Journal of Scholarly Endeavor Volume Ill 2003 Symposium for Research and Scholarship Sli pP,eryRf?ck Urnversrty of Pennsylvania Journal of Scholarly Endeavor Volume Ill 2003 Symposium for Research and Scholarship SlippetyRf?~.k Universrty of Pennsylvania © 2003 Slippery Rock University. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by federal copyright law. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, or to be used to make a derivative work without prior permission from the author. Journal of the Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania Symposium for Research and Scholarship Volume III, 2003 Editor: Patrick A. Burkhart, PhD Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment Abstracts of Inquiry and Creativity Contents Forward vi Dedication vi Keynote Speaker - Dr. R. Keith Raney From Space into the Abyss vii Graphical User Interfaces for Sorting and Searching Algorithms lmran Ahmed, Janaka Edirisinghe and Sunil Gurung Impact qf Cooperative Instructional Models on Student learning and Reactions Pad ma G. Anand 2 Changes in Kidney Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic BBZDR/Wor Animals Jessica Arblaster, Megan Majcher, Sarah Weinschenk, Paul J. Birckbichler and Dennis L. Guberski 3 Writing Our Worlds: Students and Teachers Explore Ideas and Methods in the Problem-hased Composition Classroom Nancy Barta-Smith and Danette DiMarco 4 Behavioral Correlates of Group Size in Atlantic Coastal MigratOIJ' Dolphins, Tu rs iops truncates Simon Beeching and Corina Wack 5 Response q/Trans.fimned Human Cells in Culture to S'odium Butyrate and Retinoic Acid Ana/of.;.\' Rebecca Bosko and Paul J. Birckbichler 6 College Students' Mental Health Jonathan W. Bowman 7 ii On-demand Student Grades Check Over the Web Shafraz Branudeen, Raclma Murthy and Shalinda Tennakoon 8 Extreme Learning: The Geology and Geography of Nev.foundland Patrick A. Burkhart 9 Children's and Teachers' Views on Bullying and Preferences for Intervention Strategies Laura M. Crothers 10 Violence and Technology: Video Games and Simulated Training Rebecca E. Croushore 11 Development ofSustainable Progress Indicators for Slippery Rock University: Toward a Better Understanding of Our Ecological Footprint Steven J. Doherty, Joanne Hannan and Andrea Shannon 12 Defining and Analyzing Advocacy Behaviors a/School Counselors Julaine E. Field 13 Evolution of Entrainment Mechanisms Producing the Debris Tails Associated with Translating Supraglacial Clasts, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska Danielle R. Fishel, Patrick Burkhart and Staci Ensiminger 14 Effect of Heteroarotinoids on Growth and Transglutaminase Activity in Two Human E1ythroleukemia Cell Lines Susan Fox, Sarah Weinschenk and Paul J. Birckbichler 15 A Laboratory Methodology for the Identification ofSelected Phenolic Substances Ryoko Funada, Bruno Borsari and Valentine Kefeli 16 A Soil Feasibility Study for Establishing a Riparian Vegetated Buffer Strip on the Slippery Rock University Campus Michele L. Gauger and Bruno Borsari 17 Forest Stewardship Strategy and Biological Assessment for Slippery Rock University Forest Properties Michele L. Gauger, Steven J. Doherty and Frank Cetera 18 iii Three Detectives, Three Approaches Anita G. Gorman l9 Open Forum on Enron Peter Grierson, Lori Zulauf 20 Gender Differences in the Symptomatology of Ml and Time Delay Intervals in the ED Sharon Hoisington-Gilmore 2l Identification of Functional Stability Limits During Reaching Tasks Mary Ann Holbein-Jenny, Amber Stinson, Matthew Bechtel, John Elmer, Ryan Niederklein and Traci Richardson 22 Use of Mediated and Interpersonal Channels of Communication in Response to 9111101 Cary W. Horvath, Mary M. Step and Margaret 0. Finucane 23 Stratigraphic Correlation of Paleosols to Refine the Classifications of Sod Tables, Badlands National Park, South Dakota Michael Andrew Jahn, Patrick A. Burkhart, Jack Livingston, Erin Heffron, Ashley VanDyne, Melia Anderson, Bradley Erney, Amy Boyer and Laura Shuler 24 Risky Health Behaviors among College Students Krissy L. Koenig 25 An Ecological Approach in Controlling Unwanted Dandelion 26 (Taraxacum officinalis, l.) Populations at Slippe1J1 Rock University Campus Connie Lemley, Michele Gauger, Andrew Pressman, Christina Lefevre, Heather House, Bruno Borsari Sod Table Delineation and Paleo.1·w:fi1ce Reconstruction in Badland1· National Park, South Dakota Jack Livingston, Erin Heffron and Patrick A. Burkhart 27 Class{fication of Practical Uncertainties Created by Either Unascertained or Accurate lnjbrmation Adnan Mahmood, Narendra Patel, Yi Lin and Ocnti Zaimi 28 Purple Martin Roosts: Does a Sustainable Future Exist? Kate P. Maynard 29 iv A Study of Energy Use at the Macoskey Center for Sustainable Systems Education and Research: Social Costs, Ecological Impacts, and Sustainable Energy Solutions Andy McDonald and Thomas J. Reynolds 30 2+2=4 Sometimes? Megan McKinney and Robert Buck 31 Identification and Study of Leaf Exudatesji-om Three Selected Willow Tree Species (Salix. spp.) Heather Mikulas, Bnmo Borsari and Valentine Kefeli 32 Emma's Closet: Creation, Preservation and Re-Creation of 33 Antique Clothing Patterns and Costumes Rebecca R. Morrice, Rebecca Hemy, Jenny Bernson, Rebecca Trotter, John Dropp and Lydia Giese Markov Chains and Rental Cars Davlyn Nauman and Robert Buck 34 Biodiesel Productionfrom Used Vegetable Oil: Emissions and Fuel Economy Pe1formance Testing and a Campus Feasibility Assessment Andrew Pressman and Steven J. Doherty 35 Toxicity Determination of Sumac (Rhus typhina) and Maple (Acer rubrwn) Leaf Water Extracts Mahesh Pun, Bnmo Borsari and Valentine Kefeli 36 Validity and Reliability of a New Visual Rating Tool for Assessing Body Image in Men William J. Ryan, Jem1ifer Sanftner and Patricia Pierce 37 Comparison of Numerical Methods for Solving the Convection-Diffusion Equation in 2D Leah N. Shilling, Edgar Lobaton and Ubaldo Rodriguez 38 An Experimental Test of the Predictive Power of Daily Horoscopes Mark A. Shotwell 39 v Big Bang: Video Explorations 40 Jon R. Shumway Does Egalitarian Marriage Exist? An Example from Commuter Relationships 41 Esther Skirboll Palestine Under the British: The Palestine Mandate 19 J8-1948 42 Jason M. Sokiera Work Attitudes Among Residents in a Community Corrections Facility 43 Linda Veronie, Leigh Sturm and JoAnne Stiffler Java Applets for Visually Displaying Computer Data Structures 44 Bryan J. Wilson Commencement Address 45-47 Slippery Rock University, 14 December 2002 Senator Mary Jo White 21 ' 1 District Senate of Pennsylvania Lessons from the ROCK 48-52 Dr. Wendy Stuhldreher Department of Allied Health Recipient, President's Award for Teaching Excellence Slippery Rock University Honors Convocation, 21 April 2002 Index ofAuthors Acknowledgements 53-54 55 vi Foreward The Symposium for Research and Scholarship at the Slippery Rock University of Pennsylvania is intended to celebrate scholarly achievement by sharing the successes of the university community. The Symposium and Journal this year include works submitted from every College in the University, revealing meaningful collaborations among undergraduates, graduate students, faculty, and staff. Please read the acknowledgements and recognize all the contributors. The University Forum asserted in 2000 that scholarship deserves a coordinated venue for dissemination to enhance the academic climate of campus by encouraging intellectual awareness and exchange. This effort also supports the University's Mission - Slippery Rock University will excel as a caring community of lifelong learners connecting with the world. Two aspects of the 2003 Symposium offer a strong endorsement of these ideals. First, abstracts this year underwent peer-review that culminated with many of the manuscripts being revised by their authors for reconsideration, with the intent that the learning process be enriched. Second, as current world events are troubling, the ongoing international initiatives at SRU are particularly valuable. History has repeatedly demonstrated that during troubling times, greater global interaction - in contrast to a rather tempting path of isolationism - favors a better tomorrow. Please note the diversity of peoples and their interests contained in these pages. The pursuit of understanding concerning nature, the nurturing of people, and the diverse perspectives on these subjects can offer additional hope for the future. These efforts support our mission and we can be proud of them. Patrick A. Burkhmi, PhD Dedication Columbia, pioneer of the shuttle fleet, was lost over American skies on the bright Saturday morning of 1 February 2003. The world mourned the demise of seven accomplished people - payload commander Michael Anderson, flight surgeon David Brown, India-born Kalpana Chalma, flight surgeon Laurel Clark, mission chief Rick Husband, and the first Israeli astronaut, Ilan Ramon. These individuals formed a team immersed in exploration, conducting experiments, and operating at once as both teachers and students. It is fitting to commemorate the crew and the shuttle, which was named afte.r the first American ship to circumnavigate the globe. As Kalpana Chalma noted dunng the voyage, our beautiful planet Earth is really so very, very small. Let their plea for stewardship not echo in vain. Plenary Address vii From Space into the Abyss R. Keith Raney, Ph.D. Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory 12:30 PM Friday 28 March 2003 Multi-Purpose Room, University Union Abstract The best and the only economically feasible way to map the ocean's bottom topography on a global scale is to look at the sea surface from space. The talk will outline the scientific rationale for this approach, and provide examples drawn from the current stateof-the-art. Supporting topics include highlights of the development of the Earth's plate tectonic model, measurement of sea-surface topography by specialized space-based radar altimeters, and application of gravity anomaly data to precision navigation. The talk will be illustrated by visual materials in the Microsoft PowerPoint format. R. Keith Raney, PhD Principal Professional Staff, Ocean Remote Sensing Group Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Dr. Raney received a BS (with honors) in physics from Harvard University in 1960, a MSEE from Purdue University in 1962, and PhD in Computer Information and Control from the University of Michigan in 1968. He contributed to the design of NASA's Magellan Venus-mapping radar, the European Space Agency's ERS-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR), and the Shuttle Imaging Radar SIR-C. He holds U.S. patents on the chirp scaling SAR processing algorithm, the Delay/Doppler radar altimeter, and an ice sounding radar, and has a patent pending on bistatic radar altimetry. While with the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (1976-1994) Dr. Raney was co-initiator of the Radarsat mission. As the Radarsat Project Scientist, he was responsible for the conceptual design of the prime-payload SAR, and he was scientific authority for the Canadian Seasat processor, the world's first digital processor for satellite SAR data. These and other contributions in remote sensing systems, theory, and applications are documented in more than 300 professional publications. viii Dr. Raney was on the founding Board of Associate Editors for the International Journal of Remote Sensing, serves as an Associate Editor (radar) for the IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, and is on the editorial boards of the Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing and the Proceedings of the IEEE. He is a past president of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society (1988 and 1989). He has served on numerous advisory committees, including the Office of Naval Research Board of Visitors, the U.S. National Academy of Sciences review board for space-based imaging radar and Committee on Earth Sciences, Germany's Helmholtz Society, the Danish Technical Research Council, and NASA's Instrnment Definition Teams for the Europa Orbiter and the Mars '05 missions. Currently he is on the Science Council of the NASA Institute of Advanced Concepts, and a member of the Science Advisory Group for the European Space Agency's CryoSat radar altimeter Earth Explorer mission. He was Project Scientist for the NOAA/APL ESSP Proposal ABYSS. He is a Life Fellow of the IEEE, a Fellow of the Electromagnetics Academy, and an Associate Fellow of the Canadian Aeronautics and Space Institute. Dr. Raney is a recipient of the Outstanding Achievement Award of the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, Group Achievement Awards for the Pioneer Venus and the Magellan Radar Science Teams, the 1999 Gold Medal of the Canadian Remote Sensing Society, the IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society Transactions Prize Paper for 1998, the Millennium Medal 2000 from the IEEE, and other awards. Selected Publications Raney, R. K., & Jensen, J. R. (2002). An Airborne CryoSat Prototype: The D2P Radar Altimeter, Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS02. Toronto: IEEE. Raney, R. K., Porter, D. L., & Monaldo, F. M. (2002). Bistatic WITTEX: an Innovative Constellation of Radar Altimeter Satellites, Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium IGARSS02. Toronto: IEEE. Raney, R. K., & Porter, D. L. (2001). WITTEX: An innovative three-satellite radar altimeter concept. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 39(11), 23872391. Raney, R. K. (1999). Radar Altimetry. In J. G. Webster (Ed.), Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (Vol. 17, pp. 547-560). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Raney, R. K. (1998). The delay Doppler radar altimeter. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 36(5), 1578-1588. Raney, R. K. (1998). Radar fundamentals: technical perspective. In F. Henderson & A. Lewis (Eds.), Principles and Applications of Imaging Radar (3 ed., pp. 9-130). New York: Wiley Interscience. Raney, R. K., Runge, H., Bamler, R., Cumming, I. G., & Wong, F. G. (1994). Precision SAR processing using chirp scaling. Transactions, IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 32(4), 786-799. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 Graphical User Interfaces for Sorting and Searching Algorithms AHMED, Imran (U), EDIRJSINGHE, Janaka (U), GURUNG, Sunil (U), sxg63 84@sru.edu Students majoring in Computer Science learn basic concepts of different sorting and searching algorithms in different phases of the program while enriching their programming skills. One of the major difficulties students have with algorithms is in visualizing how they work. The "Java" programming language was used to design and implement a visual representation of sorting and searching algorithms. The visual components in Java were used to accomplish this task. Geometrical shapes such as rectangles, lines, and arrows, and user-friendly buttons and text boxes were used in the visual representation of the algorithms. The program was implemented over fourteen weeks in the Fall of2002. The project demonstrates sorting algorithms such as bubble, insertion, selection, merge, shell, quick, and heap, and the linear and binary search algorithms. The programs were implemented with maximum flexibility for the visualization and use of the algorithms for students in introductory computer programming classes. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 2 Impact of Cooperative Instructional Models on Student Learning and Reactions ANAND, Padma G. (F), Counseling and Educational Psychology, padma.anand@sru .ed u The incorporation of active cooperative learning models to increase student learning and motivation has become a relatively common practice in higher education. The present paper will evaluate the instructional benefits and limitations of incorporating cooperative learning methods. The instructor applied a modified version of Slavin's STAD cooperative learning model in four semesters of her undergraduate educational psychology classes. A non-equivalent post-test only control group design was used in the study. The number of subjects varied from 14 to 40 in the various semesters. The materials used in the study were, the Unit Achievement Tests, and Student Reactions Survey. The variables that were examined were: the size of the group (3-5 or 5-7), the nature of selection of the group (instructor-selected or student-selected), the difficulty level of the learning material (high or low), and the amount of instructional support provided by the instructor (high or low). Regardless of the variables that were studied, all four groups received traditional instruction for a period of 30 to 45 minutes and cooperative instructional experiences for a period of 30 to 45 minutes. The major motivating variable was the group incentive (based on the group average) in the form of bonus points ranging from 0 to I 0 to all the members of the group. The assumption was that the group incentive could only be earned when all of the members learned the material satisfactorily, and also performed satisfactorily in the unit test administered at the end of the session. It was hypothesized that: (a) cooperative learning settings would result in increased student learning and more favorable reactions; & (b) there would be differential effects of cooperative learning based on related instructional variables present in the learning settings. Independent t-tests were used to analyze the impact of cooperative learning on student learning. Results did not reveal a significant difference either in student learning or student reactions due to the use of cooperative learning methods. However, additional analyses revealed that the effects of cooperative learning were varied, depending upon the presence or absence of certain instructional variables. High technology-based instructional support and low-difficulty level of the material enhanced co-operative learn!ng effects. Teacher assignment to groups had a tendency to impact co-operative learnmg. However, the results were not statistically significant. Based on the results of the s~dy, the author made recommendations to maximize the effects of cooperative Iearnmg procedures in undergraduate instruction. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 3 Changes in Kidney Tissue of Type 2 Diabetic BBZDR/Wor Animals ARBLASTER, Jessica (U) jla3488@sru.edu, MAJCHER, Megan (U), WEINSCHENK, Sarah (U), BIRCKBICHLER, Paul J (F), Chemistry and Physics, GUBERSKI, Dennis L, Biomedical Research Models, Inc., Worcester, MA 01606 Diabetic nephropathy is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease affecting both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes patients and the incidence is increasing. Recently, a new strain of rat was developed by genetically eliminating autoimmunity from the BBZDP strain. Male obese BBZDR rats spontaneously develop diabetes that mimics human Type 2, on the average, at 74 days of age. Obese female BBZDR rats have impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), while lean BBZDR rats (male and female) evidence neither diabetes nor !GT. The focus of our studies is to document whether or not the kidney pathologies in BBZDR/Wor animals are similar to the kidney pathologies seen in humans who develop the disease. Demonstrating a correlation between the two species will validate these animals as a model for human diabetes and testing preventive modalities. The diabetic animals on average had a larger glomerulus, and an increase in interstitial space and in the amount of fibrosis within the kidney tissue. There was a significant difference in glomerular diameter between lean and obese males as early as 30-100 days of age. Both lean and obese animals do have an increase in glomerulus size as the animal's age, however, the statistical difference is still evident at ages greater than 300 d. There is evidence of increased collagen expression in young diabetic animals. The amount and distribution of trichrome stain (a chemical method to detect collagen) are acceptable methods of the degree of renal sclerosis. In limited studies, over thirty percent of the kidney areas measured in animals with duration times of diabetes in excess of 200 days were positive for collagen. The stain was concentrated in both the glomerular and tubulointerstitial regions. Four percent of the area was positive in control animals without diabetes, and essentially all of the stain was in the glomeruli. Most of the collagen was found in the glomerulus of the animals with diabetes duration times less than 200 days. Little or no collagen was observed in the tubulointerstitial area of these animals. Qualitative expression of tissue transglutaminase (TGase), a biomarker for kidney sclerosis, was seen in major blood vessels, tubules, Bowman's capsule, and occasionally within the glomerulus. TGase appeared to be expressed constitutively in tubule cells of kidneys from non-diabetic animals. Expression within the glomerulus was generally weak to non-existent and appeared to be associated with the endothelial cells when it was detected. In contrast, TGase expression in kidneys from diabetic animals was observed not only in the tubule cells, but also within the glomeruli. In the diabetic animals examined thus far, the TGase positivity appeared to be associated with both the mesangium and the endothelial cells within the glomeruli. There was a clear difference between positive and negative control antibodies. In limited quantitative measurements, increased TGase expression was evident in diabetic kidneys after 200 days of diabetes. In summary, preliminary results demonstrated that non-diabetic animal~ h~d essentially normal appearing kidneys, whereas the kidneys of BBZDR/Wor diabetic animals contained many of the features described for diabetic nephropathy. In general, the differences were more pronounced in animals with longer duration of diabetes. Diabetic animals also had larger glomeruli than non-diabetic animals. Additional animals must be examined to suppo11 or refute these initial observations. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 4 Writing Our Worlds: Students and Teachers Explore Ideas and Methods in the Problem-based Composition Classroom BARTA-SMITH, Nancy (Fl, nancy.batia-smith@sru.edu, English, and DIMARCO, Danette (F), English In Change, Robert B. Barr and John Tagg have highlighted a critical shift that has been taking place in undergraduate teaching and learning in the last decade. This shift involves seeing instruction as an end instead of a means and brings with it the possibilities of hope and fear, excitement and confusion. Our common goal as instructors of any discipline is student success in learning and life. Yet, as instructors facing a historical moment that brings an important paradigm change, we may look inward and honestly admit that "none of us has yet put all the elements of the Leaming Paradigm together in a conscious, integrated whole" (Barr and Tagg 14). Neve1theless, it is our duty to shear the wool and see what it means to grow new coats. Our efforts to begin again sta1ted with a collaborative, pragmatic work that was put to the test in the Slippery Rock University College Writing classroom. Since 1995, when Barr and Tagg first made their claims, our work with Slippery Rock students has directly contributed to the ultimate shaping of a co-authored composition textbook called Exploring Worlds, Exploring Ideas, Exploring Methods: Primary and Secondary Research in the Problem-based Composition Classroom. This book brings together a cognitive-based approach to research, a great ideas approach to reading, a socialexpressivist approach to writing, and a problem-solving approach to critical thinking. Such a combined approach to composition is what makes our textbook different from others currently in the market. During this presentation we would like to focus on student voices by having select individuals share their successes in approaching research and writing this way. The panel will begin with a brief introduction by the faculty members so that they may explain the aims of the book and how those aims translate to the classroom. Then, for the remainder (and most) of the presentation, students who are currently enrolled in College Writing II (Spring semester) will discuss their own experiences and share their own work that has developed out of conducting research and writing through understanding the book project's particular objectives. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 5 Behavioral Correlates of Group Size in Atlantic Coastal Migratory Dolphins, Tursiops truncatus BEECHING, Simon C. (F), simon.beeching(ti)sru.edu, Biology, WACK, Corina L. (U) Many fundamental questions about cetacean biology remain unanswered because of difficulty making focused, continuous observations of free-ranging whales. To begin addressing such questions, we collected and analyzed behavioral observations of Atlantic coastal, migratory bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) as part of an ongoing, longterm study. Free-ranging groups of bottlenose dolphins were observed by boat between 1998 and 2000 in the Wallops Island-Assateague Island region of Virginia, USA. The occurrence of stereotypical activities (e.g. jumping, sexual behavior, etc.) was recorded, along with group size and composition, weather and ocean conditions, and several ecological and environmental parameters. Dolphins were first found in the study area during late spring, and increased in both absolute numbers and group size throughout the summer. Both group size and composition affected dolphin behavior. Several activities (tailslap, chuff, jump, and sex) occurred significantly more often in larger groups, and in groups containing juveniles. Our research reveals the extent of migratory dolphin use of the Wallops Island-Assateague shallows, and reveals temporal and behavioral patterns in dolphin group dynamics. Further, these data suggest a social, communicative function for many dolphin activities, and provide an opportunity to test hypotheses regarding the functional significance of some dolphin behavior. For example, the hypothesis that chuffing represents an anti-predator response may not be consistent with the observation that small groups are significantly less likely to chuff, and thus chuff may be a more strictly social, communicative activity. Abstract Form for the 2003 SRU Symposium 6 Response of Transformed Human Cells in Culture to Sodium Butyrate and Retinoic Acid Analogs BOSKO, REBECCA (U), rxb3 l 02@sru.edu, BIRCKBICHLER, Paul J (F), Chemistry and Physics Chemicals are known to have various effects on cells grown in culture. One such chemical with a known response is sodium butyrate (NaB), which stimulates transformed cells to revert back to a more "normal" state. Cancer cells a) do not exhibit densitydependent inhibition of growth, b) contain unusual numbers of chromosomes, c) experience growth in circumstances where nutrients are exhausted and d) retain a changed cell surface. Hence, we hypothesize that a cell that is altered back to a "normal state" would lack those qualities or have them in decreasingly apparent amounts. The objective of this study is to observe the response of transformed cells to NaB, retinoic acid (RA) and a heteroarotinoid (I-let- I). Retinoids are analogues of Vitamin A that show promise as pharmaceuticals for cancer and other diseases, but have limitations due to toxicity. Heteroarotinoids, retinoids with one aromatic ring and at least one heteroatom (0, N, or S) show significant biological activitiy and are less toxic to cells than retinoids. Tissue trnnsglutaminase (TGase) is widely used as a marker for programmed cell death and cellular differentiation in cells in culture. The response of transglutaminase following exposure of cells to these chemicals will attempt to elucidate the pathway(s) activated following exposure to the chemicals. Cells were treated with the specific chemical or vehicle alone, allowed to grow for two to five days, and then were assessed for cell growth, viability and TGase content. No significant cell toxicity was seen with any of the chemicals at the concentrations utilized ( 100 µM for NaB and 20 ~tM for RA and Het-1 ). Inhibition of cell growth was seen; 4060% NaB, 20-40% RA, <10% Het 1. TGase was quantitated in the cell using a modified ELISA assay. TGase distribution was independent of the time of exposure to the chemicals. Eighty percent of the total TGase was found in the soluble fraction of the homogenate following centrifugation at 8000 g for I 0 min. The amount of total TGase was elevated in the NaB cytosol fraction two to four-fold over that seen in control cells. This would suggest that the enzyme was either activated or new enzyme molecules were synthesized. Previous results favor the latter possibility. TGase was elevated less in RA and J-Iet-1 ·treated cells. Exposure to the chemicals altered cell morphology. Cells became elongated in the treated cultures compared to control cultures. The morphological changes were less evident in the RA-treated cultures and essentially no changes in morphology were observed in the heteroarotinoid-treated cultures. In summary, the information collected to date is suggestive that NaB and RA both inhibit growth of the VA 13A transformed human embryonic cell line, but may do so by differing pathways. Additional heteroarotinoids must be examined before a definite conclusion can be drawn concerning their effect on this cell line. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 7 College Students' Mental Health BOWMAN, Jonathan W. (U), da sonofpj@yahoo.com Mental health is an important aspect of college student health and major concerns include body image and depression. The Student Health Assessment Project is an ongoing survey administered to students (N=2, 176) enrolled in the mandatory fitness class. Body image was assessed from responses to questions regarding perceptions of the Stunkard Body Image Figures. Over time ( 1996-2001 ), 2/3 of women reported some degree of body image distortion. Initially 1/3 of men had these same body image distortions; however in 2001 the prevalence rose to -50%. Students with distorted body image reported a higher prevalence of dieting or exercising to lose weight, while using diet pills was more prevalent only in females. Depression was assessed in 2001 using the BECK Depression Inventory. About 25% of students reported some degree of depression with 1/3 of depressed males having marked depression and 1/6 of females. Although depression was not significantly associated with body image distortion, it was correlated with gambling, smoking and difficulties with dating, family or finances. Mental health program implementation through peer education needs to address these issues in college campuses. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 8 On-demand Student Grades Check Over the Web BRANUDEEN, Shafraz (U), mxb63 l 9@sru.edu, MURTHY, Rachna (U) TENNAKOON, Shalinda (U) The system we have developed allows students to check their performance in class ondemand on any given day in the semester. The system will display scores for all the quizzes, examinations, projects and any other graded class activity over a web browser. None of our presently existing online systems provide this flexibility. Currently, the students have the capability to check their grades only at the end of the semester. Our system provides an easy-to-use method where the faculty does not have to make any extra effort to publish the class grades after every quiz or exam for student access. The instructors will upd~te their scores using Access, Excel or simple flat files. Once this update is complete, the program will automatically make the information available to the students. The Java programming language and Java Server Pages (JSP) were used to read from the instructor's database and update a master database with the student grades every day and display the information. The instructor may use Excel, Access, Oracle or any other database system that supports ODBC connectivity, or a delimited text file. As Java is platform independent, the program can be set up and used on Windows, Linux, Unix, OS X and any of the their popular operating systems with little effort. The system is comprised of a client program, a server program and a web interface for the students. The server program will run on a central server. The client program must be installed in the instructor's computer. It has to be setup with the scheduling program of the operating system so that it starts up once a day to update the master database with the latest class grade information. The instructor can also manually invoke the client program if required. The JSP web interface over a browser allows students to access their latest grade information over the web using secure authentication methods. Once the student is authenticated, his/her grade information is displayed on the browser. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 9 Extreme Learning: The Geology and Geography of Newfoundland BURKHART, Patrick A. (F), patrick.burkhart@sru.edu, Geography, Geology and the Environment A three-week international experimental course entitled The Geology and Geography of Newfoundland was offered during summer 2002. This course was a profoundly effective learning experience for the students, as reported by them and their assessment products. Significant impact arose from the poised synergy of content and pedagogy. Extensive internal support from SRU favored this circumstance. The Province of Newfoundland was selected on the basis of its myriad assets for multidisciplinary inquiry. Geographically, the windswept rock of easternmost N01ih America has historically been a po1ial for commercial, political, and cultural transfer, with strong European undertones remaining. This influence nearly obliterated the legacies of earlier societies, but archaeology has magnified the vestiges of Archaic, Beothuk and Viking peoples. Since Newfoundland federated with Canada, issues concerning politics and natural resources remain continually debated. Visits to the Joseph Smallwood (1'1 Premier) Museum and the UNESCO World Heritage Park at L'anse aux Meadows provided excellent historical collections. The Trinity Pageant at the Rising Tide Theatre portrayed a captivating series of historical reenactments depicting two centuries of settlement, with a distinctive Newfy flavour. Geologically, the students grew to know Iapetus, the predecessor of the modern Atlantic Ocean, by examining the tectonic evidence that helped solidify the story of colliding super-continents for the very first time. The seascapes, fjords, and highlands of Gros Morne and Terra Nova National Parks, and Cape Spear displayed a vast array of landforms and rock assemblages, in sequence across a mountain belt. In addition, the rich natural history of fisheries, forests and wildlife was explored, with moose and whales providing excitement. Pedagogy intended to maximize discovery was pursued. A seminar offered the preceding spring prepared students with an appreciation of the province. Localities selected underscored the wealth of the land and took maximum advantage of available time. Local experts, including the renowned Appalachian tectonicist Dr. Hank Williams, bolstered the course. Assessments, including outcrop descriptions, a field notebook, and an exam, were crafted to challenge all students - from novice to upper-level, nascent professionals - to gain knowledge and develop skills, and then to demonstrate their success. Favorable logistics began with trekking to Newf'oundland, a journey akin to driving from SRU to Ireland (but eminently closer), including two ocean-liner passages. Many parties supported this success. Dr. Patricia Campbell, Dr. Robert Hinds, and Dr. Jan Smith contributed substantially. Funds were provided from the Department, the CHES and International Initiatives to make the journey affordable and to enrich collaborations between scholars from SRU and Newfoundland. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 10 Children's and Teachers' Views on Bullying and Preferences for Intervention Strategies CROTHERS, Laura M. (F), laura.crothers@sru.edu, Counseling and Educational Psychology Bullying is a significant form of school violence that should be recognized as a serious problem by educators because of its prevalence and pernicious effects. Victims of bullying are vulnerable to sho1i- and long-term problems such as depression, low selfesteem, anxiety, and difficulty establishing interpersonal relationships. The best practice in addressing bullying problems in schools includes a systemic effoti of assessment, prevention, and intervention. However, no previous study has examined students' and teachers' preferences for intervention strategies. Two hundred-eighty-five middle school students were surveyed through the Bullying Intervention Survey (BIS), developed by the primary researcher to assess the incidence of bullying, the frequency of teacher intervention, the incidence of children's requests to teachers for assistance, children's ratings of the helpfulness of anti-bullying intervention strategies, and children's preferences for interventions that educators could use when students are being bullied. Data suggested that there are significant differences based upon children's grade level in how often students perceived teachers as being assistive when bullying occurred, how frequently children asked for help from teachers when bullying occurred, and how helpful students found various anti-bullying interventions. There were also significant differences based upon sex regarding the helpfulness of anti-bullying interventions, and significant differences based upon sex and grade level in the selection of the most popular three intervention strategies. Thiliy-seven middle school teachers were administered a modified version of the BIS, and a stratified random sampling procedure was used with the entire teaching faculty to identify teachers for the interviewing procedures. The results indicate that teachers are more likely to perceive bullying intervention and prevention strategies as effective than are students. There were also some differences in what strategies teachers and students preferred. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 11 Violence and Technology: Video Games and Simulated Training CROUSHORE, Rebecca E. (U), rec7518@sru.edu Virtual reality technology has been one of the up and coming innovations, but not all of its beginning stages have been in the public scene. The military had begun utilizing virtual products, in the form of fight reproduction, mock tank expeditions, and ship simulation. These programs help prepare our service men and women understand the aspects of battle. The entertainment community is also expanding their use of computer graphics to produce the most action packed movies ever anticipated, and the video game industry has been following right behind in their footsteps, generating technologically layered games. Today all of these advancements have impacted society some for the better, and some have had a negative impact. Virtual technology has given us an abundance of entertainment possibilities, and it has also helped us develop a bettertrained military. Yet is it really possible that technology can be teaching men and women how to successfully defeat a deadly enemy, and at the same time provide entertainment for our growing teens? The United States Army utilizes numerous training devices that are virtual, helping service men and women get a better understanding of their requirements for upcoming missions. The basic underlining element each program provides is the ability to put the user in mission situations, using various 30 pictures, self-images, and real life weapons, so that a set task can be practiced, becoming second nature. There are hundreds of video games created each year for people of all ages, along with new and high tech equipment to run them. Hours upon hours of so-called entertainment are provided by these games for people of all ages because of their realistic appeal, challenging levels, and graphic interfacing. After completing an in-depth look at these two areas, it is clear that they have many similarities. Unfortunately our growing teens do not need an entertainment product that is teaching them war tactics. Studies have shown that time spent on games of this nature creates an elevated violent nature in adolescents. We as a society depend on the youth, so we cannot ignore this connection. It is our responsibility as parents, friends, family, and a society to regulate and protect the adolescents from violence. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 12 Development of Sustainable Progress Indicators for Slippe~ Rock . University: Toward a Better Understanding of Our Ecological Footprmt DOHERTY, Steven (F), HARMAN, Joanne (G), harmanjm@hotmail.com, SHANNON, Andrea (G), Parks and Recreation/Environmental Education. As part of a Campus Sustainability Initiative, a framework and database are being developed for tracking campus activities and programs, to identify areas in need of improvement, to facilitate recommendations, and to communicate progress to the campus community. Research into other campus greening initiatives identifies activities, benefits and management approaches relevant to the campus greening process at SRU. These initiatives demonstrate that the greening of a campus requires representation and participation from the full university community. Furthermore, they have resulted in multiple substantial benefits, in tenns of education, economics, prestige, campus qualityof-life, and environmental protection. A set of Sustainable Progress Indicators serves to: better track campus activities and efforts supporting campus greening, standardize accounts and streamline monitoring, communicate progress to the campus community, compare our efforts w/ other universities, and facilitate recommendations and support change. Environmental audits using various indicators are undertaken to target specific programs and infrastructure for conservation upgrades and redesign. Data collected allow for calculations of how much biologically productive land and water is required on a continuous basis to produce all goods consumed and assimilate the wastes generated by the university. This is the concept and computation of the Ecological Footprint and provides a pedagogic tool for communicating consumption and waste habits. Indicator categories include: energy and water use; land and resource management; stewardship; waste production, recycle, reduction; procurement; planning, construction, maintenance of buildings; transportation; and food consumption and dietary options. Specific data are collected for each indicator. For example, information needed for the energy category may include: total and per capita energy consumption, resultant C02 emissions, yearly and seasonal consumption rates, sources of energy and type/quantity of fuel used, consumption per building, current and past use and conservation. Preliminary water indicators are: total and per capital consumption, waste water and sewage treatment and disposal methods, hydrological patterns of SRU land, ground and surface water quality and pollution sources. Solid waste management data includes: total volume and weight of solid waste generated, type of generated waste, recycling efforts (type and quantity), and paper consumption. The UN Global Reporting Initiative is used as standard for records and units. The Pen_n St~te Indicators report and other campus greening reports serve as protocol. This project ts funded by the Sustainable Energy Fund of Allegheny/West Penn Power. Here, we report on initial. findings and data collection efforts. By first exploring internal operations and creatmg change on campus, Slippery Rock University can become a model for other institutions and communities in the region. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 13 Defining and Analyzing Advocacy Behaviors of School Counselors FIELD, Julaine E. (F), julaine.field@sru.edu, Counseling and Educational Psychology. Advocacy is an essential component of a comprehensive, developmental school counseling program. To further enhance the deliberateness of the counseling profession's advocacy agenda, this study used qualitative and quantitative methods to define advocacy, identify desirable advocacy behaviors, and explore how advocacy is operationalized among school counselors. Using six Qualitative data was collected during two focus group interviews. structured interview questions, the groups examined how nine high school counselors currently define and operationalize advocacy. Using a constant comparative method, themes were identified for each of the six interview questions. Many themes suggest that school counselors actively engage in advocacy behaviors on behalf of students and student groups; however, school counselors are unfortunately still being forced to advocate for the viability of their unique position in an educational setting. Other themes speak to the importance of how school counselors are trained to be advocates as well as personal qualities of the school counselors, which foster advocacy beliefs and behaviors. Quantitative data was collected by administering both a demographic questionnaire and the Field Helping Behavior Scale (FHBS) (2000) to ninety-one elementary, middle, and high school counselors in three counties. The FHBS was created by the researcher as no instrument exists that attempts to measure advocacy behaviors of counselors. The FHBS (2000) is a self-report instrument consisting of twenty-five advocacy behaviors and a like1t scale with five anchors (I representing "Never" exhibiting a certain behavior, 2 representing "Seldom", 3 representing "Occasionally", 4 representing "Frequently", and 5 representing "Always" exhibiting a certain behavior). Therefore, means closest to 5 represent the advocacy behaviors that are most often exhibited by these school counselors. The mean for all participants for all twenty-five behaviors is 4.09 with a standard deviation of 0.38. Cronbach's Alpha revealed a reliability coefficient of 0.875, which is based on the average inter-item correlation (N=91 participants, N=25 items). Counselors with more (6 or more) or less (5 or less) years of experience were compared to examine any difference in the frequency of advocacy behaviors based on years of work experience. School counselors with six or more years of experience were found to demonstrate advocacy behaviors on a more frequent basis that counselors with less (5 or less) years of experience. Exploratory factor analysis completed with the FHBS (2000) revealed two factors. The advocacy behaviors found suggest that counselors may hold particular advocacy beliefs and that counselors demonstrate advocacy behaviors based on these beliefs. In conclusion, this study provides a broader context for defining counselor advocacy as well as understanding some of the dynamics of specific advocacy behaviors that are used by current school counselors. -SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 14 Evolution of Entrainment Mechanisms Producing the Debris Tails Associated with Translating Supraglacial Clasts, Matanuska Glacier, Alaska FISHEL, Danielle R. (U), dxf2905@sru.edu, BURKHART, Patrick (F), Geography, Geology and the Environment, ENSIMINGER, Staci (F), Northwest Missouri State University This Research was sponsored by the National Science Foundation at the Matanuska Glacier, Alaska, where two previous studies were conducted at a REU field site to investigate translation of supraglacial clasts. While insights were developed regarding clast rotation and translation phenomena, the development of fine to medium grained debris tails behind translating clasts remained enigmatic. Translation of clasts across the ice surface occurred in a southwesterly direction near the Matunuska's terminus at a rate of 5 cm/d. The clast movement resulted from ice pedestals melting preferentially on the sunny side (SW), tilting the pedestal, and triggering clast slippage when oversteepened beyond the angle of repose. Translating clasts are associated with a concentrated linear pile of sediment, referred to as debris tails, which trace past locations. Multiple working hypotheses were designed to evaluate the source of sediment within these debris tails. Three potential entrainment mechanisms include (1) incorporation of up-ice sediment by sheet wash, (2) in-situ production of debris by spallation of the cobble or boulder, or (3) debris incorporation by clast over-ride. Experimental plots were designed to test for each proposed source. Three weeks of observations and measurements were completed, demonstrating the genesis of debris tails by incorporation from sheet wash and clast override. Nine debris tails revealed over-ride, while three displayed entrainment by sheet wash. No evidence for spallation was observed. The significance of this study lies in the realization that multiple supraglacial processes contribute to the formation of debris tails behind translating supraglacial clasts. I SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 15 Effect of Heteroarotinoids on Growth and Transglutaminase Activity in Two Human Erythroleukemia Cell Lines FOX, Susan (U), smf739l@sru.edu, WEINSCHENK, Sarah (U), BIRCKBICHLER, Paul J. (F), Chemistry and Physics Retinoids are analogues of Vitamin A that show promise as pharmaceuticals for cancer and other diseases, but have limitations due to toxicity. Heteroarotinoids, retinoids with one aromatic ring and at least one heteroatom (0, N, or S) show significant biological activity and are less toxic to cells than retinoids. Tissue transglutaminase (TGase) is widely used as a marker for programmed cell death and cellular differentiation in cells in culture. In previous studies, we observed that both pathways might be operable in human embryonic lung fibroblasts after exposure to sodium butyrate. In a separate study, we found that treating human erythroleukemia cells with IO~tm all-trans-retinoic acid resulted in cell differentiation accompanied by a 9-fold increase in TGase activity. However, we could demonstrate no evidence of programmed cell death in these cells. These observations suggest the impmiance of TGase in more than one functional pathway in cells. To further elucidate the role of TGase and the biological activity of heteroarotinoids in erythroleukemia cells, HEL cells and K562 cells were examined for their response to heteroarotinoids. Cells were treated with a specific chemical (all-trans-retinoic acid or heteroarotinoid) or vehicle alone, allowed to grow for two days, and then were assessed for growth rate, viability and TGase. In both cell lines, all the heteroarotinoids inhibited cell growth, but to varying degrees. Overall, HEL cells had a higher percent of control and less growth inhibition than in K562 cells. In K562 cells, none of the heteroarotinoids demonstrated cell toxicity greater than 9% at the concentration used in the studies (IO~tM). In the HEL cells, a much greater toxicity was seen, up to 34%. In both cases, the toxicity was less than growth inhibition, so we can infer that the heteroarotinoids inhibit cell growth in both line to a greater extent than killing cells that are already present. With but a few exceptions, the heteroarotinoids successfully increased TGase in the cells. Previous studies on the K562 cell line showed a 2-4 fold increase in TGase activity in cells treated with heteroarotinoids. Studies on HEL cells also showed a significant increase after treatments. The exact meclrnnism(s) of activation of the TGase system remains to be elucidated. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 16 A Laboratory Methodology for the Identification of Selected Phenolic Substances FUNADA, Ryoko (U), rxf6868@sru.edu, BORSARI, Bruno (F), Parks and Recreation/Environmental Education, KEFELI, Valentine, Biomost Inc., Cranberry, PA 16066 Our work illustrates the opportunities offered by paper chromatography techniques to isolate and to identify various groups of organic molecules from leaf-water extracts of common tree species. The dry leaves of four different trees (maple, apple, willow and sumac) were collected in early fall and macerated in tap water for a week. The four water extracts were used to perform paper chromatography using Whatman #I paper, in 5% acetic acid. The solvent (CH 3COOH) facilitated molecule separation. The chromatograms were initially exposed to ammonia (NH3) fumes (27%) for five minutes and they were dried out prior to begin any fin1her investigation under UV-B light, at 320nm. Three groups of phenolic substances were clearly identified by the color stains they developed on the chromatogram paper. These were flavonoids, oxycoumarins and phenolic acids. The position of each colored stain was determined through the calculation of each R.F. The second phase of our study consisted in treating the same chromatograms with a concentrated baking soda (NaHC0 3) solution. Flavonoids are identified on the chromatogram due to a yellow stain they develop. This became clearly visible when the chromatogram was exposed to ammonia and to UV-B 1ight. The exposure to soda determines a color change of the same stain to bright yellow. The R.F. for this group of organic molecules is low (<0.3). Oxycoumarins develop a bright blue stain when exposed to ammonia, while there is no apparent reaction due to soda exposure. The R.F. ranges between 0.4 and 0.6. Phenolic acids develop stains of blue, or yellow colors under UV-B light and their R.F is normally high (0.7-0.9). We conclude that both treatments may accurately separate phenolic substances. However, being more volatile ammonia (NH3) does not appear to posses the capability to preserve the integrity of the paper chromatogram stains in the long-term, whereas soda (NaHC0 3 ) is efficient to fix phenolics for longer periods of time. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 17 A Soil Feasibility Study for Establishing a Riparian Vegetated Buffer Strip on the Slippery Rock University Campus GAUGER, Michele L. (G), gaumich@hotmail.com, BORSARI, Bruno (F), Parks and Recreation/Environmental Education Environmental stewardship for today's colleges and universities involves examining many facets of campus operations and management. Campus landscapes can be an excellent context in which to demonstrate ecological principles and benefits of increasing biodiversity. This research evaluated potential use of a riparian vegetated buffer strip (VBS) to improve existing storm water drainage on campus. Earlier this fall comprehensive soil sampling and testing was conducted surrounding the Union pond, an area approximately 20 feet by l 0 feet to investigate feasibility of a VBS establishment. Soil tests showed a pH level of6.4, which is in the ideal soil fertility range of6.0-7.0. Elevated levels of sulfates, chlorides and iron were also noted, possibly due to runoff from surrounding parking lots. Humus levels were low due to low amounts of organic matter being added to the soil and management practices. Other macro and micronutrient levels were acceptable for this clay soil type. Creation of a l 0 to 20 meter wide buffer strip using native grasses, shrubs and trees would be ideal for this area. Use of perennial, native plant communities, mulches, and aeration techniques, as part of a comprehensive soil management plan, may fu1iher enhance hydrologic and ecological functioning as beneficial soil builders. Grasses such as switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium), riverbank wildrye (Elymus riparius), and eastern gammagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides) are good species for their dense rooting mats that stabilize surrounding soils. Other beneficial species include woolgrass (Scirpus cyperinus), red top (Agrostis alba), creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), giant bur reed (Sparganium curycarpum), green bulrush (Scirpus atrovirens), monkey flower (Mimulus ringens), and showy tickseed sunflower (Bidens aristosa). Using riparian zones by planting diverse VBS can have multiple benefits for the ecosystem. Primary objectives of the buffer strips for this system include stream bank stabilization, improvements to soil and water quality, decreased pollutant loads, and habitat provisions. Buffer strips planted with various native species have been shown to help control erosion, improve water quality and above ground biodiversity, while also aiding in nutrient cycling. All of these benefits improve overall soil characteristics in the area and enhance system functioning and services. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 18 Forest Stewardship Strategy and Biological Assessment for Slippery Rock University Forest Properties GAUGER, Michele (G), gaumich@hotmail.com, DOHERTY, Steven J. (F), Parks and Recreation/Environmental Education, CETERA, Frank (G) In 1990, the U.S Bureau of Forestry created the Forest Stewardship Program, to focus on private forestland owners, as stewardship forests are not only managed for their timber value, but multiple resource use including conservation, recreation, and education. Stewardship of university forest properties are important resources supporting increasing demands for educational and recreational opportunities and as a potential income source. This research focused on three university properties that have no written management plan. Forests include a portion (approximately 33 acres) of the 83-acre homestead of the Robert A. Macoskey Center. This area encompasses an old-field successional forest composed mainly of black cherry (Prunus serotina) and red maple (Acer rubrum) and an old orchard area dominated by hawthorn (Crataegus spp.) and black cherry. Other properties include 42 acres in along Wolf Creek, known as the Miller Tract, site of a past maple sugaring operation, and approximately 60 acres of oak (Quercus spp.) woods at the Old Stone House near the intersection of Routes 8 and 173. Research focused on tree and seedling community inventories to evaluate current forest health and other site evaluations that will aid in strategizing stewardship plans for each property. Forest surveys were conducted on 55 sample plots. Tree and seedling density and tree basal area were collected. Forest characterizations and data analysis is completed in Excel software. Timber stand data is analyzed using a public database software, SILVAH, available from USDA Forest Service, and adapted for Allegheny Hardwoods, Oak management prototypes. Results indicate that 2 tree species (black cherry and red maple) are co-dominants ubiquitous in all woodlots irrespective of past land-use and current plant community associations. Limited advanced regeneration (seedling types and densities) indicate poor regrowth potential of SRU forests, leading perhaps to a dominance of poor quality and less valuable species. Factors contributing to a low species richness and a lack of regeneration under current canopy conditions likely include deer impact on seedling survival, typically even-aged stands, and limited management. These properties are part of dynamic mixed mesophytic forests in the eastern deciduous forest system, composed of 60-100 year old trees created from past logging, fires, and agricultural abandonment. Management plans for each forest will assess their present condition, list recommendations based on goals of the landowners, consider silvicultural practices, and create a multiple resource methodology. Comprehensive, coordinated, and ecologically informed management is important today as public resources are increasingly impacted, misused, or depleted. This project is funded by an Environmental Mini-Grant from the Butler County Planning Commission. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 19 Three Detectives, Three Approaches GORMAN, Anita G. (F), anita.gorman@sru.edu, Slippery Rock University Mystery writers often create and assure their fame, if only for a short time, by creating memorable detectives, who use either physical strength or psychological analysis or scientific expertise or some combination of various qualities to solve crimes to the satisfaction of the astute reader. I have had occasion to research the lives and work of three twentieth-century American mystery writers. The first essay, on Davis Dresser, has been published in American Hard-Boiled Crime Writers (Gale, 2000); the other essays, on Helen McCloy and Ralph Mclnemy, are in the hands of an editor. Each of these writers has created a famous detective. Davis Dresser, using the pseudonym of Brett Halliday, fashioned a tough, physical, daring private investigator, Michael Shayne. Helen McCloy created the first detective whose day job was that of psychiatrist. Ralph Mclnemy continues to write mysteries featuring Fr. Roger Dowling, priest and accidental detective. Dresser's goal was to provide entertainment, McCloy's to combine ente1iainment with psychological complexity. For Mclnemy, the Fr. Dowling novels achieve the twin classic purposes of literature: to delight and to teach, in this case to explore moral and theological perspectives. Michael Shayne, who first appeared in 1935, is a smart, likable private investigator with a taste for cognac who uses his brains and physical strength more often than his gun. He flirts with illegality to find criminals, and he does his work for the love of the hunt as well as for payment. Helen McCloy, Davis Dresser's second wife, created a different sort of detective in psychiatrist Basil Willing, who uses his insights into human behavior and misbehavior to unmask criminals; for example, "whenever you lied," he tells one culprit, "you told the truth, for the creative imagination must always suggest the true emotional state of the creator." In a 1955 essay, McCloy complained that suspense novels did not get the status or critical attention they deserved. With the Basil Willing stories, McCloy tTied to raise the level of detective fiction to a somewhat higher level than her husband had done with his Mike Shayne novels; she believed that the mystery could be as well written as any other novel. Ralph Mclnemy does not seem to have any illusions about the genre of detective fiction. All of imaginative literature, Mclnerny asserts, has to do with people making choices that either strengthen or weaken character; we "instinctively tum to imaginative reenactments of human action for some sense of what it all means." Detective fiction accomplishes this goal on what Mclnerny calls "a fairly superficial level," yet Roger Dowling, through his vocation, ponders both the mysteries oflife and its cosmic Mystery. Basil Willing ponders human behavior; Mike Shayne ponders nothing except the puzzle at hand. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 20 Open Forum on Enron GRIERSON, Peter (F), Reter.grierson@sru.edu, ZULAUF, Lori (F), lori.zulauf@sru.edu, School of Business The recent bankruptcy of Enron provides many opportunities for learning in all business disciplines. Beyond the obvious questions, such as "How could a company as large as Enron fail?" and "Why did Arthur Andersen not provide adequate assurance?" lies a host of additional equally interesting questions. Why did external financial analysts not detect problems earlier? Could the SEC and other regulators have done more to bring problems to light? Why was Sherron Watkins a lone voice in asking for an explanation? Beyond the immediate Enron debacle lie additional questions. How can we detect other companies in similar difficulty? What changes can we expect in accounting and auditing standards? What changes have occurred or can we expect in the oversight of businesses and auditors? This paper will provide a timeline of Enron developments, an analysis of the above questions, and additional discussion questions and teaching resources to foster critical thinking in the classroom. ------~-- -- SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 21 Gender Differences in the Symptomatology of MI and Time Delay Intervals in the ED HOISINGTON-GILMORE, Sharon (G), glgilmore@adelphia.net Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) remains the most common cause of death in the United States for both men and women. Each year, I.I million Americans are expected to have a new or recurrent cardiac event. Men and women share most risk factors for CAD, however, the risk factors do not always affect them in the same ways. Women also have unique factors affecting CAD such as estrogen levels and menopause. Chest pain (CP) is the primary sign of CAD and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in both men and women. Aside from CP, other signs and symptoms of CAD and AMI often differ between the genders. In addition, women tend to develop CAD at a later age than men and are reported to delay longer in seeking treatment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not men and women reported different symptoms when presenting with AMI and to see if there was any difference in time delay when reporting for treatment and between time of ED arrival and initiation of MI protocol. This study was an extension of a study done by Heasley (200 I). Method: A retrospective chart review was done on 150 patients that had a discharge diagnosis of MI. The patients were treated at a rural, community, teaching hospital in north central Pennsylvania. A Data Collection Sheet was used to note presenting symptoms, time from onset of symptoms to time of reporting for treatment, and time from presentation at the ED to initiation of MI protocol. Data Analysis: Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel. The chi-square was computed for differences in symptom presentation. The t-test was used to compute differences in delay time and MI protocol initiation. A significant difference was found between men and women in symptom presentation. Men experienced chest pain 77% of the time whereas women experienced chest pain and dyspnea in equal frequency at 54% of the time. Both men and women experienced nausea about equally. Men reported more diaphoresis and women reported left arm pain, tachycardia, and diaphoresis about equally. In men and women who reported to the ED within 12 hours, there was no statistically significant difference in time delay in reporting for treatment. There was, however, a statistically significant difference in time intervals between men and women in the initiation of MI protocol in the ED. 11 SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 22 Identification of Functional Stability Limits During Reaching Tasks HOLBEIN-JENNY, Mary Ann (F), maryann.holbein@sru.edu, STINSON, Amber (G), BECHTEL, Matthew (G), ELMER, John (G), NIEDERKLEIN, Ryan (G), RICHARDSON, Traci (G), School of Physical Therapy Many physical therapy tools have been developed to identify whether an individual is at risk for falling, but these tools do not address how to design a task to minimize that risk. Ergonomic tools assist in designing safer tasks, but stability analyses are not typical components of ergonomic analyses. Although a few researchers have addressed stability issues in ergonomic evaluations, the approach has been limited to a biomechanical implementation of the static equilibrium principle. In addition, experimental results have not provided evidence that this approach is sufficient for stability modeling. The Functional Stability Region (FSR) model was introduced in 1993. The FSR is that portion of the theoretical maximum base of support within which individuals can control their balance. Several investigations have attempted to locate the FSR under various conditions. However, the accuracy of these results and the practicality of the experimental conditions tested needed to be improved. The purpose of this investigation was to more accuracy define the FSR for more realistic reaching tasks. Forty-seven adult males and females volunteered. They stood on a 40 cm x 60 cm force plate with feet either a comfortable width apart or spread apart length- and widthwise as far as the force plate would allow. Participants leaned as far as possible, either forward, backward, right or left diagonally. They held either an eight-pound or an empty bar with either one or both hands at either waist height or just overhead. The center of pressure identified by the force plate data was used to locate their FSR. A total of 96 trials were collected for each participant for a total of 4,512 trials. Repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc paired t-tests were used to investigate the effects of foot placement, lean direction, load weight, height and number of hands used (a=0.05). Preliminary analysis indicates that, as expected, previous reports of the FSR were overestimates. Averaged over all experimental conditions, the FSR was 73%, meaning that participants could control their balance when leaning 73% of the way to their base of s~pport limit in any particular direction. The FSR was significantly higher when stepping nght or left compared to feet placed a comfortable width apart (86% and 67% respectively). The direction of the lean also significantly affected the FSRs. Leaning right or left resulted in larger FSRs (79%) compared to leaning foiward (62%) or backward (60%). No other experimental conditions significantly affected the FSL. As expected, these results do not agree with previous estimates of the FSR. Other stability modeling approaches that assume the theoretical maximum can be reached are overestimating an individual's capabilities and possibly placing that person at risk of a fall. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 23 Use of Mediated and Interpersonal Channels of Communication in Response to 9/11/01 HORVATH, Cary Wecht (F), cary.horvath@sru.edu, Communication, STEP, Mary M., Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44210, FINUCANE, Margaret 0., John Carroll University, University Hts., OH 44118 Although we know media dependency is heightened during a crisis situation, we know little about how interpersonal channels of communication are used. We surveyed 251 adults within one week of September 11, 2001 to fmd out more about the use and connection between mediated and interpersonal communication channels during a disaster. Three major topics were studied, emotional responses to media (primarily television) coverage, coviewing the coverage, and motives for interpersonal communication in response to media coverage. In assessing emotional and behavioral responses to the events, four general story features were associated with people's emotional responses: the actual crash/collapse, magnitude of the devastation (e.g., numbers of people killed), empathic responses (e.g., bravery of the rescuers), and security violation (e.g., shock that enemies would do this). In response, most people first experienced intense levels of surprise that evolved into interest or sadness. We also asked people what their emotions motivated them to think or do that day. Responses included: heavy television viewing, interpersonal connection, prayer, patriotic activities, elaboration, helping others, and cessation of normal activities. People watch television with others for purposes such as co-constructing a shared reality, learning, and affiliating with others. Seventy percent of our sample reported coviewing on 9/11, for five primary reasons: the person was in close proxinuty, to share the stressful situation, to feel more secure, to reinforce the reality of the events, and for tension release. These functions underscore the crisis experience as a shared support situation. Pa1ticipants reported the co-viewing as an opportunity to discuss the events. Conversations focused on reducing uncertainty, personal safety, the future, the possibility of war, sharing emotions, and to talk about the victims of the days' events. Descriptive statistics and content analysis revealed that 70% of the sample relied on network television or cable for information about the event. Although 42% of the sample could not pinpoint the exact number of hours they watched, another 40% watched between 5 and 14 hours on 9/11/01. Use of the telephone (72.5%) and motivation to contact fanlily (69. 7%) were dominant, whereas face-to-face communication (27 .1 % ), email (12.7%), and motivation to contact friends (21.9%), co-workers (6.4%), or others (2.8%) were less so. Six major motives for interpersonal contact emerged: affection (most frequently reported), information-seeking, sharing/bonding, inclusion, informationgiving, and relaxation/tension relief. Importantly, we found that the traditional typology of interpersonal communication motives insufficient to explain responses in this specific crisis situation. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 24 Stratigraphic Correlation of Paleosols to Refine the Classifications of Sod Tables, Badlands National Park, South Dakota JAHN, Michael Andrew (U), maj4168(@,sru.edu, BURKHAR.T, Patrick, LIVINGSTON, Jack, HEFFRON, Erin, VANDYNE, Ashley, ANDERSON, Melia, ERNEY, Bradley, BOYER, Amy, SHULER, Laura, Geology, Geography and the Environment, Slippery Rock University, 107 Spotts World Culture, Slippery Rock, PA 16057 Segriff et al. (2001) suggested that difficulties in categorizing geomorphic sequences of sod tables in the White River Badlands could be surmounted by stratigraphic techniques, including magnetic susceptibility and radiocarbon dating of paleosols in Quaternary colluvial-a!luvial deposits. We undertook these tasks with field work in May 2002 and subsequent lab analyses. Magnetic susceptibility is being used for identification of distinctive paleosols for radiocarbon dating. These paleosols can then be used as marker beds for correlation among sod tables. Ultimately, classification of sod tables is envisioned to be useful for paleoclimatic reconstruction for the region, as they represent a vestige of transitions between episodes of net aggradation vs. degradation of fans. Our research team consists of seven undergraduates and two professors from Slippery Rock University. We described and sampled nine sod tables from three localities in the park. Along the Old North East Road, five soil profiles were described, within which three horizons were identified as potential correlating paleosols. Two of the conelating paleosols were found in two separate profiles. Profile depths ranged from 45 to 122 cm. South of Saddle Pass, three exposures were profiled, revealing three potential paleosols. One of the potential paleosols is exposed along all three profiles, while another is present in two profiles. Profile depths ranged from 131 to 297 cm. Along the Loop Road entrance from Cactus Flats, one 141 cm profile contained no paleosols. We are seeing a relationship between magnetic susceptibility signatures that are consistent with the presence of paleosols. These results will guide the selection of samples for radiocarbon dating. Absolute dating ofpaleosols will then begin to constrain the timing of fan development and enhance the ability to classify and correlate the many generations of sod tables visible within the park. 1 } SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 25 Risky Health Behaviors Among College Students KOENIG, Krissy L. (U), krissykoenig@hotmail.com Alcohol and tobacco use and sexual behavior remain as major campus health indicators. The Student Health Assessment Project (SHAP) surveyed students enrolled in a mandatory fitness course. The purpose of this report is to examine trends in these behaviors from 1996 to 2001 with 2, 176 students surveyed. Repo1ied prevalence of drinking remained stable, ranging from 74% - 85%. Prevalence of binge drinking dropped slightly (75% - 63% males; 61 % - 50% females). Smoking prevalence remained consistent (25%), however, the prevalence of "trying to quit" increased dramatically among males (42% to 75%) and modestly among females (50%-66%). Among sexually active students, <25% used condoms every time they had intercourse. Although drinking was correlated to sexual activity, in 2001 fewer students than in previous years reported regretting having sex when drinking, decreasing from 12% to 6% in females and 21 % to 12% in males. While the declines in binge drinking and increase in smokers wanting to quit have been positive, there is a continuing need for interventions to facilitate continuation of these trends to achieve Healthy Campus 20 I0 goals. SRU Symposium for Research and Scholarship 2003 26 An Ecological Approach in Controlling Unwanted Dandelion (Taraxacum officinalis, L.) Populations at Slippery Rock University Campus LEMLEY, Connie (G), cxl0356@sru.edu, GAUGER, Michele (G), PRESSMAN, Andrew (G), LEFEVRE, Christina (G), HOUSE, Heather (G), BORSARI, Bruno (F), Parks and Recreation/Environmental Education Management of unwanted vegetation often demands the application of broad spectrum and systemic herbicides. This approach however, may compromise environmental health and ecological stability due to the transformation and translocation of these synthetic molecules and their derivatives through the soil system. Alternative approaches to soil management support the theory that unwanted plant species may often serve as indicators of soil quality. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to measure soil nutrient levels, organic matter and pH, in order to provide an explanation for the pattern of dandelion growth and distribution (Taraxacum officinalis, L.) that was observed in the quad at SRU in April 2002. Six stations were chosen at a distance of 50 meters apart, from the lowest to the highest point in the quad. Along the same path (309 m.), 36 stations had been considered to count dandelion inflorescences within a I meter squared frame. Soil topography showed a 4% slope, which promotes topsoil erosion and later sedimentation in lower zones of the quad. A correlation of soil pH and dandelion inflorescence data indicated that the number of dandelions and soil pH were significantly related, r=-0.58, n=6, p