2
s.h.
in
of
in
in
Pol. Sci.
...
*A maximum
of three semester hours in this category may be earned in
"upper level"" undergraduate courses open to graduate students upon advice of the faculty advisor.
13
18 sem. hrs.
III. Field of Specialization
A. Specialized Professional Education
1
.
Required
Ed. 552
Ed. 502
8 to 12
— Professional Research Project
— Social Foundations of the
2
Elementary School
2.
s.h.
2 s.h.
4 to 8 sem. hrs.
Electives
To
setn. hrs.
4 sem. hrs.
6
be selected upon advice of the faculty advisor from
the
following courses:
— Home, School and
Community Relations
Early Childhood Education
525 — Trends
542 — Guidance
the Elementary School
561 — Seminar
Elementary Education
562 — Problems
the Teaching
Reading
563 — Current Practices
Elementary
School Science
569 — Selection and Use
Ed. 506
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
in
in
in
in
of
2 s.h.
2 to 4 s.h.
2 s.h.
in
2 s.h.
of .-^udio-Visual
Materials in the Elementary School
Competency
A planned program of related courses in one academic
required. The faculty advisor will assist the student in
of
2 s.h.
2 s.h.
2
s.h.
to 10 sem. hrs.
subject area is
the selection of
the "area of competency'" and in the development of the program of
courses. Courses are to be selected from available graduate courses in
the academic subject area chosen (See Item 11) and. when approved
by the faculty advisor, from "upper level"" undergraduate courses open
to graduate students. The maximum credit which may be earned in
undergraduate courses open to graduate students to fulfill "area of
competency" requirements is 6 sem. hrs.
Graduate Course Descriptions
GENERAL EDUCATION
2 sem. hrs.
Art 501 Functional Aesthetics
The factors affecting the art of our
society are examined with consideration given to the significance of this art for a well integrated culture and
critical
the satisfactory personal adjustment of members of society.
analysis of differing art forms is made along with coinparisons designed
A
to develop discriminatory
Biol.
judgment.
501 Contemporary Applications of Biological
Techniques
2 sem. hrs.
Consideration is given to present-day applications of biological laws
governing plant and animal life with special attention devoted to the influence of drugs, hormones, and radiation on living organisms. A study
is made of techniques used by today's biologists in research to determine
the effects of "outer space"' on plant and animal life.
Bus. Ed. 501 Survey of Business Organization and Finance
2 sem. hrs.
Types of business organizations and the methods of financing business
enterprises in our society are reviewed. This course is designed for the
student with limited formal education in business who is interested in
acquiring a basic understanding of various aspects of business organiza(Graduate students in Business Education not pertion and finance.
mitted to enroll in this course.)
Econ. 511 Economic Problems of American Society
2 sem. hrs.
Designed for the student with no formal training in economic theory,
this course will afford an opportunity to gain an understanding of basic
economic principles through intensive study of selected economic problems of current interest and concern to the well informed .American
citizen. (Graduate students in Business Education not permitted to enroll
in this
course.)
Eng. 591 Ideas of Good and Evil in Western Literature
2 sem. hrs.
Selected works in Western Literature that deal with the problem of good
and evil are surveyed. Among those studied are the Book of Job,
Sophocles' Oedipus, Plato's Euthyphro and Symposium, Montaigne's
Essays, Shakespeare's King Lear, Goethe's Faust, Milton's Samson
Agonistes, Balzac's Pere Goriot, Dostoevsky's Brothers Karamazov. and
shorter works of Hawthorne, James, and Melville.
Eng. 594
The Theory and
Spirit of
Comedy
2 sem. hrs.
A
variety of comedies are read, beginning with Aristophanes and early
classical comedy, and running through romantic comedy, the comedy
of manners, sentimental comedy, and farce.
Discussion will center
around the nature of comedy and laughter based upon a careful study
of such critics as Aristotle, Bergson,
and Meredith.
Eng. 595 The Epic Tradition in Modern Literature
2 sem. hrs.
Beginning with an analysis of the structure and spirit of a representative
epic poem, an attempt will be made to show the extent to which the
epic impulse has permeated certain great works of modern fiction including novels
Faulkner.
of
Cervantes,
Hist. 543 Cultures of the
The Afro-Asian world
Fielding,
Tolstoy,
Non-Western World
Melville,
Joyce,
and
2 sem. hrs.
studied in the light of awakening cultures and
their effect upon the world and the promotion of world understanding.
The present status of these cultures will be studied with enough historical, geographic, political, and cultural background introduced to explain
is
their development.
15
544 The World Since 1945
The political and economic aspects
2 sem. hrs.
Hist.
of
world problems are analyzed with
particular emphasis placed on the effect of World War II upon international leadership, expansion of communism, colonialism, and foreign
aid programs.
Math. 501 Recent Changes
in
Mathematical Concepts
2 sem. hrs.
Discoveries in mathematics throughout the past 100 years with implications for the present-day classroom teacher will be examined.
Topics
discussed will include notational systems of mathematics with their application, and the logical foundations of arithmetic and algebra.
Mus. 501 Influences
of the Past in Contemporar> Music
2 sem. hrs.
This course is designed to show musical ideas and materials of Twentieth
Century composers which have evolved from the musical thinking of the
past. Representative examples from Impressionism to the Quarter-tone
and Twelve-tone systems will be examined.
Phy. 501 Contemporary Applications of Techniques in the
Physical Sciences
2 sem. hrs.
For the student with limited experiences in the physical sciences, opportunities are afforded for developing an understanding of scientific principles as they are applied today in the petroleum, steel, atomic energy',
electronics, space aeronautics, and chemical industries.
524 International Organization
2 sem. hrs.
and concepts underlying international organization will be
studied with consideration given to the structure and functions, and the
strengths and weaknesses of some major attempts at international organization. Specific attention will be directed to the League of Nations and
the United Nations.
Pol. Sci.
The
theories
BUSINESS EDUCATION
Bus. Ed. 531 Corporation Finance
2 sem. hrs.
Problems encountered in organizing and financing operations of indusSpecial
trial corporations, public utilities, and railroads are examined.
attention is given to the kinds of corporate securities used to secure
both short-term and long-term capital.
Bus. Ed. 532 Public Finance
2 sem. hrs.
A survey of principles governing the budgeting and financing of Federal,
state, and local government operations provides the basis for a detailed
analysis of the effects of public expenditures, taxation, and debt management on the economy of the United States.
Bus. Ed. 533 Business Statistics
2 sem. hrs.
Principles applicable to and procedures used in collecting, tabulating,
analyzing, presenting, and interpreting business and economic data are
studied. Consideration is given to measures of central tendency, sampling, time series, correlation, and index numbers.
Bus. Ed. 534 Principles of Insurance
2 sem. hrs.
study of principles applicable to and uses of various types of life,
marine, casualty, and fire insurance contracts is supplemented by a
consideration of basic legal concepts pertaining to insurance contracts
and the responsibility of underwriters.
.\
Bus. Ed. 551 Improvement of Instruction in
Business Skill Subjects
2 sem. hrs.
Current practices in the teaching of shorthand, typewriting, and secretarial practice are studied with consideration given to teaching aids and
evaluative devices. Up-to-date methods and techniques of instruction
which have proved effective in these subject areas are carefully examined.
16
Bus. Ed. 552 Improvement of Instruction in
2 sem. hrs.
Basic Business Subjects
The contribution which basic business subjects can make to the educaCurrently actional program of the secondary school is emphasized.
cepted methods and techniques of teaching such basic business subjects
as General Business, Business Law, and Elementary Economics are
studied with specific attention devoted to teaching aids which may be
utilized to insure effective instruction.
Bus. Ed. 553 Improvement of Instruction in Bookkeeping
2 sem. hrs.
and Business Arithmetic
A study of recent developments in methods of teaching Bookkeeping
and Business Arithmetic and a critical analysis of objectives serve as a
basis for increasing the competence of the teacher of these subjects.
Consideration is given to teaching aids designed to improve the effectiveness of classroom instruction.
Bus. Ed. 561 Foundations of Business Education
2 sem. hrs.
A study of the historical beginnings and present status of business education serves as the basis for developing an understanding of the objectives
of and the philosophies underlying present-day business education programs in the secondary school. Students are afforded the opportunity
to become acquainted with professional literature and the contributions
of professional organizations.
Bus. Ed. 562 Current Problems of Business Education
The major problem areas in business education, as revealed
2 sem. hrs.
by
a critical analysis of current professional literature, are studied with a
view to making the student conscious of changing concepts, philosophies,
in part
and objectives.
Bus. Ed. 563 Evaluation in Business Education
2 sem. hrs.
The objectives of measurement in business education are examined with
consideration fjiven to the manner in which evaluative devices can be
effectively used.
Principles that should govern test construction, the
availability and use of printed tests, and the interpretation of test results
in business subjects are given attention.
Bus. Ed. 564 Administration and Suoervision of
Business Education
2 sem. hrs,
A study of principles and techniques associated with educational administration serve as the basis for a consideration of administrative and supervisory responsibilities of the business education department head. Topics
discussed include departmental organization, curriculum development,
teacher selection, supervision and improvement of classroom teaching,
classroom planning, budgeting, maintenance of records, and selection and
purchase of equipment and supplies.
The
following "upper level" undergraduate courses are open to graduate students.
For course descriptions see the 1961-63 COLLEGE CATALOG.'
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Bus.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
Ed.
421 Cost Accounting
422 Auditing Theory and Procedure
423 Federal Tax Accounting
431 Office Management
441 Principles of Marketing
3 sem. hrs.
3
3
3
3
sem.
sem.
sem.
sem.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
hrs.
ECONOMICS
Econ. 531 Current Economic Problems
2 sem. hrs.
Selected economic problems of current interest and concern to our
society are analyzed. In the study of these problems, a careful examination is made of basic economic principles and theories as well as the
thinking of recognized economists of the past and present as revealed in
their published works.
17
Econ. 532 Comparative Economic Systems
Comparisons are made of the forms of economic organization
capitalistic, socialistic,
and communistic
societies.
2 sem. hrs.
existing in
Consideration
the objectives of each of these economic systems
which have served as a basis for their development.
to
and the
is
given
theories
The
follovv'ing "upper level" undergraduate courses are open to graduate students.
For course descriptions see the 1961-63 COLLEGE C.^T.'^LOG.
Econ. 413 Money, Banking, and Fiscal Policy
3 sem. hrs.
Econ. 423 History of Economic Thought
3 sem. hrs.
EDUCATION
Ed. 501 Major Philosophies of Education
2 sem. hrs.
Modern educational problems and trends are interpreted in the light of
basic philosophical viewpoints. Some basic concepts and philosophies
which have influenced and are influencing modern education are examined
in
primary sources.
Ed. 502 Social Foundations of the Elementary School
2 sem. hrs.
The effects on the elementary school program of social class, family and
community pressures, and changing patterns and standards of life in our
society are studied. Basic understandings of these pressures and patterns
are developed to enable the teacher to work effectively in encouraging
the good and reducing the harmful impacts of social forces in relationships of children.
Ed. 505 Comparative Education
2 sem. hrs.
Educational ideas and practices of various countries of the world are
examined for their impact upon our culture and education. Particular
attention is given to the relationship of European educational programs
to the American philosophy and practice of public education.
Ed. 506
Home,
School, and
Community
Relations
2 sem. hrs.
An
introductory course in public relations, especially slanted to elementary school, in which a partnership philosophy between home, school,
and community is developed. Principles, attitudes, and techniques to
encourage community sharing in the planning of and assuming responsibility for good schools are considered.
Ed. 525 Trends in Early Childhood Education
2 sem. hrs.
This course provides an opportunity to study the changing goals and the
developing programs required to meet the needs of children who enter
school with a greatly increased experiential background.
Ed. 531 Education of Gifted Children
2 sem. hrs.
Principles and practices which are modifying school programs to conserve and develop to the optimum degree the capabilities of the more able
children are examined. A study is made of the more promising teaching
techniques and devices used in both the elementary and the secondaryschool.
Ed. 541 Problems in Guidance and Counseling
2 sem. hrs.
Topics considered in this course include the philosophy of guidance, the
history of the guidance movement, and the guidance needs of children
and adolescents. Methods of gathering data, the nature of school records,
the interpretation of test results and in\entories. the use of occupational
information and data, and interviewing and counseling techniques are
studied.
18
Ed. 542 Guidance in the Elementary School
2 sem. hrs.
goal of this course is to provide the teacher with an understanding
of the concepts and techniques essential to the guidance process in the
The
elementary school. Behavioral and developmental problems, and problems associated with the releasing of creative capacities of children are
discussed.
2 sem. hrs.
Ed. 551 Methods and Materials of Educational Research
In this course students are introduced to research and its practical appli-
The student is acquainted with the
to professional problems.
nature and types of educational research, the methods and techniques
used in educational research, and the manner in which statistical data
should be interpreted and evaluated.
cation
Ed. 552 Professional Research Project
2 sem. hrs.
An
opportunity is provided for the student to demonstrate his ability to
employ accepted methods of educational research in the solution or intensive study of some problem area of interest or concern to him. The
problem area selected for the research project must be related to the
curriculum which the student is pursuing. (See Page 10 for detailed requirements. )
Ed. 561 Seminar in Elementary Education
2 to 4 sem. hrs.
The need for change in the organization and practices in elementary
education to meet problems of individual differences among children is
considered. Through round table discussions, field trips, and the use of
consultants with varied experiences, the teacher receives realistic guidin working toward improvement in his own school system. Prerequisite: Teaching experience.
ance
Ed. 562 Problems in the Teaching of Reading
2 sem. hrs.
The
goals of this course are to provide the student with a knowledge of
trends in reading instruction and to develop competence in the use of
different approaches to the solution of reading problems.
Ed. 563 Current Practices in Elementary School Science
2 sem. hrs.
Problems resulting from the increased interest of children in science and
the public demand for science instruction in the elementary grades are
considered. Methods and materials for nurturing these interests and for
implementing science instruction, within the limits of the best interests
of children, are presented and evaluated.
Ed. 569 Selection and llse of Audio- Visual Materials
in the Elementary School
2 sem. hrs.
A
subject by subject survey of audio-visual materials available for use
in the elementary school is made with consideration given to the most
effective manner in which such materials may be used. In addition experience is provided in the preparation of materials for classroom use.
PSYCHOLOGY
Psy. 511
Human Growth and
Development
2 sem. hrs.
The
general characteristics of child and adolescent growth are reviewed
with special attention given to motor and physiological, social, emotional,
language, intellectual, and interest development. The influences of home,
school, community, and institutional life on human development are considered.
Psy. 521 Psychological Testing
2 sem. hrs.
This course is designed to familiarize students with various psychological tests, scales, and inventories that may be used in public schools to
develop educational programs and provide guidance services that will
lead to satisfactory personal adjustment of students. Laboratory experiences in psychological testing will comprise a portion of the course.
19
SUTLIFF HALL
in Business Education, a newly conspecially designed classroom building with the latest
business equipment.
For the graduate student
structed
and
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN LABORAlOR\ -^CHOOL
For the graduate student in Elementary Education, a well equipped and expertly staffed campus school with an excellent juvenile
library.
Media of