A Heuristic Inquiry Exploring
Professional Growth and Development
in Art Therapy Through Content Analysis of
Response Art
A Master’s Project
Presented to
The Faculty of Edinboro University

_________________
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for
the Degree of Master of Arts in
Counseling / Art Therapy
_________________

By:

Janelle Elizabeth Tedmon

May 2024

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Acknowledgments
I am writing to express my gratitude to the professors who have been an unwavering
source of guidance and support throughout this challenging and transformative journey. Your
mentorship during this extreme transitional period has been instrumental in shaping my research
and academic growth. Your dedication to fostering intellectual curiosity and your encouragement
during moments of doubt have left an indelible mark on my academic pursuits.
To my peers and colleagues, I extend my sincere appreciation for standing alongside me
during my personal growth and exploration. Your camaraderie, insightful discussions, and shared
experiences have enriched my understanding and allowed me to broaden my horizons. Your
support and encouragement have been invaluable in shaping my perspective and fortifying my
commitment to the pursuit of knowledge.
Last, but certainly not least, I am profoundly thankful to my family and friends who have
served as the unwavering crowd cheering me on from the sidelines. Your unyielding belief in my
abilities, your patience during my periods of intense focus, and your love and encouragement
have been my pillars of strength. Your presence in my life has made this journey not only
possible but also immensely rewarding.
To every one of you, I extend my deepest appreciation for your contributions, whether
big or small, in helping me reach this academic milestone. Your support has been an invaluable
source of inspiration, and I am profoundly grateful for the role you have played in my academic,
professional, and personal development.

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Abstract
This paper examines the transformative journey of an art therapy graduate student through the
utilization of art therapy, focusing on the symbolic representation of personal and professional
growth embodied in the concept of El Duende. Employing a heuristic approach, the research
delves into the student’s experiences across multiple stages of training, from practicum to
internship, using artworks and documented reflections as primary sources of data. Through
analysis of the progression of the artworks and accompanying written reflections, the research
examines the complex interplay between self-expression, emotional exploration, and clinical
practice. The findings reveal a nuanced path marked by themes of emotional complexity,
resilience, and self-discovery as the student navigates the challenges and transitions inherent in
psychotherapy training. Despite limitations such as the subjective nature of interpretation and a
small sample size, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the transformative
potential of art therapy within psychotherapy training. Future research endeavors could explore
the underlying mechanisms of art therapy's therapeutic benefits and its impact on trainee wellbeing and clinical practice, further enhancing the field's understanding and utilization of this
valuable tool for personal and professional development in the mental health professions.
Keywords: art therapy, El Duende, psychotherapy training, heuristic exploration, personal
growth, professional development, symbolic imagery, emotional expression, resilience,
transformative journey

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Table of Contents
Section I Introduction

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Statement of the Problem

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Purpose and Justification

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Research Questions

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Definition of Terms

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Section II Review of the Literature

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Section III Methodology

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Design

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Procedures

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Data Analysis

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Section IV Results

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Section V Discussion

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Summary of the Research

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Discussion

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Limitations

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Areas for Further Research

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Section VI Conclusion

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References

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Appendix

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A Heuristic Inquiry Exploring Professional Growth and Development in Art Therapy through
Content Analysis of Response Art
Section I: Introduction
Art therapy is a dynamic and evolving field that combines the therapeutic benefits of
creative expression with psychological insight. As art therapists strive to facilitate healing and
personal growth in their clients, it is essential that they also engage in their ongoing professional
development. The journey towards becoming a proficient art therapist is marked by a continuous
quest for self-awareness, competence, and refinement of therapeutic skills. This quest is not
merely an academic pursuit; rather, it is a deeply personal and reflective process that requires art
therapists to explore their inner landscapes and professional identities.
This heuristic study delved into the multifaceted realm of professional growth and
development in art therapy, with a particular focus on the innovative use of reflective art as a
heuristic approach. Heuristic research emphasizes the exploration of personal experiences and
the interpretation of those experiences to gain insights and generate knowledge. In the context of
art therapy, this approach provides a valuable lens through which to examine the intricate
interplay between the therapist's self-awareness, creative expression, and professional growth.
Statement of the Problem
The field of clinical psychology and mental health therapy continually evolves, with a
growing recognition of the importance of holistic and creative approaches to healing. In
particular, art therapy has emerged as a promising modality for both clients and therapists.
However, there is a significant gap in the existing literature regarding the impact of practicing art
therapy on the developing clinician, necessitating a heuristic research study to address this
critical issue.

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Purpose
This research constitutes an in-depth exploration of the transformative impact of art
therapy on the professional development of emerging art therapists. Focusing on a
multidimensional perspective, it investigates the profound effects of art therapy on key aspects
such as self-awareness, knowledge acquisition, coping strategies, and emotional resilience. By
delving into how art therapy enriches self-awareness and mitigates burnout, the primary
objective of this study is to enhance the support and training mechanisms available to nascent
clinicians—with the ultimate goal of improving job satisfaction and retention rates within the
mental health sector. Moreover, this research underscores the significance of leveraging
creativity as a powerful tool for emotional processing. It aims to humanize and normalize the
intricate developmental journey experienced by newcomers to the art therapy profession while
also addressing the pervasive imposter syndrome that often plagues them.
In sum, the central focus of this research is to unveil the positive influences of art therapy
on the personal and professional growth of emerging art therapists, thereby contributing to the
cultivation of a more resilient, empathetic, and content workforce in the realm of mental health.
Through this comprehensive investigation, the study endeavors to advance the integration of
creative modalities into the therapeutic landscape and foster a supportive environment that yields
benefits for both clinicians and their clients, aligning with the elevated standards and
expectations of a graduate-level research inquiry.
Justification
This research investigates the transformative impact of art therapy on developing art
therapists By exploring how art therapy enhances self-awareness and reduces burnout, this study
aims to improve support and training for new clinicians, ultimately enhancing job satisfaction

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and retention rates within the mental health field. The American Psychological Association
discussed how nearly 60% of people working as human services employees, first responders, and
educational services staff experience burnout in their workplace: “…nearly 3 in 5 employees
reported negative impacts of work-related stress, including lack of interest, motivation, or energy
(26%) and lack of effort at work (19%). Meanwhile, 36% reported cognitive weariness, 32%
reported emotional exhaustion, and an astounding 44% reported physical fatigue—a 38%
increase since 2019” (Abramson, 2022). This is crucial information and a problem as burnout
can result in reduced efficiency and increased exhaustion in the workplace. When looking at this
through the context of helping professions, it could potentially lead to mistakes that harm the
individuals who people in these professions are supposed to help and protect.
Additionally, this research project emphasizes the use of creativity as a tool for
processing emotions and seeks to humanize and normalize the development process of
newcomers to the art therapy profession. The integration of creativity as a coping mechanism
within the context of art therapy not only provides a means for individuals to process emotions,
but also serves as a self-care practice for therapists themselves. By embracing creativity,
emerging therapists can engage in artistic expression as a form of release and reflection, allowing
them to explore their emotions and stressors in a non-conventional way. This process fosters a
deeper understanding of their own experiences, which in turn fortifies their empathy and
connection with their clients. Normalizing this creative practice as part of the therapeutic process
can instill a culture of self-care within the helping profession, reducing the risk of burnout by
encouraging therapists to actively manage and reflect on their emotional well-being while
supporting others. Embracing creativity in therapy may benefit clients while also nurturing a
healthier and more sustainable environment for therapists so they can thrive in their roles.

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In summary, this research aims to uncover how art therapy positively influences the
personal and professional growth of developing art therapists, contributing to a more resilient,
empathetic, and satisfied workforce in the mental health field. Through this investigation, it
seeks to advance the integration of creative modalities and foster a supportive environment that
benefits both clinicians and clients.
Research Questions
This heuristic research project was designed to answer the following questions:
1. How does art therapy impact clinicians and aspiring clinicians?
2. How can self-reflection through art facilitate growth and reduce the potential for
burnout?
Definition of Terms
The following terms and language will be used throughout this research.

Art therapy
Art therapy is a form of psychotherapy that utilizes the creative process of making art to
improve mental and emotional well-being. It enables individuals to explore their feelings,
manage symptoms, and develop self-awareness and coping skills through artistic expression
under the guidance of a trained art therapist.
Reflective art or response art
Reflective or response art, in the context of art therapy, refers to the creation of visual or
artistic representations by clients in response to their thoughts, emotions, or experiences. It
serves as a means for individuals to externalize and explore their inner world, facilitating self-

9

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reflection and communication within the therapeutic process.

El Duende. In the context of a single-surface art process, "El Duende" represents a spontaneous
and deeply emotional state of artistic inspiration where an artist creates an intense, authentic, and
soulful connection to their innermost feelings. It often results in powerful and moving artwork
that reflects the artist's raw emotional expression.
Self-reflection. Self-reflection is the process of examining and contemplating one's thoughts,
emotions, experiences, and actions in a deliberate and introspective manner. It involves a deep
and mindful exploration of one's inner self to gain insight, self-awareness, and a better
understanding of one's beliefs, values, and personal growth.
Transference. Transference is the unconscious process of projecting feelings, attitudes, and
experiences from past relationships onto a therapist or other individuals in a therapeutic context.
Countertransference. Countertransference is the therapist's emotional response and subjective
reactions, often unconscious, towards a client, which may be influenced by the therapist's
unresolved issues, experiences, or feelings.
Conclusion
This research explores the transformative potential of art therapy in the development of
emerging art therapists. By focusing on self-awareness, competence, and reflective art as a
heuristic approach, it aims to improve support and training for these professionals, ultimately
enhancing job satisfaction and retention in the mental health field. Additionally, the study
underscores the value of creativity as a tool for emotional processing and the normalization of
the complex developmental journey for newcomers to the art therapy profession. It seeks to
reveal how art therapy positively influences personal and professional growth, contributing to a

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more resilient, empathetic, and fulfilled workforce while advancing the integration of creative
modalities within therapy and fostering a supportive environment for both clinicians and clients.
The following section presents literature to support this research.

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Section II: Review of Literature
The primary focus of existing literature on art therapy has been on its effectiveness in
promoting psychological well-being and emotional healing among patients. However, it is
essential to recognize that clinicians who practice art therapy serve as integral agents in this
process. These practitioners must navigate unique challenges and opportunities when
incorporating art therapy into their clinical practice. This review of existing literature provides
background into the professional growth and development of those in the helping profession and
the power of self-reflection by first examining the process of El Duende. The review will then
cover professional identity development and therapist identity development. Next, the review
will focus on literature relating to art therapy and professional identity development, followed by
self-expression and personal reflection. Lastly, the literature review will discuss the process of El
Duende as a form of documenting self-reflection in art therapy.
El Duende
Miller's (2021) study introduces the concept of "El Duende" and its therapeutic
implications within the context of art therapy. This literature review provides an overview of the
key findings and contributions of this article, with a focus on the concept of El Duende. El
Duende is a term deeply rooted in Spanish and Andalusian culture, often associated with intense
emotional expression, particularly in music and dance. In Miller's study, El Duende serves as a
guiding principle for understanding the depth of emotional engagement and spontaneity that can
be achieved through art therapy. It represents the elusive and profound state of inspiration that
can lead to powerful creative expressions.

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Chen and O'Sullivan (2023) delved into a unique exploration of an occupational
therapist's journey toward developing an art therapist identity. The study employed a heuristic
self-inquiry approach, incorporating the El Duende One-Canvas Process Painting method, to
investigate the transformation of one's professional identity from occupational therapy to art
therapy.
Chen and O'Sullivan (2023) discussed their personal experiences, challenges, and
insights as they navigated the transition from one therapeutic modality to another. They highlight
the significance of the El Duende One-Canvas Process Painting as a transformative tool for selfinquiry, enabling them to unearth their intrinsic motivations, values, and aspirations as an art
therapist. The authors provided a vivid and reflective account of their journey. It underscored the
importance of self-exploration and creative expression in the development of one's professional
identity, particularly when transitioning between closely related therapeutic disciplines. By
sharing their experiences, the authors offered valuable insights and potentially inspiring
narratives for other clinicians who may be on a similar path of self-discovery and professional
transformation.
Professional Identity Development
Sun, Wang, and Xu (2022) investigate the critical topic of professional identity
development among midwifery students during their clinical placements. This literature review
provided an overview of the key findings and contributions of their research, with a focus on
professional development. The study by Sun et al. (2022) delved into the experiences of
midwifery students as they navigate clinical placements, shedding light on the processes and
challenges involved in the development of their professional identity. Through in-depth
qualitative analysis, the authors uncovered the multifaceted nature of this developmental journey.

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The study underscored the significance of clinical placements in shaping students' perceptions,
values, and roles as future midwives.
One of the central themes explored in the article is the transformative impact of clinical
experiences on students' professional identity. Sun et al. (2022) emphasized the pivotal role of
hands-on practice, mentorship, and exposure to real-world situations in enhancing students'
confidence and competence. The study highlighted the importance of students' reflections and
self-awareness in this process, as they grappled with the integration of theoretical knowledge into
practical clinical settings.
Furthermore, the research by Sun et al. (2022) emphasized the importance of supportive
learning environments during clinical placements. The study revealed that positive interactions
with mentors and peers, as well as constructive feedback, contribute significantly to students'
professional development. These supportive elements foster a sense of belonging and help
students internalize their roles as midwives.
In conclusion, Sun, Wang, and Xu's (2022) study provides valuable insights into the
professional-identity development of midwifery students during clinical placements. Their
research illuminated the transformative impact of hands-on experiences and mentorship on
students' confidence and competence. It also underscored the critical role of reflection and a
supportive learning environment in the journey toward becoming proficient midwives. This work
contributes to our understanding of professional development in healthcare education, with
implications for improving the preparation of future midwifery professionals.
In the study conducted by Atici (2015), the focus was on the professional identity
development of counselors-in-training during their participation in a school internship program

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in Turkey. This literature review provided an overview of the key findings and contributions of
this research, with a specific emphasis on professional development.
Atici's (2015) study delved into the experiences of counselors-in-training as they
navigated the practical aspects of their profession within an internship setting. Through
qualitative analysis, the author explored the processes, challenges, and transformative aspects of
professional-identity development. The research underscored the significance of the school
internship program as a pivotal context for shaping the professional identity of future counselors.
One central theme highlighted in the article is the importance of experiential. Atici (2015)
emphasized that direct involvement in school counseling activities, under the guidance of
experienced professionals, plays a vital role in enhancing trainees' sense of competence and
professional self-concept. The study asserts the significance of bridging the gap between
theoretical knowledge and practical application.
Additionally, the research underscores the role of supervision and mentorship in the
professional development of counselors-in-training. Atici (2015) revealed that meaningful
interactions with experienced supervisors and mentors foster the internalization of professional
values, ethical standards, and a sense of belonging within the counseling profession. These
supportive relationships have been shown to have a significant impact on trainees' selfconfidence and professional growth.
Therapist Identity Development
The process of therapist identity development is a multifaceted journey that encompasses
various factors and experiences. Among these, the dynamics of internship classes and peer
groups, the significance of supervision, and the management of stress and self-care are pivotal
components. Baird and Mollen's (2019) book, "The Internship, Practicum, and Field Placement

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Handbook: A Guide for the Helping Professions," offers insights into these critical aspects in the
context of therapist identity development.
Internship classes and peer groups play a crucial role in the professional development of
aspiring therapists. These environments offer a unique space for individuals to interact, share
experiences, and reflect on their evolving identities as helping professionals. In Baird and
Mollen's (2019) book, the authors showed how students in the helping professions can benefit
from these settings. Interactions with peers allow students to exchange ideas, receive
constructive feedback, and gain diverse perspectives on their future roles as therapists. Through
group discussions, collaborative projects, and peer support, students can refine their professional
identities, enhance their skills, and develop a sense of belonging within their chosen field.
Supervision serves as a critical component of therapist identity development. Baird and
Mollen (2019) highlight the importance of supervision in their book, including its role in
fostering competence, ethical awareness, and self-reflection. Supervision provides students with
a structured framework for exploring their clinical experiences, receiving guidance from
experienced professionals, and addressing challenges in their work. Through a supportive and
constructive supervisory relationship, students can gain deeper insights into their therapeutic
approaches, values, and personal growth, ultimately contributing to their evolving therapist
identities.
The helping professions, including art therapy, often come with substantial stress and
emotional demands. Baird and Mollen (2019) address the importance of stress management and
self-care in their book. The authors emphasize that effective self-care is not only a vital aspect of
maintaining one's well-being, but also a means to sustain and protect one's therapist identity.
Practitioners must develop self-care strategies to navigate the emotional toll of their work,

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maintain their professional roles, and prevent burnout. By prioritizing self-care, students and
therapists can ensure their well-being aligns with their professional identity, leading to a more
sustainable and fulfilling career.
Baird and Mollen's (2019) handbook offers valuable insights into the dynamic process of
therapist identity development in the context of internship classes and peer groups, supervision,
and stress and self-care. These elements play integral roles in shaping the identities of emerging
therapists, enhancing their competence, ethical awareness, and overall well-being. By engaging
with these components effectively, students and professionals can navigate the challenges of
their helping professions and foster resilient, evolving therapist identities that align with their
values and goals.
Discovering one's theoretical orientation is a pivotal step in the formation of a therapist's
identity. Halbur and Halbur (2019) emphasize the significance of self-discovery in their book.
Therapists-in-training are encouraged to explore their own beliefs, values, personal experiences,
and biases that influence their perspective on human behavior and change. By examining their
worldview, students and emerging therapists can uncover the theoretical approaches that resonate
with them on a personal level. This process enables them to align their foundational beliefs with
a theoretical orientation that reflects their unique identity and philosophy.
Utilizing a theoretical orientation is an essential component of therapist identity
development. Halbur and Halbur's (2019) book guides how therapists can translate their
theoretical knowledge into effective practice. A well-defined theoretical orientation not only
informs clinical decision-making but also shapes the therapeutic relationship, interventions, and
assessment strategies. The authors highlight the importance of adapting one's theoretical

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orientation to the unique needs of each client, demonstrating flexibility and openness to
integration.
The integration of a theoretical orientation into one's therapist identity is a dynamic and
ongoing process. Halbur and Halbur (2019) demonstrate the need for therapists to embrace their
chosen approach as a part of their professional identity. A therapist's theoretical orientation
becomes a lens through which they view the world and human behavior, shaping their
understanding of clients' experiences. The utilization of this orientation fosters a strong sense of
identity, providing a foundation upon which therapists can build their clinical practice and
approach their work with confidence and consistency.
Art Therapy / Professional Identity Development
The history and theory of art therapy play a fundamental role in the development of an art
therapist's identity. Gussak and Rosal's (2016) handbook provides an in-depth exploration of the
historical and theoretical underpinnings of art therapy. As art therapists delve into the roots of
their field, they gain a deeper understanding of the pioneers and foundational concepts that have
shaped the profession. This exploration of history and theory helps art therapists connect with the
legacy of their field, instilling a sense of continuity and purpose within their identity as
therapists.
Art therapy's evolution extends to its integration within interdisciplinary settings. Gussak
and Rosal (2016) acknowledge the growing recognition of art therapy's value in collaborating
with other healthcare and therapeutic disciplines. In interdisciplinary environments, art therapists
may find themselves collaborating with psychologists, social workers, and medical professionals,
among others. This collaborative approach fosters a sense of professional identity that is adaptive
and open to diverse perspectives. The exposure to different therapeutic approaches and insights

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from various fields enriches the art therapist's understanding of their own practice and
encourages flexibility in adapting their therapeutic strategies.
Art therapist identity development is an ongoing process influenced by the
interdisciplinary nature of the practice and the historical and theoretical foundations of the field.
As art therapists engage in collaborative work across disciplines, they cultivate an identity
characterized by adaptability, integration, and a commitment to holistic care. Simultaneously,
their understanding of art therapy's historical roots and theoretical underpinnings contributes to
the development of a strong professional identity deeply rooted in the principles of the field.
Orkibi (2013) explores the application of a foundational professional development theory
to students in the field of Creative Arts Therapies. This literature review provides an overview of
the key findings and contributions of the study, with a focus on professional-identity
development within the context of art therapy.
The research by Orkibi (2013) centers on the examination of Donald Super's Career
Development Theory and its relevance to students pursuing careers in Creative Arts Therapies,
specifically art therapy. Super's theory posits that individuals undergo a series of stages and tasks
as they develop their professional identities, including exploration, crystallization, and
implementation.
One central theme highlighted in the article is the applicability of Super's theory to the
unique journey of art therapy students. Orkibi (2013) delves into how students navigated the
exploration of their professional identities through the lens of creative expression and therapeutic
techniques. The study sheds light on how students in Creative Arts Therapies integrate their
passion for art with the evolving understanding of their future roles as therapists.

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Furthermore, the research emphasizes the role of supervision and mentorship in shaping
the professional identity of art therapy students. Orkibi (2013) speaks to the significance of
clinical placements and guidance from experienced professionals in fostering the development of
therapeutic competence and a strong sense of professional self-concept.
In conclusion, Orkibi's (2013) research contributes valuable insights into the application
of professional development theory, specifically Donald Super's Career Development Theory, to
the context of Creative Arts Therapies, including art therapy. The study reveals the unique
challenges and opportunities art therapy students encounter as they explore and crystallize their
professional identities. It underscores the pivotal role of clinical experiences and mentorship in
nurturing the growth of future art therapists. This work enhances our understanding of
professional-identity development within the realm of art therapy and offers implications for the
education and training of aspiring art therapists.
Self Exploration / Professional Development
Professional identity development is intimately connected to burnout prevention.
Gregory, Menser, and Gregory's (2018) intervention focuses on improving physician well-being
through an organizational approach. However, enhancing professional identity is a crucial
element within this strategy. As physicians deepen their understanding of their roles and
responsibilities, they gain a stronger sense of professional identity. This identity encompasses not
only their clinical competencies but also their values, mission, and commitment to patient care.
A well-defined professional identity provides a sense of purpose and fulfillment, serving as a
buffer against burnout. Physicians who possess a robust professional identity are more likely to
find meaning and satisfaction in their work, reducing the risk of emotional exhaustion and
depersonalization.

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Gregory, Menser, and Gregory's (2018) research underscores the significance of selfexploration and professional identity development in preventing physician burnout. By
acknowledging the importance of self-awareness, physicians can recognize early signs of
burnout and implement effective coping strategies. Additionally, the development of a strong
professional identity fosters resilience and a sense of purpose, making the profession more
fulfilling and reducing burnout risk. In the context of organizational interventions, the
incorporation of self-awareness and professional identity development can significantly
contribute to improving physician well-being, job satisfaction, and overall healthcare quality.
The study highlights the interconnectedness of individual well-being and professional identity
development in the context of physician burnout prevention.
Transference and Countertransference
Orr (1954) offers an insightful historical overview of the concept of transference.
Transference refers to the unconscious redirection of feelings, attitudes, and relational patterns
from one's past onto a therapist or another person in a therapeutic context. This phenomenon is
deeply rooted in the foundations of psychoanalysis, with origins in the works of Sigmund Freud.
Orr's historical survey traced the evolution of the concept of transference, from its early
formulations by Freud to its subsequent development and reinterpretations by other
psychoanalysts and psychologists. This historical perspective illuminates how transference has
been a cornerstone of understanding the unconscious dynamics of the therapeutic relationship.
Transference challenges therapists to confront their own reactions, biases, and personal
history. As therapists grapple with the projection of a patient's feelings and expectations, they are
simultaneously prompted to explore their emotional responses and interpersonal patterns. This
process of self-exploration becomes a fundamental aspect of therapist identity development. It

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fosters self-awareness, allowing therapists to better understand their emotional triggers, values,
and potential countertransference reactions.
Countertransference, the therapist's emotional reactions and responses to the patient's
transference, is another critical aspect explored by Orr (1954). Orr's historical survey
acknowledges the emergence of countertransference as an essential component of the therapeutic
relationship. He traced its evolution from a potential hindrance to the therapeutic process to a
valuable source of clinical information. Over time, countertransference has been recognized as a
valuable tool for understanding the patient's unconscious processes, making it an integral aspect
of the therapeutic endeavor.
Countertransference, once viewed with skepticism, has emerged as an invaluable tool for
therapists. As therapists engage with their own emotional reactions to patients, they gain insights
into their strengths, vulnerabilities, and areas of growth. Countertransference can illuminate
unresolved issues, biases, and personal struggles that therapists may bring into therapeutic
relationships. By recognizing and addressing countertransference, therapists strengthen their
professional identity and enhance their capacity to provide effective and empathetic care.
In conclusion, Orr's (1954) historical survey provides a historical backdrop for
understanding the concepts of transference and countertransference. These concepts are not
merely clinical tools but essential elements in the development of therapist identity. By
navigating the intricate interplay of transference and countertransference, therapists engage in an
ongoing process of self-discovery and self-awareness. This process, in turn, strengthens their
professional identity, enriching their ability to provide empathetic and effective care to their
patients. The historical context offered by Orr's work underscores the enduring relevance of these
concepts in shaping therapist identity and clinical practice.

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The concept of the "wounded healer" has long been a central theme in the fields of
psychology and psychotherapy. Reda, Mollica, and Smink's (2022) book, "The Wounded Healer:
The Pain and Joy of Caregiving," offeres a profound exploration of the emotional dynamics and
complexities involved in caregiving roles. Within this context, transference and
countertransference become significant elements in understanding the dynamics of the
therapeutic relationship. This literature review delves into the key findings and contributions of
the book, emphasizing the relevance of transference and countertransference within the realm of
caregiving.
Transference, a cornerstone of psychoanalytic theory, plays a significant role in the
caregiver-patient relationship. Transference refers to the unconscious redirection of emotions and
feelings from past relationships onto the caregiver. Within the context of caregiving, the book by
Reda, Mollica, and Smink (2022) explores how patients may project their emotions,
expectations, and unresolved issues onto their caregivers. This process can be both a source of
challenge and an opportunity for insight. Understanding the nuances of transference allows
caregivers to navigate their patients' emotional needs and histories while maintaining
professional boundaries.
Countertransference, the emotional reactions and responses of caregivers to their patients,
is equally significant in the context of caregiving. Reda, Mollica, and Smink's (2022) book
recognizes the dual role of caregivers as both providers of care and emotional beings who may
experience their patients' emotional states. Countertransference involves not only empathetic
responses but also potential triggers and challenges. Caregivers who acknowledge and address
countertransference can gain deeper insights into their patients' emotional worlds, offering a
more empathetic and effective form of care.

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Reda, Mollica, and Smink's (2022) book, "The Wounded Healer: The Pain and Joy of
Caregiving," offers a profound exploration of caregiving roles and the "wounded healer"
concept. The book emphasizes the significance of transference and countertransference within
the dynamics of the caregiver-patient relationship. The awareness of transference and
countertransference can help caregivers navigate the complexities of their patients' emotional
worlds and their own, fostering more compassionate and effective care. Caregiving, when
informed by an understanding of transference, countertransference, and the "wounded healer"
concept, offers a unique opportunity for personal and professional growth within the realm of
caregiving.
Self-Exploration / Art Therapy
Self-exploration is a fundamental aspect of caregiving, as depicted in "The Wounded
Healer." Caregivers often face emotionally charged situations, and their ability to explore their
inner worlds is a means of coping with the pain and joy of their roles. The book highlights how
self-exploration can help caregivers gain a deeper understanding of their vulnerabilities,
strengths, and personal histories, which, in turn, enables them to provide more empathetic and
effective care. Self-exploration is not just a personal journey; it is also integral to the
development of a resilient and compassionate caregiver identity.
Art therapy emerges as a powerful vehicle for self-exploration within the context of
caregiving. The creative process allows caregivers to externalize their emotions, fears, and hopes
through artistic expression. "The Wounded Healer" provides insights into how art therapy can be
a transformative tool for caregivers to navigate the emotional challenges they face. By engaging
in art therapy, caregivers can delve into their inner experiences, confront unresolved issues, and
process their emotions in a safe and non-verbal manner. This form of self-expression offers

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caregivers an outlet for catharsis and insight, contributing to their overall well-being and
emotional resilience.
The book's exploration of the "wounded healer" concept reveals how caregivers often
carry their own wounds and traumas. Self-exploration, coupled with the creative outlet of art
therapy, empowers caregivers to transform their own pain and healing journey into a source of
empathy and connection with those they care for. This process not only contributes to the
caregiver's personal growth but also enables them to become more compassionate and authentic
in their caregiving roles.
Art therapy is a unique and expressive form of psychotherapy that engages individuals in
creative processes to facilitate self-exploration and emotional expression. Shin, Choi, and Park's
(2016) study, "A Narrative Inquiry into a Mother–Child Art Therapy Experience," offers a
compelling exploration of how art therapy serves as a platform for self-exploration, not only for
clients but also for the therapist. Art therapy is predicated on the belief that the creative process
provides a unique avenue for self-exploration and emotional healing. Through artistic
expression, individuals can access and communicate complex emotions, memories, and inner
narratives that may be challenging to verbalize. This process of self-exploration, which is central
to art therapy, allows clients to gain insight into their inner worlds, enhance self-awareness, and
develop new perspectives on their life experiences.
In Shin, Choi, and Park's (2016) study, a unique aspect emerged—the therapist's own
self-exploration. While traditionally therapists are seen as facilitators of their clients' selfexploration, this narrative inquiry shed light on how the therapeutic process can also engender
self-discovery for the therapist. The therapist in this mother–child art therapy context engaged in
creative expression alongside the client, facilitating a mutual journey of exploration. This finding

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underscores the transformative potential of art therapy, not only for clients, but also for therapists
as they participate in the artistic process and gain insights into their inner experiences, reactions,
and emotional responses.
El Duende / Art Therapy
Miller and Robb's (2017) research offers a unique perspective on the transformative
potential of "El Duende" within the art therapy field. It emphasizes the emotional depth and
spontaneity that can be harnessed through art-based supervision, offering a powerful tool for
personal and professional growth. The application of "El Duende" principles in supervision not
only enriches therapists' self-awareness and emotional resonance, but also enhances the
therapeutic relationship with clients. This work advances our understanding of the role of "El
Duende" in art therapy and invites further exploration of its applications in clinical practice,
supervision, and training.
"El Duende" is a term rooted in Spanish and Andalusian culture, traditionally associated
with intense, emotionally charged artistic expression, particularly in music and dance. Within the
context of art therapy, "El Duende" represents a state of profound inspiration and emotional
depth that can be harnessed through creative expression. It emphasizes the power of raw,
unfiltered, and spontaneous artistic exploration, fostering transformative experiences for both
clients and therapists. Miller and Robb (2017) delve into the transformative phases within the El
Duende Process Painting approach when used for art-based supervision. The study presents a
comprehensive exploration of how art therapists navigate the rich emotional terrain of their own
work, emphasizing the role of "El Duende" in guiding these transformative experiences.
The article by Miller and Robb (2017) demonstrates how art-based supervision, under the
influence of "El Duende," encourages therapists to immerse themselves in the raw, emotional

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process of their art-making. By applying the principles of "El Duende" in supervision, art
therapists can unlock profound insights, confront unresolved issues, and develop a deeper
connection with their clients. This approach invites a shift from conventional, cognitive
supervision to one that embraces the emotional and intuitive aspects of the therapeutic process.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the literature review presents a comprehensive overview of the
multifaceted factors that impacted the development of emerging art therapists. The exploration of
self-reflection, the elusive and powerful concept of "El Duende," and the dynamics of
transference and countertransference reveal a complex interplay of personal and professional
elements that shape art therapists' journeys. As these emerging professionals navigate their paths,
they engage in self-reflection to enhance their self-awareness and clinical skills. Acknowledging
the profound influence of "El Duende" on creativity and therapeutic presence is essential for
harnessing the transformative potential of art therapy. Additionally, an understanding of
transference and countertransference dynamics empowers art therapists to navigate the
therapeutic relationship more effectively. These findings collectively underscore the significance
of these interrelated factors in the formative years of emerging art therapists' careers,
emphasizing the need for ongoing self-exploration and professional development within this
unique and evolving field. Future research in this area has the potential to deepen our
understanding of these elements and further inform the training and education of art therapists.

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Section III: Methodology
The methodology section of a heuristic research study serves as the foundational
framework through which the researcher explores and interprets complex phenomena, often
characterized by subjectivity, ambiguity, and depth. Heuristic research, rooted in the philosophy
of phenomenology and hermeneutics, seeks to uncover the underlying meanings and experiences
that shape individuals' perceptions and actions. This approach acknowledges that human
experiences are multifaceted and that conventional empirical methods may not suffice in
capturing the essence of these intricate phenomena.
In this section, the researcher provides a comprehensive overview of the research
methodology employed in this heuristic study, outlining the key principles and techniques
guiding the researcher’s inquiry. This study seeks to delve into the lived experience of an
emerging art therapist, aiming to gain a profound understanding of the intricate, subjective, and
often intuitive aspects of their experiences.
Primary Subject
The researcher is the primary subject of this heuristic study, an emerging art therapist,
who represents an individual with a unique blend of personal and professional attributes. Their
journey encompasses a commitment to healing through art, a profound connection to both the
artistic and psychological dimensions of their work, and a dedication to furthering the field of art
therapy. Through an exploration of their personal experiences, perspectives, and growth as an
emerging art therapist, this study aims to shed light on the transformative power of art therapy
and the evolving identity of those who embrace it as a vocation.
Qualitative Research and Heuristic Inquiry

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Qualitative research stands as a fundamental approach in academic inquiry, offering an
interpretive lens for exploring subjective phenomena, behaviors, and experiences (Denzin &
Lincoln, 2018). Heuristic inquiry, a subset of qualitative research, prioritizes the researcher's
personal engagement and introspection, aiming to uncover deeper understanding and insight
(Moustakas, 1990).
In this study, the integration of qualitative research and heuristic inquiry provides a
robust framework to explore how self-reflection through El Duende can affect an emerging art
therapist both professionally and personally. Through in-depth interviews and immersive
observations, this study aims to unravel the complex layers of self-reflection combined with art
therapy and illuminate its underlying intricacies. Incorporating heuristic inquiry allows for a
deeper exploration of personal experiences and reflections, enriching the interpretation of
findings and contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter.
Qualitative research and heuristic inquiry serve as indispensable methodologies for
exploring complex phenomena, enabling researchers to move beyond superficial observations
and elucidate elusive aspects of human experience (Creswell, 2013). This study's integration of
these methodologies seeks to offer nuanced insights into how El Duende and self-reflection can
reveal the beneficial impact of art therapy on the personal and professional development of
budding art therapists, fostering a resilient, empathetic, and fulfilled workforce within the mental
health domain.
Research Design and Data Analysis
The study aims to understand an emerging art therapist’s subjective experiences and
emotional responses influenced by El Duende in their post-session reflections, incorporating both
quantitative elements, such as emotion rating scales, and qualitative descriptions. Over a 10-

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week period, the researcher, a developing art therapist, will actively contribute to El Duende,
documenting each modification or addition in response to impactful sessions. These
contributions will be accompanied by descriptions of the researcher's emotional states before and
after the alterations, providing qualitative insights into the motivations behind the changes.
Thematic analysis will be applied to the intern's reflective data to uncover recurring patterns,
emotional shifts, and the impact attributed to “El Duende.” Additionally, the researcher's
quantitative data on emotional states will undergo statistical analysis, while their qualitative
descriptions will be thematically analyzed to comprehend the emotional responses and reasons
for modifying “El Duende.”
Conclusion
In essence, the methodology section elucidates the intricate approach adopted within this
heuristic research, recognizing the depth and complexity inherent in exploring subjective
experiences. By integrating qualitative research and heuristic inquiry, this study aims to navigate
the profound territory of an emerging art therapist's self-reflection through El Duende. Such
exploration unveils the potential transformative impact of art therapy on personal and
professional development, contributing to the cultivation of a resilient and empathetic workforce
in mental health. Through a comprehensive 10-week journey, the researcher, as both participant
and investigator, seeks to infuse “El Duende” with personal reflections, documenting emotional
states and alterations. This combination of quantitative and qualitative data analysis, supported
by thematic and statistical approaches, aims to decipher the intricate emotional nuances and
motivations behind modifications to “El Duende.” Upholding stringent ethical standards
throughout, this methodology sets the stage for an exploration into the intersection of art therapy,

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self-reflection, and the enigmatic essence of El Duende in shaping the emerging art therapist's
transformative journey.

31

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Section IV: Results
This section serves as a reflective exploration of the researcher's journey through the
realms of practicum and internship in the field of art therapy. Through the lens of art therapy and
the medium of El Duende, the researcher examines the progression of artworks and
accompanying documented words to gain further insight into the researcher's evolving
experience. The integration of visual symbolism, emotional themes, and written reflections offers
a multifaceted glimpse into the researcher's internal landscape, providing a unique understanding
of the challenges, growth, and transformation encountered throughout their training. By closely
examining the progression of artworks and the associated documented words, the researcher
aims to illuminate their personal and professional development, offering valuable insights into
the transformative power of self-expression and introspection in the context of art therapy
practice. Through this reflective journey, the researcher seeks to uncover the rich tapestry of
experiences, emotions, and insights that have shaped their path toward becoming a proficient and
compassionate clinician.
Results
In the results of this heuristic research paper, a nuanced examination of El Duende in art
therapy sessions revealed intricate patterns. Symbolic imagery emerged as a consistent tool for
participants to express complex emotions associated with the elusive concept of El Duende. The
impact of clients and their narratives played a pivotal role in shaping the artistic expressions of
emerging clinicians, showcasing a symbiotic relationship between internal experiences and
external influences. Breakthrough moments in sessions, marked by heightened emotional

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expression and transformative insights, were identified through analysis of session reflections
and documentation of emotions and feelings felt after the session, providing valuable insights
into the dynamic nature of therapeutic progress. The use of self-portraits, both abstract and
realistic, served as a powerful means for participants to symbolize their evolving relationship
with El Duende and highlight the transformative impact of art therapy on personal and
professional growth. Together, these patterns contribute to a deeper understanding of the
complex interplay between symbolic expression, client influence, breakthroughs, and the
transformative impact of practicing art therapy with El Duende.
Figure 1
Figure 1 presents a story-like visual narrative of the researcher's journey during their first
practicum semester, offering a vivid visual reflection on the transformative experience of
transitioning into a clinical role while grappling with personal challenges. The compilation of
images captures the progression of artwork created during this period, illustrating a discernible
evolution reflective of the researcher's developmental journey. As the researcher entered their
practicum semester, characterized by their initial engagement with clients at an internship site,
the artwork portrays a striking contrast between bright and dark colors, symbolizing the
multifaceted nature of their experiences.
This contrast is further accentuated by the documented words such as "journey, growth,
challenge, tired, stress, knowledge, imposter syndrome," which serve as touching markers of the
emotional landscape traversed by the researcher during this period. The juxtaposition of these
words alongside the evolving imagery emphasizes the complexity and depth of the practicum
experience, wherein students confront the intersection of personal and professional growth while
navigating the challenges inherent in transitioning theoretical knowledge into clinical practice.

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The progression of artwork and accompanying words encapsulates the immense growth,
challenges, and uncertainties faced by practicum students as they embark on their journey
towards becoming competent and compassionate clinicians.
Using El Duende as a visual reflection provides a powerful mechanism for tracking
progress and development, as demonstrated in Figure 1. The imagery serves as a tangible
representation of the researcher's internal landscape, capturing the ebbs and flows of their
emotional journey throughout their practicum semester. By engaging with El Duende as a
symbolic conduit for their experiences, the researcher is afforded a unique opportunity to
externalize and contextualize their growth trajectory. As evidenced by the evolution of artwork
in Figure 1, this process enables the researcher to look back at their journey with clarity,
discerning the subtle nuances and pivotal moments that have shaped their professional and
personal development. Moreover, the visual reflection facilitates a deeper understanding of the
impact of various events and experiences, allowing the researcher to pinpoint significant
influences and areas of growth. By engaging in this reflective practice, the researcher can gain
valuable insights into their journey, fostering self-awareness, resilience, and continued growth as
they navigate the complexities of clinical practice.
Figure 2
Figure 2 presents a visual narrative of the researcher's journey during their second
semester of internship, offering insight into their ongoing development as a clinician amidst
heightened personal and professional responsibilities and continued client interaction. The
compilation of images reflects a discernible progression indicative of the researcher's evolving
experiences and internal landscape. As they entered their second semester working with clients at
an internship site, the artwork illustrates a sense of development and growth juxtaposed against

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35

the backdrop of increased stress from professional and personal demands. Recurring symbols
such as eyes, trees/foliage, and a self-portrait hint at a feeling of being stuck in a loop, perhaps
reflecting the cyclical nature of challenges encountered in clinical practice. The contrast in colors
between warm and cool tones further underscores the tension between comfort and stress, with
warmer hues symbolizing moments of growth and progress, while cooler tones convey the
weight of anxiety and fatigue.
Documented words such as "weight, stress, anxiety, imposter syndrome, fatigue, growth,
progress, exploration, and development" provide a verbal narrative that complements the visual
progression, offering insight into the researcher's internal dialogue and emotional landscape. The
juxtaposition of these words alongside the evolving imagery serves to highlight the complex
interplay between personal and professional growth, as well as the ongoing challenges inherent
in the journey toward becoming a proficient clinician. While the researcher exhibits increased
comfort and confidence in their role, evidenced by the themes of growth and progress, the
presence of stress and anxiety suggests the continued navigation of internal and external
pressures.
Overall, Figure 2 encapsulates the researcher's continued journey of self-discovery and
professional development during their second semester of internship. Through the medium of El
Duende, the researcher visually articulates their experiences, allowing for a nuanced exploration
of the complexities and challenges inherent in the clinical practice. By engaging in this reflective
process, the researcher gains valuable insights into their growth trajectory, fostering selfawareness, resilience, and continued evolution as they navigate the dynamic landscape of art
therapy.
Figure 3

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Figure 3 encapsulates the culmination of the researcher's journey with El Duende during
their practicum, offering a reflection on the transformative experiences and emotional
complexities encountered throughout their training. The photograph of the completed El Duende
portrait serves as a powerful visual representation of the researcher's internal landscape, bearing
evidence of pain and resilience amidst the journey of growth and transition. The presence of
band-aids and tears in the portrait hint at the struggles and challenges faced by the researcher,
symbolizing the wounds incurred along the path of professional and personal development.
These physical manifestations of pain suggest that the journey has not been without its
difficulties, yet they also serve as testaments to the researcher's resilience and capacity for
healing.
The documented words accompanying the piece, including "journey, growth, challenges,
exhaustion, stress, relief, development, knowledge," provide further insight into the emotional
and psychological terrain navigated by the researcher. The juxtaposition of these words
highlights the multifaceted nature of the journey, encompassing both the trials and triumphs
experienced along the way. Despite the exhaustion and stress depicted, there is a palpable sense
of relief and development, suggesting a transformative and enriching journey.
The puzzle pattern used as a final overlay on the piece adds an additional layer of
symbolism, perhaps representing the completion and integration of the various pieces of the
researcher's experience. As the final chapter of their practicum closes, the puzzle pattern may
signify the resolution of uncertainties and the attainment of a deeper understanding of self and
practice. Ultimately, Figure 3 serves as a poignant testament to the researcher's growth,
resilience, and capacity for introspection, encapsulating the challenges, triumphs, and profound
insights gleaned from their journey with El Duende.

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Figure 4
Figure 4 presents a profound visual narrative of the researcher's journey during their first
internship, offering a nuanced reflection on the emotional upheavals and personal transitions
experienced during this period of professional development. The photograph of the completed El
Duende portrait serves as an emotional depiction of the researcher's internal turmoil, bearing
evidence of anxiety and sadness amidst the process of transition and change. The portrayal of
anxiety and sadness in the portrait suggests the heightened stress and emotional strain
encountered during this pivotal phase of the researcher's training. These emotions are further
exemplified by the documented words accompanying the piece, including "fatigue, relief, new
chapters, anxiety, change, uncontrollable, grateful, inner peace," which provide insight into the
multifaceted nature of the researcher's internal dialogue and emotional landscape.
The repetition of different symbols such as eyes, foliage, uneven texture, obstacles,
portraits, and faceless portraits within the artwork serve as visual representations of the
researcher's inner turmoil and psychological struggles. These recurring symbols hint at the
pervasive sense of anxiety and uncertainty faced by the researcher during this time, reflecting the
challenges of navigating transitions and confronting unfamiliar experiences. The central portrait,
appearing lost amidst the surrounding symbolism, perhaps symbolizes a sense of disorientation
and identity upheaval as the researcher grapples with the complexities of closing the internship
chapter and embarking on new beginnings.
Overall, Figure 4 encapsulates the researcher's colorful journey of self-discovery and
professional growth during their first internship, offering a compelling glimpse into the
emotional complexities and psychological challenges inherent in the process of transition and
change. Through the medium of El Duende, the researcher visually articulates their innermost

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thoughts and feelings, providing a profound testament to the transformative power of
introspection and self-expression. As the researcher navigates the uncertainties of closing one
chapter and embracing new beginnings, Figure 4 stands as a reminder of their resilience,
courage, and capacity for growth amidst the ever-changing landscape of professional
development.
This would be a good place to address Dirk’s feedback
Therapist Identity Development
Supervision Using El Duende
Burnout Prevention
Transference/Countertransference
Conclusion
In conclusion Figures 1 through 4, and the documented accompanying words, offer an
insightful portrayal of the researcher's transformative journey through the realms of practicum
and internship in the field of art therapy. Through the medium of El Duende, the researcher has
vividly depicted the emotional complexities, personal challenges, and professional growth
experienced throughout their training. From the initial explorations of symbolic imagery and the
impact of client narratives in Figure 1 to the reflections on growth and resilience amidst
increased stress and anxiety in Figures 2, 3, and 4, each artwork serves as a testament to the
researcher's capacity for introspection, resilience, and self-expression. The juxtaposition of visual
symbolism, documented words, and emotional themes provides a rich tapestry of insights into
the researcher's internal landscape, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the therapeutic
journey. As the researcher navigates the complexities of becoming a proficient clinician, these
artworks serve as powerful reminders of their growth, resilience, and ongoing commitment to

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39

personal and professional development. Ultimately, Figures 1 through 4 stand as deep reflections
of the researcher's journey, offering valuable insights into the transformative power of art therapy
and the profound impact of self-reflection in the realm of psychotherapy.

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Section V: Discussion
Add a brief intro paragraph here
Summary of Research
This research explores the transformative journey of a psychotherapy trainee through the
lens of art therapy, focusing on the concept of El Duende as a symbolic representation of
personal and professional growth. Through a heuristic exploration of artworks and
accompanying documented reflections across multiple stages of training, the researcher
illuminates the complex interplay between self-expression, personal development, and clinical
practice. The findings reveal a nuanced progression marked by themes of emotional complexity,
resilience, and self-discovery, as the researcher navigates the challenges and transitions inherent
in psychotherapy training. From the initial exploration of symbolic imagery and client narratives
in practicum to the heightened stress and anxiety experienced during internships, the researcher's
journey unfolds through a rich tapestry of visual symbolism and written reflections. Despite the
limitations inherent in the study, including its subjective nature and small sample size, the
research offers valuable insights into the transformative potential of art therapy within
psychotherapy training. Moving forward, further research could explore the specific mechanisms
underlying the therapeutic benefits of art therapy, as well as its impact on trainee well-being and
clinical practice. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of art
therapy in fostering personal and professional growth among psychotherapy trainees,
highlighting its potential as a valuable tool for enhancing training and promoting self-care in the
mental health professions.
Discussion

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41

This research explores the transformative journey of an art therapy trainee through the
practice of art therapy, focusing on the concept of El Duende as a symbolic representation of
personal and professional growth. Through a heuristic exploration of artworks and
accompanying documented reflections across multiple stages of training, the researcher
illuminates the complex interplay between self-expression, personal development, and clinical
practice. The findings reveal a nuanced progression marked by themes of emotional complexity,
resilience, and self-discovery, as the researcher navigates the challenges and transitions inherent
in art therapy training. From the initial exploration of symbolic imagery and client narratives in
practicum to the heightened stress and anxiety experienced during internships, the researcher's
journey unfolds through a rich tapestry of visual symbolism and written reflections. Despite the
limitations inherent in the study, including its subjective nature and small sample size, the
research offers valuable insights into the transformative potential of art therapy within
psychotherapy training. Moving forward, further research could explore the specific mechanisms
underlying the therapeutic benefits of art therapy, as well as its impact on trainee well-being and
clinical practice. Overall, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of the role of art
therapy in fostering personal and professional growth among psychotherapy trainees,
highlighting its potential as a valuable tool for enhancing training and promoting self-care in the
mental health professions.
Limitations
Several limitations should be considered when interpreting the findings of this study.
Firstly, the reliance on the researcher's subjective interpretation of their own artworks and
accompanying documented words introduces potential bias. While efforts were made to maintain
objectivity through structured analysis methods, the inherently personal nature of art and written

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42

expression may still influence interpretations. Additionally, the sample size is restricted to the
experiences of a single researcher, limiting the generalizability of the findings. The unique
context and individual characteristics of the researcher may not fully represent the diverse
experiences of other psychotherapy trainees. Consequently, caution should be exercised when
extrapolating these findings to broader populations or contexts.
Moreover, the use of El Duende as a medium for self-expression may pose challenges in
standardization and interpretation. The symbolism and imagery utilized in the artworks may hold
personal significance to the researcher, making it difficult to generalize interpretations to a wider
audience. Furthermore, while El Duende offers a rich and evocative mode of expression, its
interpretation can be highly subjective and context-dependent. Variations in cultural background,
personal experiences, and therapeutic orientation may influence the meaning attributed to the
artworks, complicating efforts to draw definitive conclusions.
Another limitation concerns the retrospective nature of the study, which may introduce
recall bias. As the researcher reflects on past experiences and emotions, there is a risk of
selective memory or reinterpretation of events. Additionally, external factors such as personal
circumstances, life events, and concurrent therapeutic interventions may have influenced the
researcher's artistic expression and documented reflections. These contextual factors, while
important to consider, may not always be fully captured or accounted for in the analysis,
potentially confounding the interpretation of findings.
Despite these limitations, this study offers valuable insights into the transformative
potential of art therapy in the context of psychotherapy training. By exploring the researcher's
personal and professional journey through the lens of El Duende, this research sheds light on the
complex interplay between self-expression, personal growth, and professional development.

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Future research endeavors could benefit from larger and more diverse samples, longitudinal
designs, and triangulation of methods to enhance the robustness and generalizability of findings
in this area.
Areas for Further Research
Moving forward, research could delve into the specific factors that influence the efficacy
of art therapy interventions within psychotherapy training programs. By examining variables
such as trainee characteristics, therapist-client dynamics, and session content, researchers can
identify key predictors of treatment outcomes and tailor interventions to optimize effectiveness.
Moreover, exploring the potential synergies between art therapy and other therapeutic
modalities, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or psychodynamic approaches, may offer
valuable insights into integrated treatment approaches that harness the strengths of each modality
to enhance trainee learning and clinical outcomes.
Additionally, there is a need for research that explores the impact of art therapy on trainee
self-care practices and resilience in the face of occupational stressors. Given the high rates of
burnout and emotional exhaustion among mental health professionals, understanding how
engagement with art-making can mitigate the negative effects of stress and promote well-being is
essential. By investigating the mechanisms through which art therapy fosters self-awareness,
emotional regulation, and coping skills, researchers can develop targeted interventions to support
trainees in maintaining their mental health and thriving in their professional roles. Overall,
further research in these areas has the potential to inform evidence-based practices and
interventions that enhance the training and well-being of art therapy professionals and students.

Conclusion

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In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the transformative journey of
a psychotherapy trainee through the lens of art therapy, focusing on the concept of El Duende as
a symbolic representation of personal and professional growth. Through a heuristic exploration
of artworks and accompanying documented reflections, the study illuminates the complex
interplay between self-expression, emotional exploration, and clinical practice. The findings
underscore the nuanced trajectory of the trainee's journey, marked by themes of emotional
complexity, resilience, and self-discovery across multiple stages of training. Despite limitations
such as the subjective nature of interpretation and a small sample size, this study contributes to a
deeper understanding of the transformative potential of art therapy within psychotherapy
training.
The implications of this research extend beyond the confines of the study, offering
insights into the role of art therapy in fostering personal and professional development among
psychotherapy trainees. By highlighting the therapeutic benefits of art therapy in promoting selfawareness, emotional regulation, and coping skills, this study underscores the importance of
incorporating creative modalities into psychotherapy training curricula. Moving forward, further
research endeavors could explore the specific mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of
art therapy, as well as its impact on trainee well-being and clinical practice.
Overall, this study emphasizes the importance of integrating art therapy into
psychotherapy training programs as a means of enhancing trainee learning, personal growth, and
professional development. By harnessing the transformative power of creative expression,
psychotherapy trainees can cultivate resilience, self-awareness, and empathy, ultimately
becoming more effective and compassionate clinicians in the field of mental health.References
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Figure 1
Practicum El Duende Progression by Janelle Tedmon

Note: Chronological compilation of El Duende artwork over a 16-week period during a
practicum semester. Changes were photographed and documented at each alteration, resulting in
a visual representation of the piece's evolution from inception to completion.

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ART THERAPY

48

Figure 2
Internship 1 El Duende Progression by Janelle Tedmon

Note: Chronological compilation of El Duende artwork over a 16-week period during Internship
1. Changes were photographed and documented at each alteration, resulting in a visual
representation of the piece's evolution from inception to completion.

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ART THERAPY

Figure 3
Practicum El Duende by Janelle Tedmon

Note: This image portrays the completed El Duende from the practicum.

49

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN ART THERAPY

Figure 4
Internship 1 El Duende by Janelle Tedmon

Note: This image portrays the completed El Duende from Internship 1.

50