THE EFFECT OF MAGNETIC AND HOLOGRAM BRACELETS ON BALANCE

A THESIS
Submitted to the Faculty of the School of Graduate Studies
and Research
of
California University of Pennsylvania in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science

by
Randy Moss Jr.

Research Advisor, Dr. Thomas F. West
California, Pennsylvania
2013

ii

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

First and foremost, I would like to thank God, for
all of the many blessing and opportunities he has placed
upon me in life. Secondly, I would like to thank all of my
professors at California University of Pennsylvania,
especially Dr. Thomas F. West. Without their guidance and
patience the process of this thesis would have been a much
more grueling process. I would also like to thank them all
for the education and learning opportunities, and simply
the possibility of attending California University of
Pennsylvania to obtain my Masters Degree in Athletic
Training.
I would also like to thank my family for raising me in
an environment that has allowed me to grow as an individual
and a professional. I want to give a special thanks to my
mother, for instilling my morals and beliefs, which has
allowed me to become a successful individual in my eyes. I
want to also thank my girlfriend and close friends for all
of the support and motivation at times of need during this
past year away.
I would also like to thank my undergraduate school as
a whole; Cumberland University for the education needed in
order to chase my dreams. I would like to give a special
thanks to a select few from Cumberland University; Danny

Rogers, James Meadows, Katie Arnold, and La Keisha Fair

iv

for helping me grow as a professional and individual
throughout my undergraduate career. Without these four
individuals motivation, I would have never became the
Athletic Trainer I am today, nor would I have ever had the
possibilities for all of the great opportunities I have
been able to experience.
Lastly, I want to thank my fellow graduate classmates
for all of the memories and great times. You all made the
process of leaving home and graduate school much easier for
me, and the relationships that I have gained with a select
few will always be strong. I hope success for you all and
look forward to seeing the direction everyone goes. Good
luck to everyone and again, thank you for all of the
support and help.

v

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
SIGNATURE PAGE

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii

LIST OF FIGURES .
INTRODUCTION
METHODS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Research Design
Subjects

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Preliminary Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Instruments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
Procedures

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Hypothesis

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Data Analysis
RESULTS

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Demographic Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Hypothesis Testing

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Discussion of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

APPENDIX A: Review of Literature

. . . . . . . . 26

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Muscle and Hologram Therapy . . . . . . . . . . 27
Definition

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chronic Pain . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . 31

Other Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Balance

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Sensory Components of Balance
Types of Balance

. . . . . . 41

. . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Psychological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Placebo Affect

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
APPENDIX B: The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Basic Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Limitations of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . 51
APPENDIX C: Additional Methods .

. . . . . . . . 52

Institutional Review Board Approval (C1) . . . . . . 53
Individual Data Collection Sheet (C2) . . . . . . 55
References
ABSTRACT

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

vi

vii

LIST OF TABLES

Table
1

Title

Page

Means of Time To Stabilization For Bracelet
Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

1
INTRODUCTION

Alternative medicine, is defined as all healing
modalities that are not part of mainstream medicine;1 the
use of alternative medicine has dramatically increased in
the past five years, introducing many new ideas for people
looking for treatment, other than going directly to a
doctor. With today’s economy, people all over the world are
looking for inexpensive alternative methods for treatment,
with treatments like magnetic and hologram therapy at the
top of the list. Many magnetic and hologram therapy product
companies make claims of improved flexibility, strength,
balance, and over all well-being while having little, if
any, evidence to support their claims. The purpose of this
study is to examine whether magnetic or hologram therapy
truly has a positive effect upon an individual’s balance
when being worn versus when the product is not being worn.
Although magnetic and hologram therapy in the form of
bracelets has been a growing form of alternative medicine,
there has been minimal research performed on either,
especially hologram therapy. There are many claims by
subjects who have used magnetic therapy as a secondary
medicine and experienced amazing, if not miraculous results
by using this form of medicine. Magnets are more commonly

2
used to treat pain and have been promoted for the
following: headaches, carpal tunnel syndrome, soft tissue
sprains, joint pain, phantom limb pain, fibromyalgia, and
chronic pelvic pain.2 These individuals received various
types of treatment with magnetic therapy in order to treat
their allotted illness or condition, and many of the
subjects experienced positive effects that reduced pain,
increased range of motion, and allowed them to participate
again in their everyday life.3-7 However, other studies have
been performed in the past that do not support the effects
of magnetic therapy.9 These studies specifically show that
magnetic therapy had very minimal effects, if any at all on
different conditions and illnesses.
Hologram therapy is an alternative therapy that has
not been researched as heavily as magnetic. The evidence to
support the effects of hologram therapy is very limited,
however the small amount of research that has been
performed has unsupportive comments and results related to
the efficacy of hologram therapy.9,10 These articles mainly
look at the effects of hologram therapy upon balance,
flexibility, and strength and their results state that the
effects were not significant, however they state more
testing needs to be performed. Even with the articles
demonstrating no effect with hologram therapy, the

3
popularity of the bracelets has sky rocketed with the
general public, as well as with professional athletes of
all sports.
With the popularity of this new found technology that
has been placed in bracelets, necklaces and other devices,
research needs to be performed in order to show evidence
that either supports or rejects the claims that are made by
the companies producing this merchandise; as well as the
numerous claims made from professional athletes, and the
general public. The research for both forms of therapy is
limited, while these companies are making claims that these
bracelets can improve a persons overall performance,
including their strength, flexibility, and balance.11 With
these claims many athletes of all ages are purchasing these
devices in order to get an edge on the field and to perform
at their highest level possible. With all these claims
arise many questions, however people are still buying these
bracelets no matter the lack of supportive evidence
available.
Today’s athletes are trying harder then ever to
improve their performance by any means necessary. With the
athletic world becoming more and more competitive, and
athletes becoming bigger, stronger, and faster everyday,
athletes are willing to take, or wear anything in order to

4
gain an edge. Magnetic and hologram bracelets have exploded
on the athletic scene for the believed increases in
performance they possess, and many professional athletes of
today are being seen wearing and endorsing these bracelets.
With the popularity of magnetic and hologram bracelets, and
the allotted claims that are being made about these devices
many people are wondering if they truly have a positive
effect upon the human body. The purpose of this study is to
examine the effects that magnetic and/or hologram bracelets
have upon human balance.

5
METHODS

The primary purpose of this study was to examine the
effect that Magnetic and/or Hologram bracelets have upon
balance. The following section includes the following
subsections:

research design, subjects, instruments,

procedures, hypotheses, and data analysis.

Research Design

This research was a quasi-experimental, within
subjects, repeated measures design.
variable will be bracelet condition.

The independent
The condition will

have four levels, Hologram bracelet, Magnetic bracelet,
Placebo bracelet, and no bracelet.

The dependent variable

will be time to stabilization measured by the force
platform. Time to stabilization was the point when the
subjects weight was within 5% above or below their starting
weight, which was then held for at least .5 seconds. The
force platform assesses balance by measuring the pressure
that was distributed across the subject’s foot after they
completed the task, such as jumping from a box onto the
force platform. By using the force platform the researcher
was able to see how quickly a person can recover from a

6
dynamic movement and regain their balance. This
instrumentation potentially allowed the researcher to see
the effects of each bracelet by collecting data and
evaluating the amount of movement the individual made in
order to regain their balance, as well as the time it took
them to do so.

Subjects

The subjects that were used for this study will be 2530 able volunteers, male and female, from California
University of Pennsylvania. Subjects will be volunteer
students enrolled in health-science courses, which will
allow the clinician to reach these students via in class
announcement.

All subjects verified if they have any known

allergies to any of the materials that will be used during
the research, such as silicone, cotton, and any metals by
completing the demographic questionnaire prior to testing,
as well as an informed consent form stating they were aware
of the risks involved and were able to complete the testing
exercise. Only eligible subjects were able to participate
in the study, a qualifying individual was one who is
physically fit and able to perform the desired exercise or
task. Exclusions that withheld any individual from

7
participation in the study was an individual who has
suffered from a concussion in the past six months, was
suffering from any lower or upper extremity injury at the
time of testing that could possibly affect the results of
the test, anyone who suffered from chronic instability in
any lower extremity joint, and anyone who suffered from any
visual, vestibular and/or balance issues. All subjects were
required to complete a demographic sheet prior to testing
to determine their eligibility.
Each subject was required to participate in one 45minute testing session. All subjects in the study signed an
Informed Consent Form prior to participation in the study.
The Institutional Review Board at California University of
PA approved the study prior to any data collection.

Each

participant’s identity remained confidential and was not be
included in the study.

Preliminary Research

There was a pilot study conducted with this research
project.

Volunteers who met the appropriate guidelines,

with no aforementioned allergies, were used to review the
protocol.
procedures.

The subjects performed all of the testing
The researcher was looking for the subject’s

8
ability to understand directions, the ability of the
subject to perform the allotted testing task, and the
effort that the subject put fourth during each trail in
order to assure consistent performances. Data was collected
on the data collection sheet (Appendix C2).

Instruments

In this research there were three different bracelets
used in order to evaluate the effectiveness of each; there
was one hologram bracelet (Power Balance), one magnetic
bracelet, one placebo bracelet, and there was a trial with
no bracelet. The test subjects were all required to wear
their own tennis shoes in order to test, and was not
allowed to test if they were not wearing acceptable
footwear that would be worn during normal physical
activity. Along with the bracelets, a black cotton
compression band was used in order to cover each bracelet
to keep the condition unknown to the test subject. The
bracelets were hidden from sight by placing them inside of
the compression band, while it still allowed the clinician
to easily slide the bracelet and compression band upon the
wrist during testing. In addition to the bracelets, the
force platform was used, along with its software that

9
assessed balance by measuring the pressure that it
distributed across the subjects foot after they completed a
task, such as jumping from one foot to the other onto the
force platform.
The Force Platform (Advanced Mechanical Technology,
Inc., 176 Waltham St. Watertown, MA, 02472-4800, AMTI
Serial #- 5386 Model Number- OR6-7-2000, Type- High
Frequency) was used as a landing point for each trial of
the bound test. AMTINetForce (Copyright 1999 Advanced
Mechanical Technology, Inc., 176 Waltham St. Watertown, MA
02472-4800) was a software application that ran the system
for the force platform. Calibration, platform zeroing and
the testing trials were run through this software. It
allowed correction for body weight, start and stop each
trial, and rerun trials if necessary. The Biosoft(Copyright
2004 Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc., 176 Waltham St.
Watertown, MA 02472-4800) software program was used in
conjunction with the force platform and AMTINetForce. After
running each trial through AMTINetForce, data was
reconfigured and accessed through Biosoft. Biosoft provided
raw data, graphical analysis and charted comparison between
trials. In conjunction with Biosoft, Excel was also used in
order to see when each subject reestablished balance, by
highlighting the collected data that was within 5% above

10
and below the subjects weight. This range had to be
highlighted for a minimum of a half of second in order to
assume balance had been reestablished. SPSS version 18.0
was then used to find the mean balance score for each
condition.
Once each individual, with all three bracelets, had
completed all the test trails, the data was then compared
to see if any, if not all the bracelets had an effect upon
human balance.

Procedures

Each subject was screened for any disqualifying
factors and only qualifying individuals were able to move
forward in the testing process. After screening, test
subjects were brought in, one at a time, and they began the
experiment. Each participant was shown the desired action,
a single leg bound onto the force platform, by jumping from
one foot (non-dominate foot) to the opposite foot (dominate
foot) of a distance of 90cm(3ft); trying to reestablish
balance as quickly as possible once they had made contact
with the force plate. The dominance of the subjects’ foot
was decided upon testing, by asking each subject which foot
they would kick a soccer ball with. The subject then

11
performed the task, as many times as necessary until they
decided they were comfortable with the task, which also
reduced any learning effect and familiarized the individual
with the task. Once the subject felt comfortable with the
desired action, testing then began. Each testing condition
was performed three times, and the average was taken to
decide the final score for each condition.
Each subject was tested under a randomized order of
each condition, no bracelet, hologram bracelet, magnetic
bracelet, placebo bracelet. After all scores had been
averaged, and the final score was obtained, the researcher
then compared the data scores to see if there was any
significant effect upon balance under any of the tested
conditions.

Hypothesis

The following hypothesis was based on previous
research and the researcher’s intuition based on a review
of the literature:

There will be an effect upon balance with each of the
bracelet conditions (placebo bracelet, no bracelet,
magnet bracelet, hologram bracelet).

12
Data Analysis

SPSS version 18.0 was utilized to analyze the data and
perform hypothesis testing.

A one-way repeated measure

ANOVA was calculated to examine differences in score
averages due to bracelet condition. An alpha level of α ≤
.05 will be utilized for hypothesis testing.

13
RESULTS

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects
of magnetic and hologram bracelets on balance. The
following section contains the data that was collected
during this study.

Demographic Information

Twenty-three active, able volunteers, male and female,
from California University of Pennsylvania volunteered to
participate in the study. The volunteers were made up of 9
males and 14 females that had no disqualifying factors. All
23 subjects completed the testing successfully. The age
ranges for the participants were from 18 years of age, up
to 26 years of age. During analysis, any trials where the
subject did not return to a balanced state were discarded.
If the subject had two or more trials discarded under the
same condition then their data was not used in the final
analysis. The data from four subjects was disqualified from
further examination for this reason, leaving a total of 18
subjects. Therefore, only 18 subjects qualified to have
their data analyzed further.

14
Hypothesis Testing

The following hypothesis was tested for this study.
The hypothesis was tested at the .05 alpha level.

1. There will be an effect upon balance with each of
the bracelet conditions (placebo bracelet, no
bracelet, magnet bracelet, hologram bracelet).

A one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance
(ANOVA) was performed comparing the effect of the
independent variables, Power Balance bracelet, magnetic
bracelet, placebo bracelet, and no bracelet on the time to
stabilization.
The mean time to stabilization scores can be found in
Table 1. No significant difference was found
(F(3,51)=0.434, p>.05). No significant difference exists
among bracelet conditions, Power Balance bracelet (m=0.566,
sd=0.2014), Magnetic-Copper bracelet (m=0.622, sd=0.3031),
placebo bracelet (m=0.608, sd=0.1996), and no bracelet
(m=0.617, sd=0.2093) means. The recording of these findings
report that magnetic and holograms bracelets have no
significant effect on balance, resulting in no negative or
positive benefits of the application of these bracelets.

15

Table 1: Means of Time to Stabilization for Bracelet
Conditions
Group
Time to
Standard
Stabilization
Deviation
Mean (s)
Power Balance
.566
.2014
Magnetic
Bracelet

.622

.3031

Placebo
Bracelet

.608

.1996

No Bracelet

.617

.2093

16

DISCUSSION

This study examined the effect of several different
therapeutic bracelets on a balance task. This section will
discuss the results of the study in light of the research
in this area. The following section is divided into three
subsections: Discussion of results, conclusions, and
recommendations for further research.

Discussion of Results

Magnetic and hologram therapy in the form of bracelets
has been a tremendously growing form of alternative
medicine in the recent years, even though minimal research
has been performed on either modality, especially hologram
therapy. There are many claims by subjects who have used
magnetic therapy as a secondary medicine and experienced
amazing, if not miraculous results by using this form of
medicine.
It was hypothesized that there would be an effect upon
balance with each of the bracelet conditions (control, no
bracelet, magnet bracelet, hologram bracelet) using the
force platform and AMTI NetForce® software application to

17
run the force platform. Calibration, platform zeroing and
the testing trials were run through this software. It
allowed correction for body weight, start and stop of each
trial, and the ability to rerun trials if necessary. The
Biosoft® software program was also used in conjunction with
the force platform and AMTI NetForce. After running each
trial through AMTI NetForce, data was reconfigured and
accessed through Biosoft. Biosoft provided raw data,
graphical analysis and charted comparison between trials.
Magnets are commonly used to treat pain and have been
promoted for the following: headaches, carpal tunnel
syndrome, soft tissue sprains, joint pain, phantom limb
pain, fibromyalgia, and chronic pelvic pain.2 These
individuals received various types of treatment with
Magnetic therapy in order to treat their allotted illness
or condition, and many of the subjects experienced positive
effects that reduced pain, increased range of motion, and
allowed them to participate again in their everyday life.3-7
Hologram therapy is an alternative therapy that has
not been researched as heavily as magnetic. There is little
evidence to support the effects of hologram therapy on
balance, however the small amount of research that has been
performed has unsupportive comments and results about
hologram bracelets effects on balance.9,10 These articles

18
primarily examine the effects of hologram therapy upon
balance, flexibility, and strength and their results state
that the effects were not significant, however they state
more testing needs to be performed. Even with the articles
demonstrating no effect with hologram therapy, the
popularity of the bracelets has sky rocketed with the
general public, as well as with professional athletes of
all sports.
The results of this study showed no significant change
in performance among the 4 bracelet conditions (Power
Balance, Magnetic, Placebo, and No bracelet). The lack of
any significant effect supports the few articles that
looked at Power Balance bracelets (hologram bracelets)
effect upon balance. There was no previous research found
on the effect of balance due to magnetic bracelets.
Pothier et al16 and Verdan et al17 both have examined
the potential effects of the Power Balance bracelet.
Pothier et al16 studied the effect of the Power balance
bracelet upon the normal population’s balance. A
prospective, single blind, randomized, triple placebocontrolled crossover study was conducted. Recruits
underwent measurement and gave subjective feedback for each
of four band conditions: no band, a standard silicone
wristband band, a deactivated Power Balance Bracelet, and

19
the Power Balance Bracelet. The participants where
illegible males or females age over 18, naive to the use of
any balance augmentation devices, and having normal
vestibular function as assessed by the history and a full
neurologic examination. The modified Clinical Test of
Sensory Interaction on Balance (mCTSIB) was used to obtain
objective data on stability using a force-plate to measure
the PL and root mean square (RMS) measurements of sway. The
Wii Balance Board in conjunction with BalanceWorkshop
software was used to calculate these variables from raw
force-plate data. This study suggests that the Power
Balance Silicone Wristband has no effect on balance in the
healthy population. Although this study seems suitably
powered, further work is needed to confirm these results.
Verdan et al17 also performed a study testing the Power
Balance Bracelet and it effects upon strength, flexibility,
and balance. The subjects’ strength and flexibility were
measured using the MicroFit system; Strength was measured
via a bicep curl and flexibility via the sit-and-reach
method. Balance was measured by the BIODEX system. The test
subjects where tested with 4 different conditions for the
balance test: eyes open on a firm surface, eyes closed on a
firm surface, eyes open on a foam surface, and eyes closed
on a foam surface. There were 24 test subjects total, 10

20
men and 14 women, that were tested in a counterbalanced,
double-blind, placebo, controlled test. Each subject
performed each test 3 times, once with the Power Balance
Bracelet, then the placebo, and then no band. The results
of this study showed no significant difference in strength,
flexibility, or balance with regard to the treatments used.
Based on the findings of these studies, and the
results of this study, the belief that Power Balance
bracelets can have an effect upon balance cannot be
supported by scientific research. All three studies were
performed in a similar manner, and the results for all of
these studies showed there was no significant difference in
balance while wearing the Power Balance bracelet.
As stated previously, there has been no research found
exploring the effects of magnetic bracelets upon balance.
With the results found in this study, there is no evidence
to support the hypothesis that there would be an effect
upon balance due to magnetic bracelets.

21
Conclusion

The results of this study showed no significant
difference upon balance when wearing and of the bracelet
conditions. With the results of this study, one could not
recommend hologram or magnetic bracelets for any athlete,
or general person, to enhance or improve their balance. If
an athlete were to ask an athletic trainer, or any other
type of clinician about the effects of hologram or magnetic
bracelets, one could use this study to show that the
bracelets have no performance enhancement abilities
concerning bracelets.

Recommendations

The following recommendation should be considered to
expand upon this research:
Recommendations for this study would to possibly
perform the same research on the Biodex Balance System in
place of the Force Platform. This would take out human
error from the participants and would allow the researcher
to have a more controlled study, with less factors
affecting the results, such as making sure the participant
jumps the same height and way each time. The Biodex Balance

22
System would allow a controlled platform for the athlete to
stand on, and would limit the possibility of human testing
error due to differing levels of effort from the subjects.

23
REFERENCES

1.

Barnes P, Bloom P. Complementary and Alternative
Medicine Use Among Adults and Children. National
Health Statistics Reports. 2007;12:1-24.

2.

Ratterman R, Secrest J, Norwood B, Ch’ien AP. Magnet
Therapy: Whats the Attraction? J Am Assoc Nurse Pract.
2002;14(8):347-353.

3.

Weintraub MI, Cole SP. Randomized Controlled Trail of
the Effects of Static and Dynamic Magnetic Fields on
Carpel Tunnel Syndrome. Pain Medicine. 2008;9(5):493504.

4.

Hinman MR, Ford J, Heyl H. Effects of Static Magnets
on Chronic Knee Pain and Physical Function.
Alternative Therapies. 2002;8(4):50-55.

5.

Harlow T, Greaves C, White A. Patients Who Wore
Standard Magnetic Bracelets Reported Reduced Pain from
Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee Compared with
Patients Wearing Placebo Bracelets. Evidence Based
Nursing. 2005;8:89.

6.

Harlow T, Greaves C, White A, Brown L, Hart A,
Randomized EE. Magnets Attractive As An Additional
Treatment Option in Osteoarthritis. Journal of the
Australian Traditional-Medicine Society.
2005;11(3):125.

7.

Kanai S, Taniguchi N, Okano H. Effect of
Magnetotherapeutic Device on Pain Associated with Neck
and Shoulder Stiffness. Alternative Therapies.
2011;16(6):46-48.

8.

Mikesky AE, Hayden MW. Effect of Static Magnetic
Therapy On Recovery from Delayed Onset Muscle
Soreness. Physical Therapy in Sport. 2006:188-194.

9.

Pothier D, Thiel G, Khoo S, Dillon W, Sulway S, Rutka
J. Efficacy of the Power Balance Silicone Wristband: A
Single-Blind, Randomized, Triple Placebo-Controlled
Study. Am J Otolaryngol -- Head & Neck Surgery. June
2012;41(3):153-159.

24

10.

Verdan P, Marzilli T, Gosselin K, et al. Effect of the
power balance® band on static balance, hamstring
flexibility, and arm strength in adults. J Strength
Cond Res / National Strength & Conditioning
Association. August 2012;26(8):2113-2118.

11.

Power Balance performance technology. Available at:
www.powerbalance.com. 2012.

25

APPENDICES

26

APPENDIX A
Review of Literature

27

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Alternative Medicine, is defined as all healing
modalities that are not part of mainstream medicine28, and
these forms of medicine has dramatically increased in the
past five years, introducing many new ideas for people
looking for treatment other than going directly to a
doctor. With today’s economy, people all over the world are
looking for cheap alternative ways for treatment, with
Magnetic and Hologram Therapy being at the top of the list.
However, many magnetic and hologram therapy products make
claims of improved flexibility, strength, balance, and over
all well being without having any evidence to support their
claims. The purpose of this study is to examine whether
magnetic or hologram therapy truly has a positive effect
upon an individual’s balance when being worn versus when
the product is not being worn.

Magnetic and Hologram Therapy

Definition
A growing trend in today’s health care is the use of
alternative or secondary therapies by individuals suffering

28
from a wide range of injuries and disorders. Alternative
therapies have been used for centuries, yet only recently
has the use of these therapies significantly increased in
Western Cultures.1 Magnet therapy is one such alternative
therapy gaining increasing recognition in the United States
today that has rapidly grown over the past few years. The
therapeutic use of magnets dates to ancient times, when the
Greeks, Egyptians, and Chinese all recorded healing powers
associated with the earth’s magnetic field.8 Patients today
use magnetic therapy by placing various types and forms of
magnets along their body in order to treat their illness or
injury. Magnets have been shown to relieve stress, combat
infections, prevent seizures, reduce pain, and accelerate
the healing time of bone fractures and post-surgical
wounds.2
In order for magnetic therapy to have an effect upon
the body there is an interaction that occurs with the
magnetic field. Magnetic fields are composed of the areas
of energy produced by the permanent magnet and are created
by the motion of elections in the atom of the magnet
material, such as iron or nickel.3 These fields remain still
and constant and are not pulsating in nature, such as with
electromagnetism, which combines constantly moving, or
pulsating electric currents with magnetism.1 The direction

29
in which the electrons are spinning in the atom determines
the polarity, or charge of the magnet and are referred to
as “positive” or “negative” and “north” or “south.”3 When
electrons spin to the right, a northern polarity and
negative charge are created, and to the left, a southern
polarity and positive charge.4
All magnets consist of two poles in which similar
poles repel on another, while opposing poles attract.2 These
poles are thought to have differing effects on the human
body.5 The northern pole is considered negative magnetic
energy and is believed to normalize and calm the body. Some
of the many proposed actions of the northern polarity
include reducing fluid retention, increasing cellular
oxygen, reducing inflammation, and normalizing acid base
balance. The southern pole is made up of positive magnetic
energy and is credited for causing an overstimulation
response. Effects of southern polarity, such as increasing
intracellular edema, decreasing cellular oxygen, increasing
inflammation, and causing more acidity in pH levels.1
Hologram therapy has caught its popularity in the
recent years and with this comes a very small amount of
research to back it theory and effects. Research to explain
what hologram therapy truly is, and the effects that it
carries along with it is very limited, basically non-

30
existent. The leading manufacture of hologram bracelets,
Power Balance, states that the thin polyester film hologram
is programmed through a proprietary process, which is
designed to mimic Eastern philosophies that have been
around for hundreds of years.18 Power Balance does not state
any other information among their website stating what is
actually done to the holograms or bracelets, or even the
effects that the bracelets will have upon a person.18
However, Rein suggests that duplicating the natural dynamic
frequency patterns within an externally applied
electromagnetic field carrier could be used to treat the
body of various illnesses and conditions.19 With Reins’
statements, one can believe that by placing a
electromagnetic field carrier, such as a Power Balance
bracelet, could have an affect upon the body. Although the
effects of holograms is a controversial topic, and research
is limited to support the claims by many of the hologram
bracelet producing companies, the popularity of these
bracelets has drastically grown since their introduction to
the public. Professional Athletes have been the most vital
promoter of these bracelets and could be the reason for
their popularity, even without any research available to
support the claims by the companies.

31
Chronic Pain
One of the leading uses for magnetic and hologram
therapy is for the reduction of pain in individuals who
suffer from acute pain, as well as chronic. Magnets are
more commonly used to treat pain and have been promoted for
the following: headaches, carpal tunnel syndrome, soft
tissue sprains, joint pain, phantom limb pain,
fibromyalgia, and chronic pelvic pain.1
One particular study evaluated the effectiveness of
magnet therapy for treatment of wrist pain attributed to
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome. They conducted a double-blind
placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial in which 30
patients with pain, due to carpal tunnel syndrome had
either a 1000 gauss magnet or a placebo metal disk applied
to the carpal tunnel area using a Velcro wrap for a period
of 45 minutes. Pain was measured on a visual analogue scale
using 0 and 10 as anchors.6 The results of this specific
study reported that out of the 160 patients who were
contacted by mail, 45 replied. 38 qualified for
participation, and 30 patients completed the 45-minute
treatment protocol: 15 with a magnetic device and 15 with a
placebo. The age of each participate did not vary greatly,
nor did the presenting symptoms including numbness,
tingling, burning, and pain. There were no men in the

32
magnet group and only 4 in the placebo group.6 The delivery
of a unipolar static magnetic field through a magnetized
device that was directly applied to the point of greatest
wrist pain resulted in no significant difference in relief
of pain when compared with an identical placebo device.
However, both magnet and placebo produced a significant
decrease in pain during the 45-minute application that was
still detectable at the 2-week follow-up. The decrease in
pain observed in both experimental and control groups could
be attributed to a variety of causes. Most likely, this is
a placebo effect due to the patients’ belief in the
efficacy of the device. Also it is possible that pressure
over the pain, due to application of the bracelet, somehow
reduces the amount of pain experienced.6 Although the
researchers of this study state that magnets were not
effective in treatment of pain due to carpal tunnel
syndrome, they did have evidence that pain was reduced
greatly during the application time of the magnets, as well
as the placebo.
Weintraub et al12 also looked into the effects that
magnetic therapy had upon carpal tunnel syndrome. The
researchers wanted to look into whether or not the
combination of simultaneous static and time-varying dynamic
magnetic field stimulation to the wrist for four hours a

33
day, for two months, could reduce the pain patients with
carpal tunnel syndrome suffer from. Thirty-six random
volunteers who suffered from CTS were included in the
study. The results demonstrated that the treatment
performed provided a significant short- and long- term pain
reduction and mild improvement in objective neuronal
functions.
Another set of researchers performed a study upon the
effect of static magnets on chronic knee pain and if they
could improve physical function in a specific group.7 Fortyseven subjects with chronic knee pain in one or both knee
joints were recruited from various patient clinics at an
academic health science center and from the local
community. No specific radiological or laboratory data were
used to diagnose the subjects underlying pathology;
however, all subjects reported a physician had told them
that their knee pain was degenerative in nature due to
previous trauma or osteoarthritis. Subjects where then
assigned either to a magnet group or a placebo group, where
the magnet group then wore a pad over their knee that
contained four unipolar magnets, with the negative side
against the patients skin, while the placebo group wore the
same device without the magnets implanted. They were
instructed to wear these devices for 2 weeks and were

34
instructed to keep log of how long they wore the device
each day. The results suggest that subjects who applied
static magnets around their painful knee joints experienced
enough pain relief to enable them to perform functional
activities with less difficulty. However, most of the
subjects in the placebo group experienced little to no
change in their pain and function over the two-week period.
This case suggests that the use of magnets for chronic knee
pain and physical dysfunction is a beneficial alternative
treatment for suffering individuals.
Magnetic therapy has also been shown to have positive
effects upon individuals who suffer from osteoarthritis in
their hips in knees. Harlow et al9 were interested in if
magnetic bracelets reduce pain in patients with
osteoarthritis of the hip and knee. They chose to perform a
randomized controlled trial with 194 patients between the
ages of 45-80 with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. 66
patients were given strong magnet bracelets to wear, 64
were given weak bracelets, and another 64 patients were
given a placebo bracelet. The outcomes showed that the
patients who wore the magnets experienced less limb pain,
less stiffness and more functioning, showing that magnetic
bracelets lower pain in patients with osteoarthritis in the
knee or hip.9

35
Harlow et al10 also performed a study that was a
randomized controlled trial set in England. They gathered
results from 193 participants by randomly giving 65 a
standard magnet, 64 a weak magnet, and 64 received a dummy
non-magnetic steel washer. The results showed no
significant differences in the baseline characteristics
between the three groups. However, there was also a
manufacturing error that caused the weak magnets to be to
strong during the study and only 28 out of the 64
qualified.
Richmond et al11 also had a goal to find out the
effectiveness of a typical magnetic wrist strap for
reducing pain and stiffness, and for improving physical
functioning in patients with osteoarthritis. They performed
a randomized double blind, placebo-controlled crossover
trial where each patient wore four devices over a 16-week
period. Forty-five patients where chosen and where given a
commercially available magnetic wrist strap, a weak
magnetic wrist strap, a demagnetized wrist strap, and a
copper bracelet and monitored. The results that were
gathered from the test showed no obvious results that any
bracelet affected the level of pain that the patients’
felt.

36
Other Uses
Magnetic and hologram can also be used for other
disorders, illnesses, and injuries other than chronic pain.
Porcari et al.13 performed a study specifically about the
hologram bracelet, Power balance, to test the claims that
the hologram bracelets could improve overall well-being.42
NCAA athletes completed four tests where they completed two
trails of each test; trunk flexibility, balance, strength,
and vertical jump. In one test the subjects wore a Power
Balance bracelet, and in the second test they wore a
placebo bracelet without knowing. The results of the data
collected showed there was no significant difference in
flexibility, balance, strength, or vertical jump height
between the Power Balance and placebo conditions. The study
finds that according to these tests there is no evidence
that supports the claims that Power Balance makes.
Mikesky et al14 performed a study that evaluated the
effect of static magnetic therapy on the pain associated
with delayed onset muscle soreness. The study performed was
a double blind, placebo-controlled study that evaluated 10
males and 10 females, between the ages of 18-32, who were
untrained but healthy. Subjects performed two sets of 25
maximal eccentric elbow flexion repetitions on an
isokinetic dynamometer to induce muscular soreness. Once

37
they were done performing the exercise the individuals
where then randomly assigned to magnetic or placebo
treatment by wearing an armband for the next 7 days. The
results showed no significant differences between magnetic
and placebo control arms were noted for any of the outcome
measures. Results indicate that static magnetic therapy had
no effect on the pain associated with DOMS nor did it speed
recovery when compared to a placebo control.
Kanai et al15 wanted to examine the effectiveness of a
neck-type magnetotherapy device on 62 patients. The
patients were randomly assigned to receive treatment with
the MT device or a non-MT device. All patients that where
in the study received treatment for 7 days and the results
showed that patients, who were treated with MT device, had
significant pain relief after three hour of beginning the
treatment. These results supports that MT can reduce neck
pain and stiffness and is a successful treatment option for
anyone experiencing neck pathologies.
Pothier et al16 aimed a study to determine whether the
Power Balance Bracelet (Hologram therapy) affected
objective and subjective measures of balance in the normal
population. A prospective, single blind, randomized, triple
placebo- controlled crossover study was conducted. Recruits
underwent measurement and gave subjective feedback for each

38
of four band conditions: no band, a standard silicone
wristband band, a deactivated Power Balance Bracelet, and
the Power Balance Bracelet. Participants acted as their own
controls. The participants where normal males or females
age over 18, naive to the use of any balance augmentation
devices, and normal vestibular function as assessed by the
history and a full neurologic examination. Exclusion
criteria included the following: a serious, unstable
medical illness or any concomitant major medical or
neurologic illness; pregnant women; a history of external,
middle, or inner ear pathology; signs of active ear
disease; and latex or any rubber allergy. Patients were
recruited from responses to advertisements in the Toronto
General Hospital. Informed consent was taken from all
participants. The study was given approval by the
University Health Network Research Ethics Boards. The
modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction on Balance
(mCTSIB) was used to obtain objective data on stability
using a force-plate to measure the PL and root mean square
(RMS) measurements of sway. The Wii Balance Board in
conjunction with BalanceWorkshop software was used to
calculate these variables from raw force-plate data. This
study suggests that the Power Balance Silicone Wristband
has no effect on balance in the normal population. Although

39
this study seems suitably powered, further work is needed
to confirm these results.
Verdan et al17 also performed a study testing the Power
Balance Bracelet and it effects upon ones strength,
flexibility, and balance. The subjects’ strength and
flexibility were measured using the MicroFit system;
Strength was measured via a bicep curl and flexibility via
the sit-and-reach method. Balance was measured by the
BIODEX system. The test subjects where tested with 4
different conditions for the balance test: eyes open on a
firm surface, eyes closed on a firm surface, eyes open on a
foam surface, and eyes closed on a foam surface. There were
24 test subjects total, 10 men and 14 women, that were
tested in a counterbalanced, double-blind, placebo,
controlled test. Each subject performed each test 3 times,
once with the Power Balance Bracelet, then the placebo, and
then no band. The results of this study showed no
significant difference in strength, flexibility, or balance
with regard to the treatments used.
This are just a few other uses that magnetic and
hologram therapy have been used for, however there are many
other illnesses or diseases that these forms of therapy
could be used for. With more research, these alternative

40
medicines could be found to have positive affects on a wide
variety of illnesses and diseases.

Balance

Balance can be defined as “the state of bodily
equilibrium or the ability to maintain the center of body
mass over the base of support.”20 Balance is a vital role
for any person, whether they are an athlete, or just an
employee for a law office. Without Balance individuals
would be unable to perform simple everyday tasks such as,
walking, bending over, or simply standing in place. For
athletes, balance can be one of the most crucial and vital
aspects of their athletic performance, because without good
balance an athlete is very limited in their abilities.
Today’s athletes are able to perform at a level that
was unachievable in past years, and every athlete, whether
they are a professional or a pee-wee league football
player, want to be able to perform at their highest levels
possible and are willing to do whatever it takes in order
to achieve this, such as buying bracelets that possess
technology that can increase their balance and many other
abilities. Balance is a combination of center of balance,
postural control, center of pressure and base of support.

41
Maintaining balance also includes both sensory and motor
components.

Sensory Components of Balance
Postural stability is controlled through a combination
of visual, vestibular, and proprioceptive neural input,
which comes from the central nervous system.21-22 Information
is gathered from these three inputs and is processed to
establish the motor controls to follow, which then result
in a muscle action.
Postural stability is dependent on the athlete’s base
of support, the larger the base of supports the better the
balance. Base of support can be defined as the area of the
body that is making contact with the ground or environment.
In many sports athletes are rarely on two feet for long
periods of time, making their base of support very small.
Therefore the inputs from visual, vestibular, and
proprioceptive sources must be interpreted and acted on
quickly so that motor commands can maintain equilibrium in
the body.23
Proprioception can be described as being able to
detect changes in specific joint position and being able to
adapt to that change.24 It is a combination of input from

42
mechanoreceptors that are contained within the joint,
ligaments, tendons and the skin which work together to give
the sense of change in joint position.
Visual input is an important part of balance, because
of the information that is gained through vision, which
then goes to the brain to be analyzed and put into motor
commands. Although visual input is important, it is not
necessary in healthy individuals. In healthy individuals
they are able to close their eyes and can still maintain
balance with little change in movement.
The vestibular sensory component also plays an
essential role in balance. It is a part of the hearing
system and contributes to equilibrium and movement. Signals
from the vestibular system send outputs to the eyes and to
muscles. The signals to the muscles help keep correct
posture to maintain balance.23

Types of Balance
There are two common types of balance, static balance
and dynamic balance. Static balance is when an individual
is standing in a fixed position with minimal movement. This
form of balance is minimal in athletics, due to the fact
that the majority of sports require the body to be in
motion in order to perform.

43
Dynamic balance is the form of balance that is most
critical in an athlete’s performance because it is balance
that occurs during plyometric movements such as jumping or
running. This form of balance occurs while an athlete is in
motion and many factors effect dynamic balance, such as the
environment around the athlete and the sensory motor
components of the body reacting to the surface and
environment that the athlete is participating in.

Psychological Aspects

Placebo affect
The mental capability can be one of the best strengths
of an athlete, or one of the greatest weaknesses. The
effects that the brain can have upon the body are
astonishing. There are reported cases that prove that just
because a person believes a device or treatment should help
them that it actually has positive effects upon them.
However, in many cases, these magic cures or devices are
just placebos that are used.
According to Brody, “A placebo is a treatment believed
not to have a specific effect on the illness or condition
to which it is being applied.”25 These placebos that are
used can range from any treatment from a topical cream,

44
form of oral capsule, to electrical stimulation to the
body. None of the treatments are scientifically proven to
have positive or negative effects upon an illness or
disability. Beedie and Foad,26 researchers at Canterbury
Christ Church University, did a study over the placebo
effect in sports performance over 12 intervention studies.
The studies they examined looked at the placebo effect on
endurance performance, strength performance, and on
anaerobic performance. In order to evaluate the effect of a
placebo on sports performance the researchers supplied the
individuals with an inert substance that the test subjects
thought was an ergogenic aid. The findings suggest that
psychological variables such as motivation, expectancy,
conditioning, and the interaction of these variables with
physiological variables, might be significant factors in
driving both positive and negative outcomes.
Benson and Friedman looked into how the placebo effect
can play a vital role into a person’s recovery and health.
The researchers tested several different individuals
suffering from illnesses ranging from congestive heart
failure to a group of asthmatic patients. While testing
these patients, they would treat one group with their
normal everyday treatment and treat the second group with
the normal everyday treatment along with a placebo in order

45
to see how the placebo affected the patients’ rate of
healing and success. In the majority of the studies the
patients who received the normal treatment along with the
believed beneficial placebo often showed greater positive
results versus the group that was just treated with the
standard treatment.27
The research supporting the placebo effects are
abundant because there are unexplained cases where people
have had positive results from unexplainable treatments.
The placebo effect also plays a vital role in sports that
can give an athlete an edge over their component. An
athlete has various ways of psyching themselves up for a
game, whether it be by listening to music, reading a piece
of literature, or simply by listening to their coach praise
and back them. All of these affect the mental status of an
athlete and can decide whether the athlete is going to
perform or fail. Outside sources also give athletes mental
edges over their competitors, such as wearing compression
clothing that supposedly increases reaction time, strength,
and power and other things such as magnetic and hologram
bracelets. If the athlete believes in the claims that are
made by the companies producing these devices then the
placebo effect has an endless opportunity of having
positive affects upon the athlete.

46
Summary

Magnetic and hologram therapy are both rather new
forms of treatment for many individuals of the world today.
The growth of these therapies in the form of bracelets have
been rapid and are grossing thousands of dollars daily, to
the point where these magnetic and hologram bracelets can
be seen daily at any given location. With the amount of
professional athletes that support these bracelets and
endorse them, the popularity of the bracelets has gone
beyond anyone’s expectations.
Magnetic therapy, in its various forms, has been
researched more heavily then hologram therapy, and there
has been significant evidence found that supports the
claims and uses of magnetic therapy. Evidence shows that
the use of magnets can range from reducing chronic or acute
pain, to help managing many forms of arthritis, and even
help relieve pain associated with Dysmenorrhea in women.29
The evidence to support hologram therapy however is very
limited. It is the newer technology of the two and
researchers have not had the desire to look into it as
deeply as magnetic therapy. The findings on hologram
therapy is very limited and there is minimal evidence that

47
supports it has positive effects on performance of
individuals.
With the popularity of these two forms of therapy
growing so quickly worldwide, research needs to be
conducted in order to support the claims that many of the
companies are making. Professional athletes, as well as
everyday athletes are buying these bracelets that contain
these forms of technology everyday in order to get an edge
on the field. With the claims that many of the companies
make about increased overall performance, from increase
strength, flexibility, and even balance, these bracelets
are appealing to anyone who wants to better him or herself
overall. With these claims the question arises: “Do
Magnetic and/or Hologram Bracelets have an effect upon
human balance?”

48

APPENDIX B
The Problem

49

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Secondary Medicine has dramatically increased in the
past five years, introducing many new ideas for people
looking for treatment other then going directly to a
doctor. With today’s economy, people all over the world are
looking for cheap alternative ways for treatment, with
Magnetic and Hologram Therapy being at the top of the list
for many people across the world. However, many magnetic
and hologram therapy products, like bracelets, make claims
of improved flexibility, strength, balance, and over all
well being without having any evidence to support their
claims. The purpose of this study is examined whether
magnetic or hologram therapy truly has a positive effect
upon an individuals balance when being worn versus when the
product is not being worn.

Definition of Terms
The following definitions of terms will be defined for
this study:
1)

Bracelet Condition – Hologram, Magnetic, Placebo, and
no bracelet will be used in order to assess the effect
that each has upon human balance

50
2)

Balance- Evidence will be gathered to evaluate if
there is any difference in human balance with each
condition.

Basic Assumptions
The following are basic assumptions of this study:
1)

The subjects will be honest when they complete their
demographic sheets.

2)

The subjects will perform to the best of their ability
during testing sessions.

Limitations of the Study
The following are possible limitations of the study:
1) Participant effort could be inconsistent during
testing.
2) Testing done in the lab is not sport specific tests.
3) There may be a learning effect while performing the
bound exercise.
4) The subjects are volunteers and are limited to
physically active subjects from California University
of Pennsylvania and therefore it is not randomized.

51
Significance of the Study
The results of this study will evaluate the effects
that magnetic and hologram bracelets have upon human
balance, and will either justify the claims, and popular
growth of these bracelets, or it could prove that these
claims have no merit. This will allow athletic trainers to
better advise their athletes and patients in regards to
these alternative medicine options.

52

APPENDIX C
Additional Methods

53

APPENDIX C1
Institutional Review Board Approval

54

From: instreviewboard <instreviewboard@calu.edu>
Subject: IRB approval as ammended #12-049
Date: March 5, 2013 1:03:18 PM EST
To: "MOS8414 - MOSS, CHARLES R" <MOS8414@calu.edu>
Cc: "West, Thomas" <west_t@calu.edu>

Institutional Review Board
California University of Pennsylvania
Morgan Hall, Room 310
250 University Avenue
California, PA 15419
instreviewboard@calu.edu
Robert Skwarecki, Ph.D., CCC-SLP,Chair
Dear Mr. Moss:
Please consider this email as official notification
that your proposal titled "The effect that magnetic and/or
hologram bracelets have upon balance” (Proposal #12-049)
has been approved by the California University of
Pennsylvania Institutional Review Board as amended.
The effective date of the approval is 3-5-2013 and the
expiration date is 3-4-2014. These dates must appear on the
consent form.
Please note that Federal Policy requires that you notify
the IRB promptly regarding any of the following:
(1) Any additions or changes in procedures you might wish
for your study (additions or changes must be approved by
the IRB before they are implemented)
(2) Any events that affect the safety or well being of
subjects
(3) Any modifications of your study or other responses that
are necessitated by any events reported in (2).
(4) To continue your research beyond the approval
expiration date of 3-4-2014 you must file additional
information to be considered for continuing review. Please
contact instreviewboard@calu.edu
Please notify the Board when data collection is complete.
Regards,
Robert Skwarecki, Ph.D., CCC-SLP
Chair, Institutional Review Board

55

Appendix C2
Individual Data Collection Sheet

56
EFFECT OF HOLOGRAM AND MAGNETIC BRACELETS ON BALANCE
BY: RANDY MOSS
DATE:
MALE________
POWER BALANCE

MAGNETIC BRACELET

CONTROL

PLACEBO BRACELET

FEMALE_______

SUBJECT #_________

57
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ABSTRACT
TITLE:

The Effect of Magnetic and Hologram
Bracelets on Balance

RESEARCHER:

Randy Moss Jr., ATC/L, PES

ADVISOR:

Dr. Thomas F. West

PURPOSE:

The purpose of this study was to examine the
effects of Magnetic and Hologram bracelets
on balance.

METHODS:

This research is a quasi-experimental,
within subjects, repeated measures design.
The independent variable will be bracelet
condition. This condition will have four
levels, Hologram bracelet, Magnetic
bracelet, Placebo bracelet, and no bracelet.
The dependent variable will be balance score
based on the force platform and AMTINetForce
software application, which will be used to
run the force platform. Calibration,
platform zeroing and the testing trials were
run through this software. It allowed
correction for body weight, start and stop
each trial, and rerun trials if necessary.
The Biosoft software program was also used
in conjunction with the force platform and
AMTINetForce. After running each trial
through AMTINetForce, data was reconfigured
and accessed through Biosoft. Biosoft
provided raw data, graphical analysis and
charted comparison between trials.

FINDINGS:

Twenty-three active, able volunteers, male
and female, from California University of
Pennsylvania volunteered to participate in
the following study. The volunteers were
made up of 9 males, and 14 females. All 23
subjects completed the testing successfully,
with no reported injuries. The age rang for
the participants were from 18 years of age,
up to 26 years of age. Four subjects
collected data was disqualified from further
examination due to error that occurred
during the data collection process. The

61
disqualification of their collected data was
decided due to lack of evidence to support
the four bracelet conditions. Therefore,
only 18 subjects qualified to have their
data analyzed further.
A one-way repeated-measures analysis of
variance (ANOVA) was performed comparing the
effect of the independent variables, Power
Balance bracelet, magnetic bracelet, placebo
bracelet, and no bracelet on the dependent
variable, each balance score based on the
force platform.
No significant difference was found
(f(3,51)=0.434, p>.05). No significant
difference exists among bracelet conditions,
Power Balance bracelet (m=0.566, sd=0.2014),
Magnetic-Copper bracelet (m=0.622,
sd=0.3031), placebo bracelet (m=0.608,
sd=0.1996), and no bracelet (m=0.617,
sd=0.2093) means.
CONCLUSION:

The recording of these findings report that
magnetic and holograms bracelets have no
significant effect on balance, resulting in
no negative or positive benefits of the
application of these bracelets